Rhodostrophia tumulosa Brandt, 1938

(Figs 29–30, 69, 86, 98, Map 7)

Rhodostrophia tumulosa Brandt, 1938: Entomologische Rundschau, 55(49): 573, figs 252 and 253. (Iran, [prov. Fars], Fort Sine-Sefid and Barm i Firus). Lectotype ♂ (in the original description holotypes are not mentioned, but the type series is labeled as holotype and paratypes; lectotype hereby designated in order to stabilize nomenclature; only genitalia slide examined): ‘ Iran, Fars, Strasse Chiraz-Kazeroun, Fort Sine-Sefid, ca. 2200 m, 25.v.1937, leg. F. Brandt]’, ‘slide no. RMS 5764, G. Ebert praep.’; Paralectotypes, 1 ♀ (examined): ‘S-Iran, Fars, Umgebung von Chiraz, ca. 2000 m. 25.v.1937, coll. Brandt’, ‘ Allotype, Rhodostrophia bahara Brdt. Brandt’, ‘ Paralectotype, Rhodostrophia tumulosa, design. Rajaei, Hausmann & Trusch’, in NHRS. 1 ♀ (examined): ‘ Iran, Fars, Strasse Chiraz-Kazeroun, Fort Sine-Sefid, ca. 2200 m, 25.v.1937, leg. F. Brandt], with paratype label ‘ Rhodostrophia tumulosa Brdt. Brandt’; ‘ Paralectotype, Rhodostrophia tumulosa, design. Rajaei, Hausmann & Trusch’, in SMNK. 1 ♀ (examined): ‘ Iran, Fars Fort Sine-Sefid, ca. 2200 m, 25.05.1937, leg. F. Brandt’, ex coll. Cl. Hörhammer, in ZSM.

Records in literature. Rhodostrophia tumulosa: Scoble (1999: 824); Scoble & Hausmann (2007).

Remarks. We examined a specimen labeled as paratype of “tumulosa imbecilla” Prout, deposited in NHRS, however its seems that this subspecies was never described. It is neither mentioned in the global catalogues (Scoble 1999; Scoble & Hausmann 2007).

Previous record from Iran. Iran, Fars, Srasse Ardakan-Talochosroe [Tale-Khosrow], Comeé [Komehr] (Barmi- Firus), 2600m, 30.vii.1937 (Brandt, 1939)

