Afidentula manderstjernae bielawskii ssp. nov.

(Figs. 57–82, 171)

Diagnosis. Very similar to the nominotypical form in size and shape and can be identified by male and female genitalia.

Description. Length 2.83–3.52 mm; TL/EW = 1.24–1.27; PL/PW = 0.45; EL/EW = 1.06–1.08; EW/PW = 1.53–1.54.

Pronotum brown, always with black macula antero-medially; elytra brown, each with six black spots arranged as 2–3–1.

Antenna (Fig. 59) with antennomere 3 elongate, longer than antennomeres 4–6 together; antennomere 4 subquadrate, antennomere 5 longer than wide and longer than 4; antennomeres 6 and 7 subquadrate and 8 transverse. Mandibles three-dentate (Figs. 60, 61); median tooth with a few additional very small denticles.

Prosternal process (Fig. 66) weakly rounded apically; metaventrite without groove behind raised border of intercoxal process.

Abdomen with male ventrite 6 truncate (Fig. 79), ventrite 6 weakly emarginate (Fig. 81), tergite VIII rounded (Fig. 80); apical margin of female ventrite 5 rounded (Fig. 68), sternite VIII arcuate (Fig. 70), tergite VIII rounded (Fig. 69).

Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 73–78). Tergite IX not divided dorsally. Tergite X arcuate at apex. Penis guide in lateral view widest near mid length, with apical part pointed and scarcely curved outwardly; parameres weakly shorter than penis guide. Penis thin, apical part submembranous, strongly curved outwardly, pointed.

Female genitalia (Figs 71, 72, 82). Proctiger (TX) rounded; coxites elongate-oval. Bursa copulatrix subdivided into two parts; larger part placed ventrally, pocket like, undulated, ending with outlet of oviduct; smaller part placed dorsally, diverges slightly below the mid length of bursa, ending with outlet of sperm duct. Sperm duct short, simple, scarcely, gradually widened towards base of spermatheca; spermatheca small, membranous, vermiform; accessory gland very long, about 3 times as long as spermatheca.

Type material. Holotype, male: “ Vietnam: Cucphuon, prov. Ninh Binh, 6.VI.1966, leg. R. Bielawski et. B. Pisarski/ Inst. Zool. P.A.N. Warszawa 52/66/ Afidentula manderstjernae (Muls.) det. A. Jadwiszczak” (MIZ); paratypes, same data as holotype (22: MIZ); same but 14.VI.1966 (1: MIZ);

Etymology. This subspecies is dedicated to Dr. Ryszard Bielawski, a collector of the type series.

Distribution. North Vietnam, China.

Host plant: Microstegium ciliatum (Trin.) A. Camus (Poaceae) (Zang & Ou 2010).

Afidentula minima (Gorham) (Figs. 83–102, 176)

Epilachna minima Gorham, 1894: 206 . Type locality: “ India, Belgaum”. Korschefsky, 1931: 30. Afidenta minima: Dieke 1947: 111 .

Afidentula minima: Kapur 1958: 324 . Fürsch 1984: 337; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 24; Poorani 2004: 38.

Diagnosis. This is a very distinct species of Afidentula, recognizable by its small body and brown elytra with basal and lateral margins blackish or black.

Description. Length 2.70–3.17 mm; TL/EW = 1.24–1.27; PL/PW = 0.47–0.48; EL/EW = 1.05–1.09; EW/PW = 1.56.

Body (Figs. 83, 176) elongate oval, convex; dorsum densely pubescent. Head, mouth parts, prothorax, scutellum, legs and epipleura light brown to brown. Meso and metaventrite black. Elytra light brown with basal and lateral margin black (sometimes brownish black or dark brown). Each elytron with three black spots arranged as 2–1; one spot at mid length of elytra semicircular, touching suture, second in middle of elytral disk, oval or weakly transverse; posterior spot round, near apex. Abdomen brownish, with ventrite 1 dark brown.

Antenna with antennomere 3 elongate, longer than antennomeres 4–6 together; antennomeres 4–6 longer than wide; antennomeres 7 and 8 transverse. Mandibles three-dentate; median tooth with additional serration (Figs. 84, 85). Labium with second palpomere distinctly broader apically than terminal one at its base, about 1.25 times as long as terminal palpomere (Fig. 84).

