Torleya nepalica (Allen & Edmunds, 1963)

(Figs 15–17)

Ephemerella nepalica Allen & Edmunds, 1963

Ephemerella wahensis Ali, 1971 (junior synonym, Jacobus & McCafferty 2003)

Torleya glareosa Kang & Yang, 1995 (junior synonym, Jacobus et al. 2004)

Serratella tumiforceps Zhou & Su, 1997 (junior synonym, Jacobus et al. 2004)

Torleya arenosa Tong & Dudgeon, 2000 (junior synonym, Jacobus et al. 2004)

Material examined: Holotype, larva, NEPAL, Pelung, 5850’ elev., 17-iv-1957, EI Coher — IN PERC 0064041 [PERC] . Other material: NEPAL: 2 larvae, Bagmati zone, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, small stream (3 km Northwards of the village Mulcharka), 27.806097°N, 85.435522°E, h ~ 1800 m a.s.l., 28.ii.2007, Chertoprud M. V . leg.— IN Nepa 3 Tornep [NMNH NASU] ; 2 larvae, Bagmati Zone, East Rapti River, 27.571631, 84.668756, h— 230 m a.s.l., 27.i.2014, Chertoprud M. V . leg.— IN Nepa 16 Torsp 2 [NMNH NASU] ; 2 larvae, Bagmati Zone, Dhading District, stream in valley of Malekhu River, 27.742472, 84.807750, h— 564 m a.s.l., 23.i.2014, Chertoprud M. V . leg.— IN Indi 17 Torsp 1 [NMNH NASU] . INDIA: one larva, Karnataka, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Authi, 13.57431°N, 75.12207°E, h ~ 639 m a.s.l., 16.xi.2015, Coll. S. Ramya Roopa — Reg. No. 5351/H13 [ZSI] ; 1 larva, Meghalaya, East Garo Hills, Upper Rongbu Village, 25.91615°N, 90.83157°E, h ~ 101 m a.s.l., 26.vi.2016, Coll. E. Eyarin Jehamalar — Reg. No. 5340/H13 [ZSI] ; 7 larvae, INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Talley Valley, 27.537201°N, 93.959883°E, h ~ 2370 m a.s.l., 14.iv.2015, Coll. K.A. Subramanian — Reg. No. 5610/H13 [ZSI] ; one larva, Tamil Nadu, Theni, Kurangani stream, 10.083611°N, 77.248611°E, h ~ 1744 m a.s.l., 21.i.2010, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5611/H13 [ZSI] ; one larva, Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal, Gundar river, 10.226692°N, 77.451117°E, h ~ 2323 m a.s.l.; 31.iii.2012, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5351/H13 [ZSI] ; 3 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli District, Papanasam, 8.710278°N, 77.367500°E, h ~ 108 m a.s.l., 18.vii.2009, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. MCDZ /E-52 [MCDZ]; 1 larva, Karnataka, Nandini hole, 13.389722°N, 77.179722°E, h ~ 640 m a.s.l., 3.v.2013, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. MCDZ /E-53 [MCDZ]; one larva, Meghalaya, East Jaintia Hills, Umpung village stream, 25.30767°N, 92.63658°E, h ~ 1010 m a.s.l., 12.iii.2016, Coll. E. Eyarin Jehamalar — Reg. No. 5339/ H13 [ZSI] ; one larva, Nagaland, Intanki National Park, Intanki River, 25.39883°N, 93.30686°E, h ~ 181 m a.s.l., 23.iii.2016, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5535/H13 [ZSI] ; one larva, Nagaland, Intanki National Park, Intanki River, 25.39048°N, 93.31913°E, h ~ 206 m a.s.l., 24.iii.2016, Coll. C. Selvakumar — Reg. No. 5542/H13 [ZSI] ; one larva (in slide number 633) Uttarakhand, Almora district, 2-nd left tributary of the river Ramganga-left (in Dwarahat forest, 10.1 km North-Eastwards of the Chaukhutia town), 29.925608°N, 79.445983°E, h ~ 1200 m a.s.l., 2.ii.2011, Palatov D.M. leg.— IN Indi 1 Tornep [NMNH NASU] .

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Torleya species by the following combination of characters. Larva: (i) maxilla without palp (Fig. 16G; fig. 26 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (ii) head with one pair of distinct protuberances each bearing a few short, stout setae (Fig. 16B, C; fig. 21 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (iii) both prothorax and mesothorax with two pairs of distinct protuberances, all of them and dorsal surface of thorax bearing short and elongated, stout setae (Fig. 16D); (iv) dorsal surface of forefemur with transverse row of long, pointed, stout setae; outer margin of forefemur with one chalaza bearing a long, pointed, stout seta (Fig. 17C; fig. 20 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (v) outer margin of middle and hind femora with two or three chalazae each bearing a long, pointed, stout seta, and long, hair-like setae; dorsal surface of middle and hind femora with scattered spatulate, stout setae and long, hair-like setae (Fig. 17D–F); (vi) claw with 6–8 denticles, two denticles arranged somewhat separately (subdistal), distinct distal palisade of denticles absent (Fig. 17G, H; fig. 22 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (vii) posterior margins of terga III–IX with submedian protuberances bearing spatulate, stout setae; terga V–VII with the largest protuberances (Figs 15A, B, 16A, 17A, B); (viii) gills distinctly elongated, but not covering following gills entirely (Figs 15B, C, 16I; fig. 23 in Allen & Edmunds 1963); (ix) distinct abdominal gill chamber absent (Figs 15B, 17A; fig. 23 in Allen & Edmunds 1963). Male imago: (x) penis elongated, lobes apically rounded (fig. 5 in Zhou & Su 1997); (xi) dorsal projection of penis protrude beyond the lateral margins of penis shaft (fig. 5 in Zhou & Su 1997) (xii) genital forceps segment II elongated, expanded apically; segment III subovoid (fig. 5 in Zhou & Su 1997).

Distribution. Indomalayan [southern mainland China (Zhou & Su 1997) including Hong Kong (Tong & Dudgeon 2000), Taiwan (Kang & Yang 1995), India (Jacobus et al. 2004, new data), India-China border region (new data), Japan [Okinawa] (Ishiwata 2018), Malaysia (Jacobus et al. 2004), Nepal (Allen & Edmunds 1963; Jacobus et al. 2004, new data), Pakistan (Jacobus et al. 2004), Thailand (Jacobus et al. 2004) and Vietnam (Jacobus et al. 2004)].

Remarks. The larvae of this species were described from Nepal by Allen & Edmunds (1963). Adults were described as Torleya tumiforceps from China by Zhou & Su (1997). Discussions of larval and adult variability were provided by Jacobus et al. (2004). The complete mitogenome of this species (as Torleya tumiforceps) was recently reported by Xu et al. (2020). This species was reported earlier from Karnataka (India) by Jacobus et al. (2004). Jacobus et al. (2004) reported a wide range of morphological variation for this species, some of which may prove to correlate with geography; it is possible this species represents a cryptic species complex, requiring evaluation of its junior synonyms.