Additional material examined. 7 ♂, 6 ♀, [Iran] Khousestan [Kohgiluyeh und Boyer Ahmad], 15 km SE Yassoudj, 2050 m, 15.vi.1972, leg. Ebert & Pazouki ; 1 ♀, id., leg. Ebert & Pazouki; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, S-Iran, Khousestan [Kohgiluyeh und Boyer Ahmad], Yassudj, Sisakht, 2250 m, 13./ 14.vi.1972, leg. Ebert & Falkner ; 5 ♂, 3 ♀, Iran, Prov. Esfahan, Zagros mts., Feridun Shar, Kamaran val., 2770 m, N 32°45'; E 49°59', 11.vii.2003 ; 1 ♀, id., 12.vii.2003, leg. Ebert & Trusch; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Iran, Prov. Chahar Mahal, Zagros mts. NW Samsami, 2800 m, N 32°09', E 50°11', 13.vii.2003, leg. Ebert & Trusch , g.p. (1 ♀) 643/2005 R. Trusch; 1 ♀, Iran, Zangan / Kordestan, NE Takab, Takht-e Suleyman, Kuh-e Baradar-e Shah, 2800–3000 m, 22.vii.2005, leg. W. ten Hagen ; 1 ♂, Iran, prov. Hamadan, 5 km SW of Avadj pass to Razan, 2500 m, 12.–02.vi.2005, leg. P. Gyulai & A. Garai ; 1 ♂, W-Iran, Lorestan, Dorud, Pass S Darrya-che Gahar, "Partsche Kabud", 2800 m, 1.–3.viii.1975, leg. Ebert & Falkner ; 1 ♂, Iran, Esfahan, Esfahan- Daran, Ashan vic., 2490–2500 m, 25.vi.2005, leg. Hofmann ; 4 ♂, 6 ♀, Iran, Prov. Boyer Ahmad-va-Kohgiluyeh, SE-Zagros, Kuh-e Dena, 2450 m, 5 km SW of Sisakht, 4.–5.vi.2005, leg. P. Gyulai & A. Garai , g.p. (1 ♂) 647, (1 ♀), 648/2005 R. Trusch; 4 ♂, 1 ♀, Iran, Prov. Esfahan, 5 km N Semirom, road Ghare-Gach, N31°29'30", E51°36'12", Alt., 2614mNN, 25.v.2009, leg. H. Rajaei , g.p. 2367/2020 H. Rajaei; 13 ♂, 8 ♀, Iran, Prov. Esfahan, C-Zagros, 2600 m, 2 km NE of Semirom, 3.–4.vi.2005, leg. P. Gyulai & A. Garai , g.p. (1 ♂) 649/2005 Trsuch, barcode: BC ZSM 33886; 2♂, Iran, Chahar-Mahal-e Bakhtiyari [Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari], SW Gandoman, Vastegan, Küh-e Karun, 2500–2700 m, 25.v.2008, leg. Ten Hagen , g.p. 2402/2021 H. Rajaei; 4 ♀, Iran, prov. Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Shahr-e Kord vic. Sibak, 2600 m, 19.– 20.6.2009, leg. A. Hofmann, J.U. Meineke & H. Rajaei ; 26 ♂, 18 ♀, Iran, prov. Esfahan, S Fereydunshar-Sibak, 2km to Sibak, N 32°54’07’’; E 50°04’48’’, 2622 mNN, 19.– 20.6.2009, leg. H. Rajaei, J.U. Meineke & A. Hofmann , SMNK, E-Lep. 259; 1 ♂, Iran, prov. Kerman, Baft-Sirjan, road 2 km after Baft, sandy road, 3 km to North, Ras Kuh village, N 29°17’27’’; E 56°35’37’’, 2543 mNN, 20.–21.v.2009, leg. H. Rajaei , SMNK, E-Lep. 259 [this record is underquestion, see distribution section of this species below]; 2 ♀, Iran, prov. Fars, Estahban-Sarwestan road, 22 km before Sarwestan, after Ab-Asemani village, N29°05'51" E53°26'12", 1890 mNN, 22.v.2009, log. Hossein Rajaei, SMNK, E-Lep 259 ; 7 ♂, 13 ♀, Iran, prov. Fars, Shiraz-Kazerun road, 5 km before Dasht-e Arjan, N 29°40’34’’; E 52°02’18’’, 2158 mNN, 23.v.2009, leg. H. Rajaei , g.p. (♂) 2366/2020 H. Rajaei; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Iran, Fars, Eqlid SSE, Kuh-e Bol, Dame Absad, 2700–3000 m, 7.6.2005 [31/05], leg. A. Hofmann & J.U. Meineke ; 2 ♂, 5 ♀, S-Iran, Fars, 50 km NW Ardekan, Tange Surkh, 2250 m, 16.vi.1972, leg. Ebert & Falkner , g.p. (1 ♂) 582/2005 R. Trusch; 4 ♂, 3 ♀, [Iran] Fars 50 km NW Ardekan, Tange-Surkh, 2250 m, 15–18.vi.1972, leg. Ebert & Falkner , g.p. (1 ♂) 639, (1 ♀) 642/2005 R. Trusch; 3 ♂, 3 ♀, id., 12.–15.vi.1975; all in SMNK . 1 ♂, 1 ♀, id. (as latter); 1 ♀, Iran, Zanjan prov., E Zanjan, road to Gilvan, alt. 1889 m, N36°45' 21.8", E48°49'20.7", 6.vii.2013, leg. H. Rajaei, J.-U. Meineke, B. Hafezi; all in SMNS . 1 ♀, [Iran] Fars 50 km NW Ardekan, Tange- Surkh, 2250 m, 16.vi.1972, leg. Ebert & Pazouki , g.p. 638/2005 R. Trusch; 1 ♀ [Iran] Fars, Sepidan, Sheshpir, 2200 m, 25.–26.v.1995, Hash [emi]/ Saf [avi]/ Badii ; 1 ♂, [Iran] Khousestan [Kohgiluyeh und Boyer Ahmad], 15 km SE Yassoudj, 2050 m, 15.vi.1972, leg. Ebert & Pazouki ; 1 ♂, [Iran] Fars, Mamasani-Chahgah, 19.–29.v.1976, leg. Abai ; 1 ♂, [Iran] Fars, Mamasani-Chahtut, 20.–29.v.1976, leg. Abai ; 1 ♂, [Iran] Fars, Schiraz, Khanezenian, 18.5.1974, 2000 m, [leg.] Abai-Pazouki ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, [Iran] Khansar, Golestan-Kuh, 2700 m, 3./ 4. 7. 1983, leg. Mirz [ayans] & Brum.[and]; 1 ♂, [Iran] Natanz, 4.vi.1970, leg. Mirz [ayans]; 1 ♂, [Iran] Ghom, 8 km S Fordu / Wesb, 7.–8.vi.1984, leg. Paz [uki] & Hash [emi]; all in HMIM . 2 ♀, Iran, Boyer Ahmad-va-Kohgiluyeh, Yasudj E, Kakan-Baba Hassan, 2600–2800 m, 8.vi.2002, leg. Meineke, A. Hofmann & A. Kallies et al.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Iran, Esfahan, Fereidun Shahr S, Gardaneh-ye Kameran, 2900–3200 m, 16./ 17.vi.2002, leg. Meineke, A. Hofmann & A. Kallies et al.; 1 ♀, Iran, Esfahan, Fereidun Shahr S, Kameran vic., 2700– 300 m, 10./ 11.vii.2003, leg. A. Hofmann, J.-U. Meineke & G. Tremewan ; 1 ♂, Iran, Esfahan, Chonsar, 10 km SE, 2600 m, 16.vi.2002; leg. Meineke, A. Hofmann & A. Kallies et al.; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Iran, Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiyari, Zarde-Kuh, Samsami vic. Gardaneh-ye Cheri, 2800–3100 m, 8./ 9. vii.2003 ; 2 ♀, Iran, Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiyari, zw. Surab u. Qual-e Sorkh, 2800 m, 20.vi.2001; leg. Hofmann, Meineke & Tremewan ; 6 ♂, 3 ♀, Iran, Esfahan, Semirom W, Pashme-Kuh, 2800m, 31.5.– 2.vi.2004, leg. Meineke et al., g.p. (1 ♂) 636/2005 R. Trusch, (1 ♀) 637/2005 R. Trusch; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, id., 2.–3.vi.2005, leg. Hofmann & Meineke,, g.p. (1 ♂) 2368/2020 H. Rajaei, barcode: BC ZSM 33884, BC ZSM 33885 ; 1 ♀ Iran, Zanjan, Zanjan-Gilvan, Gargovol Dag, 2500 m, 26./ 27.vi.2001; all leg. Hofmann, Meineke & Tremewan , g.p. 645/2005 R. Trusch; 1 ♀ Fars, Eqlid, Gardaneh Timurgun, 2700–2900 m, 31.v.2004, leg. Meineke et al., g.p. 667/2005 R. Trusch; 3 ♂, 4 ♀, Iran, Esfahan, Semirom vic., Pashme Kuh, 2800 m, 11.–12.vi.2002, leg. Meineke, Hofmann & Kallies , g.p. (1 ♂) 611, (1 ♀) 632/2005 R. Trusch; 8 ♂, 8 ♀, Iran, Markazi, E Tafresh, vic. Dastgerd, 2300–2500 m, leg. J.-U. Meineke , g.p. (1 ♂) 2369/2020 H. Rajaei, barcode: BC ZSM 33883; all in PCJM . 5 ♂, 4 ♀, Iran, Fars, Dasht-e Arzan, 29°35' N, 51°56' E, 1950 m, 27.–28.v.1997, leg. Hofmann & Kautt ; 4 ♀, id., 5.–6.vi.1997; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Iran, Strasse Kashan- Meimeh, 1 km W Ghorud, 2450 m, 33°38' N, 51°24' E, 24.v.1997; leg. Hofmann & Kautt; all in PCNP.