Prosternal process (Fig. 86) weakly rounded apically; about 0.35 times as wide as longest procoxal diameter and about 1.45 times wider than prosternum in front of procoxa in narrowest place. Mesoventrite (Fig. 87) with distinct groove behind anterior raised border; mesoventral process about 0.9 times as wide as coxal diameter at the same position. Epipleuron (Fig. 83) about 2.3 times broader than metepisternum. Lateral margins of elytron very narrow and not visible from above. Metaventrite with intercoxal process broadly bordered and raised, with distinct groove behind it; metaventral postcoxal lines complete laterally. Apex of femur not protruding from outer margin of elytral epipleuron.

Abdominal postcoxal lines complete (Figs. 89, 92), reaching posteriorly about ¾ length of ventrite 1; apical margin of male ventrite 5 truncate, ventrite 6 weakly emarginate (Fig. 94), abdominal tergite VIII rounded (Fig. 93); apical margin of female ventrite 5 rounded (Fig. 89), Sternite VIII arcuate and tergite VIII rounded (Figs. 90, 91).

Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 95–100). Tergite IX divided in two lateral parts, membranous dorsally. Tergite X rounded at apex. Penis guide with small notch at the apex; parameres as long as penis guide. Penis thin, curved at base and straight to apical part; apex simple, rounded.

Female genitalia (Figs. 88, 101, 102). Proctiger (TX) rounded; coxites oval; bursa copulatrix subdivided apically in two parts of different size; larger part placed ventrally, pocket like, ending with outlet of oviduct; smaller part placed dorsally ending with outlet of sperm duct. Sperm duct short, simple, uniform in diameter; spermatheca small, membranous, vermiform; accessory gland long, about 3 times longer than spermatheca; outlet of sperm duct comparatively distant from sperm duct.

Material examined—Types. Lectotype (here designated): “Co-type/ 793/ Belgaum Bombay / Andrewes Bequest B.M. 1922-221/ Belgaum/ Afidentula minima (Gorh.) det. R. G. Booth 2011” (BMNH).

Other material. India: Bombay Biró. 902, Afidentula minima (Gorh.); det. R. Bielawski 1962 (6: HNHM); same and Inst. Zool. P.A.N. Warszawa 57/63 (2: MIZ); Maharashtra Kanheri, leg. Gy. Topál, No. 725, beaten material 27.VIII.1967, Afidentula minima (Gorham), det. O. Merkl, 1988 (4: HNHM); Maharashtra Pune Distr., Lonavla, Bhushi Dam, 24 IX 2005 catch., leg. L. Borowiec, INDIA expedition 2005 Dept. of Biodiversity and Evol. Taxonomy Wrocław University (1: DBET); same but 25 and 26, IX 2005 (9: DBET; 3 MIZ); same but 12, 13 and 14 X 2005 (7: DBET); Maharashtra Pune Distr., Amba Vall. 16 km S Lonavia, 27 IX 2005 catch., same collector and same expedition (10: DBET; 5 MIZ); Maharashtra Satara Distr., Mahalabeshwar, 30 IX 2005 catch., same collector and expedition (2: DBET); Maharashtra Pune Distr., Mulshi at Mulshi Lake, 7, 9, 10 and 11 X 2005 catch, same collector and expedition (8: DBET; 3 MIZ).

Distribution. India.

Host plant: Eleusine coracana Gaertn. (Poaceae) (Ananthakrishnan 2004).

Afidentula quindecemguttata (Dieke) (Figs. 103–115, 164)

Afissa quindecemguttata Dieke, 1947: 126 . Type locality: China, Szechwan Prov., West of Yachow. Afidentula quinquedecemguttata: Pang & Mao 1979: 122 (unnecessary emendation). Fürsch, 1984: 338; Ren et al. 2009: 252. Afidentula quindecemguttata: Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 24 .

