Key to the Colombian species of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) Lepeletier, 1841

Females

1. Labrum with a distinct, large, single capitate tubercle approximately as large as median ocellus (Fig. 7)................. 2

- Labrum with three tubercles with similar size or longitudinally elongated median tubercle and two small sublateral tubercles (Fig. 8)............................................................................................. 5

2(1). Clypeus, paraocular area, gena and lateral sides of T3 and T4 with whitish hairs (Fig. 5); T2 and T3 with short hairs (0.2–0.4x OD); distinct bluish or greenish highlights on metasoma...................................................... 3

- Pubescence ferruginous or black (Fig. 6); T2 and T3 with short hairs barely noticeable (0.1x OD), nearly glabrous; weak (almost absent) bluish and greenish highlights on metasoma..................................................... 4

3(2). Black hairs on T1 and T2 and yellowish hairs on T3–T6 and S4–S6; metasomal terga dark brown to black; head, legs and mesoscutum with bluish metallic highlights, greenish on mesoscutellum and metasoma (Figs. 39–42)................................................................................................ Xylocopa metallica Smith, 1874

- Black hairs on metasomal disc with few whitish hairs on T4; metasomal terga black with distinct reddish brown-gold area distally, denser on T2 and T3; integument with bluish highlights on all tagmata (Figs. 11–14).... Xylocopa auriventris n. sp.

4(2) Metasoma dark brown to black with reddish brown areas on T1–T4; slightly bluish highlights on mesoscutum, tegula and mesoscutellum, without metallic reflections on head, legs and metasoma; pubescence predominantly ferruginous to black; wings dark brown with blue and violet iridescence (Figs. 59–62)............................ Xylocopa simillima Smith, 1854

- Metasoma entirely black; bluish to violet highlights on head and legs and weak greenish on mesoscutellum and metasoma; pubescence predominantly black; wings dark brown with green iridescence apically and violet basally (Figs. 15–18).............................................................................. Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille, 1809

5(1). Dorsal surface of mid and hind basitarsus with whitish or yellowish hairs (Fig. 3); whitish or yellowish hairs on disc and/or restricted to laterodistal margins of T2–T4................................................................. 6

- Mid and hind basitarsus with black hairs (Fig. 4); black hairs predominantly on disc of terga.......................... 8

6(5). Upper gena and vertex with fine and scattered punctures, with large impunctate areas (3–5x puncture width); strong metallic blue and green highlights on all tagmata, greener on mesoscutellum and metasoma; discs of metasomal terga with simple yellow hairs (Figs. 51–54).......................................................... Xylocopa ornata Smith, 1874

- Upper gena and vertex with coarse and dense punctures (1–2x puncture width); distinctive bluish and greenish highlights on all tagmata; whitish, tomentose, plumose hairs on laterodistal margins of T2–T5...................................... 7

7(6). Mesosoma, legs and metasomal terga with mostly yellowish or pale hairs (Figs. 63–66)...... Xylocopa viridis Smith, 1854

- Mesosoma, legs and metasomal terga with mostly black hairs except whitish on dorsal surface of mid and hind basitarsus and hind tibia (Figs. 19–22).................................................. Xylocopa ecuadorica Cockerell, 1909

8(5). Mesoscutellum convex with dorsal and posterior surfaces differentiated in lateral view; gena densely covered by whitish plumose hairs (integument not visible) (Figs. 43–46).............................. Xylocopa muscaria (Fabricius, 1775)

- Mesoscutellum slightly rounded or flat; upper gena glabrous and lower gena with scattered whitish or black plumose hairs.. ................................................................................................... 9

9(8). Discs of T1–T4 glabrous with weak and scattered punctures, more scattered on T2 (3–6x puncture width); scattered and inconspicuous punctures on vertex and gena, barely noticeable (Fig. 1); lower half of clypeus with dense whitish patch of plumose hairs; vertex flat posteriorly (Figs. 35–38)........................................... Xylocopa lucida Smith, 1874

- Discs of T1–T4 with short hairs (0.1–0.3x OD) and uniform to dense punctures (1–2x puncture width); coarser and denser punctures on vertex, paraocular area and gena (Fig. 2.); lower half of clypeus with sparse plumose and simple hairs intermixed; vertex rounded posteriorly............................................................................. 10

10(9). Metasoma with distinct green highlights; paraocular area, lower gena and discs of T4 and T5 with whitish hairs; wings dark brown with violet iridescence (Figs. 55–58)............................................. Xylocopa romeroi n. sp.

- Metasoma with slightly bluish highlights; face and metasoma disc with predominantly black hairs; wings brown hyaline with weak violet iridescence (Figs. 27–30)............................................... Xylocopa lateralis Say, 1837