Caligus chinglonglini sp. nov. Figs 1, 2, 3, Table 1

Material examined and type.

Holotype. Japan • adult ♂; Ashibe Port, Iki Island, Nagasaki Prefecture (33°48.544'N, 129°45.231'E); night, May 24, 2014; partly dissected and mounted on 1 slide, body in vial (NSMT-Cr 26753); S. Ohtsuka leg.

Description.

Male. Body 4.02 mm long. Cephalothorax (Fig. 1A) slightly longer than wide. Pediger 4 (Fig. 1A, B) incompletely fused to genital complex. Genital complex (Fig. 1A, B) about 1.1 times wider than long, about 1.2 times longer than abdominal somites combined, produced posterolaterally into 2 knobs representing leg 5 (Fig. 1C), armed with 1 and 2 setae. Paired genital opercula (Fig. 1C) representing leg 6, each bearing 2 minute unequal setae terminally. Abdomen 2-segmented, second somite ca. 1.7 times longer than first. Caudal ramus (Fig. 1B) furnished with row of fine setules along inner margin; setae II and III located close together subterminally; setae IV–VI well developed; seta VII minute, located at inner distal corner.

Antennule (Fig. 1D) 2-segmented; proximal segment with 26 setae, distal segment with 11 setae and 2 aesthetascs. Antenna (Fig. 1E) 3-segmented; proximal segment unarmed, with adhesion pad distally; middle segment massive, unarmed, with 2 adhesion pads at mid-length and 1 pad terminally; distal segment small, multi-layered flap with 2 small setae proximally. Postantennal process (Fig. 1F) moderately curved, with 2 bisensillate papillae proximally plus bisensillate papilla on adjacent ventral cephalothoracic surface. Mandible (Fig. 1G) with 11 teeth on margin subterminally. Maxillule (Fig. 1H) represented by anterior papilla with 1 thick and 2 fine setae and posterior dentiform process with rounded prominence subterminally. Maxilla (Fig. 1I) 2-segmented, lacertus (syncoxa) unarmed, brachium (basis) slender, with large hyaline membrane at terminal third, plus long calamus and short cana apically. Maxilliped (Figs 1 J–M, 3B) heavily chitinized, 2-segmented; corpus (protopod) massive, with 3 unequal processes along myxal margin, proximal process low, middle process with multiple tips, distal process largest, with irregular, undulating distal margin; shaft (endopod) as long as and incompletely fused to claw to form subchela; barbel located on rounded inner basal process of claw. Sternal furca (Fig. 1N) with divergent tines originating close together, rounded at tip.

Armature and elements of legs 1-4 as in Table 1. Leg 1 (Fig. 2A) with massive protopod bearing 1 inner and 1 outer small plumose setae plus bifid setule on outer margin; intercoxal sclerite slender, unornamented; endopod reduced to club-shaped process located near base of exopod; exopod 2-segmented, first segment with row of fine setules along inner margin and 1 naked seta at outer distal corner, second segment with 3 large plumose setae along inner (posterior) margin and 4 elements terminally, middle two of which each bearing accessory process. Leg 2 (Fig. 2 B–D) with intercoxal sclerite ornamented with trapezoidal marginal membrane along posterior margin; coxa with large plumose seta at posterior corner and minute setule on anterior surface; basis ornamented with marginal membrane on both inner and outer edges, bearing 1 minute seta on knob at outer distal corner (Fig. 2C) plus setule near midpoint of inner margin; endopod 3-segmented, outer margins of second and third segments with dense patches of minute setules; exopod 3-segmented, first segment with long outer spine directed obliquely across surface of second segment, second segment with relatively short outer spine, third segment with small outer knob (arrowed in Fig. 2D), 1 reduced outer spine, 1 short terminal spine and 5 plumose setae increasing in size from apical to innermost. Leg 3 (Fig. 2 E–G) apron (protopod) without surface processes, bearing well developed inner seta and 1 minute outer seta, plus 2 relatively long setules along posterior margin; outer basal margin of apron undulating; endopod 2-segmented, proximal segment small, with 1 long plumose seta; velum developed, hirsute along free posterior margin; second segment expanded along outer margin (Fig. 2F); exopod 3-segmented (Fig. 2G), proximal segment small, with slightly curved outer spine not reaching distal border of next segment, middle segment with 1 inner plumose and 1 outer naked seta, third segment with 3 spiniform setae increasing in size distally plus 4 inner setae.