Diagnosis. This species is most similar to A. himalayana in general body shape and coloration. It can be separated from that species by having smaller body, the head and at least disk of pronotum black, and abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete. Moreover, the lack of a distinct groove behind the anterior raised border of the mesoventrite and behind the raised border of the metaventral process distinguish A. quindecemguttata from A. himalayana .

Description. Length 4.9 mm; TL/EW = 1.38; PL/PW = 0.47; EL/EW = 1.2; EW/PW = 1.64. Body (Figs. 103, 164) elongate oval, convex; dorsum covered with short setae. Head black, mouth parts yellow, pronotum black with posterior angles or whole lateral margins yellow, prosternum, meso- and metaventrite black, scutellum brown. Elytron orange with seven black maculae on each elytron arranged as 2–3–1–1. Anterior two spots large, oval, not touching margins of elytra but median spot placed close to suture; second row of spots with one semicircular spot touching suture, second spot large, oval, in middle of elytral disk, third spot large, oval, touching outer margin of elytra; third row in about apical fourth consisting of one large transverse macula appearing like two partly fused spots; posterior spot small, placed on elytral apex. Coxae black, trochanters brown, profemora yellow, mid- and hind femora black with apical fourth brown, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Abdomen black.

Labrum very small, transverse. Labium with second palpomere distinctly broader apically than terminal one at its base, about 1.25 times as long as terminal palpomere (Fig. 104).

Prosternal process about 0.31 times as wide as longest procoxal diameter and about 1.20 times wider than prosternum in front of coxae in narrowest place (Fig. 105). Mesoventrite (Fig. 106) with anterior edge with complete raised border but without distinct groove behind it; mesoventral process 0.55 times as wide as coxal diameter at the same position, with weak tubercle medio-posteriorly. Lateral margins of elytra very narrow and visible from above almost throughout. Epipleuron (Fig. 103) about two times broader than metepisternum. Metaventrite with intercoxal process bordered and raised, without groove behind it; metaventral postcoxal lines complete, somewhat descending laterally.

Legs long with apices of femora slightly protruding from outer margin of elytral epipleuron; trochanters scarcely produced on inner margin, almost simple.

Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete (Fig. 107), reaching posteriorly about ¾ length of ventrite 1; apical margin of male ventrite 5 truncate, ventrite 6 narrowly emarginate (Fig. 109) medially at apex, tergite VIII rounded (Fig. 108).

Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 110–115). Tergite IX not divided dorsally. Tergite X rounded at apex. Apical part of penis guide in lateral view strongly curved outwardly; parameres slightly shorter than penis guide, very thin with several short setae at apices. Penis thin, at apical part curved outwardly with apex membranous.

Female not studied.

Material examined — Types. Holotype (male): “W. of Yachow; Aug 8-12. ’23; 6000 ft / Szechuen; CHINA; DC Graham/ Affisa 15-guttata; Dieke; holotype / Type No 57137 USNM” (USNM).

Distribution. China.

Host plants: Phyllostachys pubescens Mozel (Poaceae); Yushania niitakayamensis (Hayata) Keng f. ( Poaceae) (Zang & Ou 2010).

Afidentula semisqualens sp. nov. (Figs. 116–124, 170)

Epilachna bis-4-punctata ab. semisqualens Sicard, 1913: 496 . Type locality: “Nilgherries”. Afidentula bisquadripunctata: Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 22 .

Note: According to the article 45.6.2. of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the name semisqualens of Sicard is deemed to be infrasubspecific and not available. Therefore, despite applying this name to the species, this species is treated as newly described here.

Diagnosis. Afidentula semisqualens is very similar to other four-spotted species, A. bisquadripunctata and A. thanhsonensis, but it is easily distinguishable by its heart-shaped, less elongate body, much broader elytral epipleura and chestnut brown coloration.

Description. Length 4.7 mm; TL/EW = 1.13; PL/PW = 0.45; EL/EW = 0.96; EW/PW = 1.73. Body (Figs. 116, 170) heart-shaped, convex; dorsum pubescent. Head, pronotum and scutellum chestnut brown, prosternum brown; mouth parts, pronotal hypomera, metepimera and legs light brown; meso- and metaventrite black. Elytra chestnut brown with four black, round, moderately large spots on each elytron arranged as 1–2–1. Anterior spot near base but not touching suture, scutellum or elytral margin; one spot in second row close to elytral suture, second one near elytral margin; apical spot in about 1/5 of apical length. Abdomen light brown with central part of each ventrite dark brown.