Specimen studied total: 128 ♂, 125 ♀.

Differential diagnosis. (Figs 29–30). Wingspan 31–36 mm. In external appearance very similar to both preceding species ( R. bahara and R. iranica), but with clearly lighter ground colour. Additionally, the apex of the forewing is characteristically pointed (in contrast to the two aforementioned species). Wings and body concolorous whitish with light sand-white tinge. Markings very similar to those of R. bahara and R. iranica: forewing with antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines brown; hindwing with postmedial and subterminal lines brown; all lines are thin, uneven. Discal spot very small on both fore- and hindwings. Underside of wings lighter than upperside, glossy; subterminal line on both fore- and hindwing visible. Male antennal flagellum ventrally dentated. Male hindtibia with four spurs. This species may be confused with the other Iranian species of the badiaria speciesgroup, especially with R. bahara and R. iranica . The examination of the genitalia enables a confident determination in any case.

Male genitalia (Fig. 69) with baseball-bat-shaped uncus, apex large, gradually getting narrower towards base (apical part of uncus clearly larger and wider than in all other species of the badiaria species-group, except R. lenis, cf. Fig. 3); valva apically bilobed, not spinulose (see Fig. 69d, diagnostic character from R. iranica, the latter with an undulated apical part of the valva); sacculus tongue-shaped and curved interiorly (Fig. 69a). Juxta mushroomshaped. Aedeagus very long and thin (the longest aedeagus compared with all species of the badiaria species-group in Iran), medially curved, apically with a stout spine. Male sternite A8 slightly bilobed (Fig. 69c).

Female genitalia (Fig. 86) with a membranous, oval corpus bursae, signa developed as a pair of triangular plates on the anterior part of corpus bursae (Fig. 86b). Ductus bursae longer than corpus bursae, strongly sclerotized; sternite A7 laterally bowl-shaped, swollen (Fig. 86a). Posterior apophyses three times length of anterior apophyses.

Genetic data. BIN: BOLD:AAC9458. Nearest species: R. badiaria (1.4%), R. iranica (1.7%), R. bahara (2.2%) (Fig. 119, Table 1). Genetic distances in this species-group are small but constant, nevertheless the morphological analysis clearly supports species status (see above).

Distribution (Map 7). Most probably, this is an endemic species in Iran, distributed at high altitudes in the Zagros mountains (from north-western to south-western Zagros), the single specimen from Ras-Kuh (prov. Kerman) is under question and the occurrence needs to be confirmed by further samplings.

Life history and habitat. Biology and larval stages are unknown. The species seems to be univoltine, recorded from mid-May to late July. According to the examined material here, it flies at high altitudes from 2000 m up to 3100 m.