Leg 4 (Figs 2H, I, 3A) with protopod bearing low outer prominence at mid-length and minute plumose seta at outer distal corner; exopod distinctly 2-segmented, first exopodal segment with long outer spine almost fused basally to segment and reaching more than half distance to origin of proximalmost outer spine on compound second segment; second segment with 1 terminal and 2 slender spines on distal margin plus lateral spine, plus 2 bifurcate processes terminally; each process complex, with 1 or 3 minute prominences basally (Fig. 2I).

Leg 5 (Fig. 1C) represented by 2 small knobs, outer knob bearing protopodal seta, inner knob representing exopod, bearing 2 plumose setae terminally. Leg 6 (Fig. 1C) consisting of genital operculum, bearing 2 terminal minute setae.

Female. Unknown.

Remarks.

The new species is most closely related to C. acanthopagri Ho, Lin & Chen, 1994, C. dieuzeidei sensu Shiino (1954b), and C. latigenitalis Shiino, 1954 in general appearance and in the structure of the appendages and sternal furca. As Izawa and Choi (2000) and Ho and Lin (2004b) suggested, the minor but most distinct difference can be found in the structure of the pectens of the second exopod segment of leg 4 among these three species. Those of C. chinglonglini sp. nov., C. dieuzeidei sensu Shiino (1954b) (see Discussion), and C. latigenitalis are sharply indented, whereas that of C. acanthopagri is composed of a hyaline membrane. The former three species can be distinguished by the number and shape of dentate processes (divided into 3 or 5 prominences but not hand-like in C. chinglonglini; 3 or 4 and hand-like in C. dieuzeidei sensu Shiino; 4 or 5 and hand-like in C. latigenitalis). In addition, the shape and numbers of processes of the maxillipedal myxal area differ among the males of these three species. In C. chinglonglini sp. nov. and C. latigenitalis, there are 3 processes arrayed along the myxal margin, but the middle process is furnished with serrated tips in the former but is rounded in the latter. In C. dieuzeidei sensu Shiino (1954b), there are only two processes, one quadrangular and the other low triangular, present along the margin.

Although the present new species is described on the basis of a single male, no other species belonging to the newly proposed pseudorhombi species group (see Discussion) has so far been recorded from Japanese waters except for C. latigenitalis (Nagasawa et al. 2010) in which only females were originally described by Shiino (1954a) and subsequently both sexes were redescribed in detail by Izawa and Choi (2000). These two species are distinguishable as mentioned above. In addition, C. bifurcus Shen, 1958, assigned to the same species group was described from Chinese waters based only on two females, but the non-sexually dimorphic characteristics such as sternal furca and legs differ distinctly from those of C. chinglonglini sp. nov. Therefore, the establishment of the present new species is justified.

The new species is the fourth species of Caligus found exclusively from plankton samples in Japan (see Venmathi Maran et al. 2016, table 2).

Peritrich ciliates were attached along the posterior margin of both maxillipeds (Fig. 3B, C) and on the ventral side of the cephalothorax. Epibiont suctorian and peritrich ciliates have already been recorded from species of Caligus and Lepeophtheirus von Nordmann, 1832 (Stone and Bruno 1989; Gresty and Warren 1993; Fernandez-Leborans et al. 2005). In L. salmonis ( Krøyer, 1837) collected from Hokkaido, Japan, the peritrich Epistylis sp. attached mainly to the antennae and legs 2 and 3. This is the first record of the occurrence of epibiont peritrich ciliates on "pelagic caligids" (Ho and Lin 2004a; Venmathi Maran and Ohtsuka 2008; Venmathi Maran et al. 2012a, b, 2016).

Etymology.

The new species is named in honor of the late Dr Ching-long Lin who made a great contribution to the taxonomy of parasitic copepods together with Prof. Ju-shey Ho.