Labium with second palpomere weakly broader apically than terminal one at its base, about 1.8 times as long as terminal palpomere (Fig. 117).

Prosternal process (Fig. 118) about 1.10 times wider than prosternum in front of coxae in narrowest place and about 0.36 times as wide as longest procoxal diameter; subtruncate at apex. Mesoventrite (Fig. 118) with anterior edge with complete raised border and with distinct groove behind it; mesoventral process at least as wide as mesocoxal diameter. Lateral margins of elytron narrow and visible from above at least along 4/5 of elytral length. Epipleuron (Fig. 116) broad, about 3.5 times broader than metepisternum. Metaventrite with intercoxal process broadly bordered and raised with distinct groove behind it and also behind postcoxal lines; metaventral postcoxal lines complete, straight laterally. Apices of femora not protruding from outer margin of elytral epipleuron.

Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, reaching posteriorly about 2/3 length of ventrite 1; apical margin of female ventrite 5 somewhat sinuate (Fig. 119), sternite and tergite VIII weakly rounded (Figs. 120, 121).

Female genitalia (Figs. 122–124). Proctiger (TX) rounded; coxites round-oval. Bursa copulatrix subdivided into two parts; larger part placed ventrally, pocket like, undulated, ending with outlet of oviduct; smaller part placed dorsally, diverges at basal part of bursa, not undulated, with apical outlet of sperm duct. Sperm duct short, simple, uniform in diameter; spermatheca very small, membranous, vermiform; accessory gland very narrow, nearly 2.0 times longer than spermatheca; outlet of accessory gland adjacent to sperm duct.

Male not known.

Material examined — Types. Holotype, female: “ Type / 87/ Nilgiri Hills H. L. Andrewes/ TYPE / Andrewes Bequest. B.M. 1922-221/ Nilgiri Hills/ Epilachna bis-4.punctata v. semisqualens Sic. Type / Holotype, Afidentula semisqualens sp. nov., Tomaszewska & Szawaryn, 2012” (BMNH).

Distribution. India.

Afidentula stephensi (Mulsant) (Figs. 125–143, 167)

Epilachna (Cleta) Stephensi Mulsant, 1850: 879 . Type locality: “les Indes orientales?”. Crotch 1874: 81 (as synonym of Coccinella undecimspilota Hope); Korschefsky 1831: 31.

Epilachna stephensis (sic!): Iablohoff-Khnzorian 1972: 169.

Afidentula stephensi: Booth & Pope 1989: 364 . Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 24; Poorani 2004: 38.

Afidentula erberi Fürsch, 1984: 336 . Type locality: Pakistan (Hazara), Sharkul nordwestlich Battal. Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 24; Poorani 2004: 38. Syn. nov.

Diagnosis. Most similar to A. manderstjernae by body shape and coloration. A. stephensi, however, has a larger body, antennomere 4 slightly longer than 5, male ventrite 6 weakly emarginate medially at apex, differently shaped male genitalia, and the medio-basal spots on elytra placed close to (touching) scutellum and suture.

Description. Length 3.85–4.25 mm; TL/EW = 1.27–1.31; PL/PW = 0.44–0.47; EL/EW = 1.03–1.05; EW/PW = 1.55–1.60.

Body (Figs. 125, 167) oval, convex; surfaces with distinct, yellowish setae. Head, prosternum, scutellum and legs brown. Mouthparts yellowish brown. Mesoventrite dark brown, metaventrite black. Elytral epipleura reddish brown with inner margin darker, brown to black. Pronotum reddish brown with large black macula antero-medially. Elytra reddish brown with seven black spots arranged as 2–3–1–1. Medio-basal spot round, touching scutellum and suture; second anterior spot placed on humerus; second row of spots with semicircular spot touching suture, second spot transverse in middle of elytral disk, third spot round, close to but not touching elytral margin; all three spots can vary somewhat in shape. Preapical spot large, transverse, sometimes appearing like two fused round spots; posterior spot at apex of elytron. All spots can vary in size.

