Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell, 1905

(Figs 41, 42)

Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell 1905: 131 .

Diagnosis. Dorsal derm with polygonal reticulations; tubular ducts present, but small (Fig. 42E); duct tubercles present (Fig. 42D). Marginal setae bluntly spinose, mostly with fimbriate apices (Fig. 42A). Stigmatic clefts distinct, each containing 4 or 5 stigmatic spines (Figs 41C, 42C). Venter with multilocular disc-pores usually each with 8 loculi, abundant around vulvar area, a few pores also present laterad of meta- and mesocoxa (Fig. 42I); tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a broad inner ductule, present on medial area of head, thorax and anterior abdomen; type II each with a narrow inner ductule, present on medial and inner submarginal area of head, thorax and abdomen; and type III each with a filamentous inner ductule, present in submarginal areas (Figs 41D, 42J); antenna 8 segmented (partially adopted from Williams & Watson, 1990).

Material examined. 10 ♀♀, LAOS, Kham Dist., Xiangkhoang Prov., 2.v.2015, coll. J.Y. Choi, on Citrus sp. ( Rutaceae).

Hosts. Polyphagous. According to García Morales et al. (2016), P. polygonata has been recorded from plants belonging to 10 genera in 7 families. In Laos, it has been found on Ficus sp. ( Moraceae) (Suh & Bombay 2015).

Distribution. Mainly known from Australian, Oriental (Bangladesh, India, Laos, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Vietnam) and Palearctic Regions (Suh & Bombay 2015; García Morales et al. 2016).

Economic importance. Mani & Krishnamoorthy (1998) considered P. polygonata to be a serious pest of mango ( Mangifera indica) in India. In addition, Williams & Watson (1990) noted that P. polygonata could be a potential pest of citrus because of its host preferences. The species is frequently intercepted at U.S. ports (Miller & Miller 2003).

Remarks. Pulvinaria polygonata closely resembles P. aurantii Cockerell, but is easily separated by the number of stigmatic spines in each spiracular cleft: P. polygonata has 4–5, whereas P. aurantii has only 3 (Takahashi 1955b).