Antenna with antennomere 3 elongate, longer than antennomeres 4–6 together; antennomere 4 slightly longer than 5, antennomeres 5–7 subquadrate and 8 transverse. Labrum very small, strongly transverse. Labium with second palpomere distinctly broader apically than terminal one at its base, about 1.9 times as long as terminal palpomere (Fig. 126).

Prosternal process (Fig. 127) weakly rounded apically, about 0.33 times as wide as longest procoxal diameter and about 1.40 times wider than prosternum in front of coxae in narrowest place. Mesoventrite with anterior edge with complete raised border and with weak groove behind it, more distinct laterally (Fig. 128); mesoventral process 0.75 times as wide as coxal diameter at the same position. Lateral margins of elytron very narrow and visible from above along about ¾ of elytral length. Epipleuron (Fig. 125) about 2.2 times broader than metepisternum.

Metaventrite with intercoxal process broadly bordered and raised without distinct groove behind; metaventral postcoxal lines complete, straight laterally.

Legs moderately long with apices of femora not protruding from outer margin of elytral epipleuron; trochanters moderately angulately produced on inner margin.

Abdominal postcoxal lines almost complete, reaching posteriorly about ¾ length of ventrite 1 (Figs. 129, 132); apical margin of male ventrite 5 truncate, ventrite 6 weakly emarginate (Fig. 133), tergite VIII rounded (Fig. 134); apical margin of female ventrite 5 gently rounded (Fig. 129), sternite and tergite VIII rounded (Figs. 130, 131).

Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 135, 139–143). Tergite IX divided in two lateral parts, membranous dorsally. X tergite rounded at apex. Penis guide in lateral view somewhat triangular, pointed apically; parameres almost as long as penis guide. Penis thin, curved; sclerotized part pointed at apex with membranous gonopore.

Female genitalia (Figs. 136–138). Proctiger (TX) subtly emarginate; coxites oval. Bursa copulatrix large, with apical outlet of oviduct; sperm duct diverge dorsally from small fold slightly above half the length of bursa. Sperm duct very short, simple, uniform in diameter; spermatheca small, membranous, elongate, vermiform; accessory gland about as long as spermatheca; outlet of accessory gland distant from sperm duct.

Material examined — Types. Lectotype “K. Hills/ 107/ TYPE Col: 1970; Epilachna stephensi Mulsant / Epilachna stephensi; Mulsant 1850; Ann. Soc. Agro. Lyon. (2)2: 879/ Epilachna stephensi Muls. / HOLO-TYPE O.U.M./ T / HOPE DEPT. OXFORD” (OXUM). Designation: Booth and Pope, 1989. Holotype of A. erberi, male; “ Pakistan (Hazara) Sharkul nw. Battal 1600-2100m 20-21 VII 1982 Erber & Heinz leg./ Holotypus: Afidentula erberi Fürsch 83 / 1950” (HFC).

Other material. India: Kosi R. 3000 ft Ranikhet Dn. Mar’20 HGC, 3337, G.C. Champion B.M. 1927-409 (1: BMNH); Gopaldhara Rungbong Vall. Sikkim H. Stevens 1916–218 (1: BMNH); Pakistan: CIBC Chanari A.S.K. 16.x.1985 Cod. 10/85–793/ 3341. on apple tree C. I. E. A., 7449, A. manderstjernae (Muls.) R. G. Booth det. 1985. Pres by Comm Inst Ent B. M. 1985-1, A. stephensi (Muls.) det. R. G. Booth 1988 (1: BMNH).

Distribution. India, Pakistan.

Afidentula thanhsonensis Hoang (Figs. 144 – 163, 169)

Afidentula thanhsonensis Hoang, 1977: 134 . Type locality: Vietnam: Vinh Phu, Than Shon.

Afidentula cucphuongensis Hoang, 1977: 135 . Type locality: Vietnam: Xanamninh, Cuc Phuong. Syn. nov.

Diagnosis. Most similar to A. bisquadripunctata, but can be distinguished by the second labial palpomere more elongate compared to the apical palpomere, the prosternal process wider and rounded at apex and the penis guide without incision at apex.

Description. Length 4.44–4.60 mm; TL/EW = 1.20–1.26; PL/PW = 0.40–0.44; EL/EW = 0.99–1.05; EW/PW = 1.56–1.75.

Body (Fig. 169) round-oval, convex; surfaces distinctly setose with yellowish pubescence. Head, mouthparts, pronotum, scutellum, legs, prosternum and mesoventrite orange to light brown. Metaventrite light brown, brown or black. Elytron orange to light brown with four black spots arranged as 1–2–1. Anterior spot not touching suture or elytral margins; second row with one spot near suture and second one near margin; posterior spot in about apical fourth; all spots round but can vary in size.

Labrum very small, strongly transverse. Labium with second palpomere weakly broader apically than terminal one at its base, about 1.35–1.50 times as long as terminal palpomere (Fig. 145). Mandibular teeth without additional serration (Fig. 146).

Prosternal process (Fig. 144) rounded apically, about 0.34-0.36 times as wide as longest procoxal diameter and about 1.15–1.25 times wider than prosternum in front of coxae in most narrow place. Mesoventrite (Figs. 147, 148) with anterior edge with complete raised border and more or less distinct groove behind it; mesoventral process 0.85–0.90 times as wide as coxal diameter at the same position. Lateral margins of elytron very narrow and visible from above along about ¾ of elytral length. Epipleuron (Fig. 147) about 2.5–2.65 times broader than metepisternum. Metaventrite with intercoxal process broadly bordered and raised with more or less distinct groove behind it; metaventral postcoxal lines complete, straight laterally.

Legs moderately long, with at most apices of profemora slightly protruding from outer margin of elytral epipleuron; trochanters angulately produced on inner margin.

Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete (Figs. 149, 152), reaching posteriorly about ¾ length of ventrite 1; apical margin of male ventrite 5 truncate, ventrite 6 shallowly emarginate (Fig. 151), abdominal tergite VIII rounded (Fig. 150); apical margin of female ventrite 5 rounded (Fig. 152), sternite and tergite VIII rounded (Figs. 153, 154).

Male terminalia and genitalia (Figs. 155-158, 161, 162). Tergite IX not divided. Tergite X subtruncate at apex. Penis guide in lateral view almost equally wide throughout, narrowing at apex, with weak angulation in apical fifth on outer edge; apex of penis guide slightly widened and rounded in inner view. Parameres thin, as long as penis guide, weakly widened at apical part. Penis thin; with submembranous apex strongly curved outwardly, and with additional subapical, sharp projection.

Female genitalia (Figs. 159, 160, 163). Proctiger (TX) truncate to scarcely emarginate; coxites oval. Bursa copulatrix subdivided into two parts; larger ventral part pocket like, undulated, with apical outlet of oviduct; smaller dorsal part diverges at basal part of bursa, not undulated, ending with outlet of sperm duct. Sperm duct short, simple, uniform in diameter; spermatheca small, membranous, vermiform; accessory gland very narrow, slightly longer than spermatheca; outlet of accessory gland adjacent to sperm duct.

Material examined—Types. Holotype of A. thanhsonensis, male “ Vietnam, Vinh Phu, Than Shon, 13.VII.1963 ” (ZMAS); holotype of A. cucphuongensis, female “ Vietnam, Xanamninh, Cuc Phuong, 8.V.1967 ” (ZMAS).

Other material. China: Guangdong, Shenzhen, Xixiang Town Tiegang, Jul.01.1998, Afidentula bisquadripunctata (Gyllenhal), Ce- 010890 (1 male: CGEC); Guangzhou, Sun-Yasen University, May.08.1990, Afidentula bisquadripunctata (Gyllenhal), En-377788 (1 female; CGEC); India: Nilgiri Hills G.F. Hampson 94-89, bisquadripunctata (1 female: BMNH); [place of collection illegible], VI.10 H.L. Andrewes, Andrewes Bequest. B.M. 1922-221, Epilachna bis-4-punctata S. Sch. (1 male: BMNH).

Distribution. China, India, Vietnam.