Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov.

(Figures 2–8)

Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from both Z. chinensis and Z. affinis by the following characters: body slightly paler, shorter and broader; cephalic process relatively shorter, broader and more robust; vertex with black spots constricted to basal area, without black spots medially and apically; frons without or with only very few black spots on basal area; and the pronotum, mesonotum and forewings with relatively fewer and smaller black spots (Figs 1, 2, 3A–D).

Description. Male: BL: 36.0– 40.5 mm; HL: 10.0– 12.3 mm; HW: 4.0– 4.1 mm; FWL: 23.0– 25.6 mm.

General color pale brownish ochraceous; with numerous small black spots on: cephalic process with dorsal basal area and lateral areas (mainly on basal two thirds) of vertex, basal part of frons, postclypeus (mainly on lateral areas), pronotum, mesonotum, pleurae of thorax, tegulae, legs and forewings; each black spot with one short, brown seta in center, sometimes small black spots merging together and forming bigger spots (Figs 2, 3A–D); cephalic process sparsely covered with short, pale pubescence laterally and ventrally. Antennae ochraceous, with scape (excluding apex) and flagellum brown. Rostrum ochraceous, with apical segment and apex of penultimate segment fuscous.

Forewings densely covered with numerous, very small, protuberant, black spots which are mainly located on veins, spots on anterior and apical areas slightly larger and more prominent; hind wings milky white, veins pale brownish ochraceous. Legs ochraceous, strongly pilose, femora and tibiae covered with small black spots; fore and middle legs with distal part of femora, tibiae and claws fuscous; hind legs with 3rd tarsomeres (excluding proximal and distal areas) and claws fuscous.

Abdomen ventrally ochraceous, with sterna medially largely marked with black in an irregularly inverted trapezoid shape, sometimes the black marking obliterated subapically; sublateral areas with 2–5 irregular black spots or small markings resulting from merging of spots; abdomen above black, with posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Pygofer and anal tube blackish; parameres in basal two fifths ochraceous and apical three fifths fuscous; hook-shaped process on basal outer edge blackish with basal area ochraceous.

Head (Figs 2A–D, 3A–D) with cephalic process relatively broad and robust, hexagonal, gently narrowing from base to apex, slightly upturned at apex in lateral view, apex obliquely truncate, about 2.1–2.2 times longer than length of pronotum and mesonotum combined; vertex slightly transversely convex with faint median carina, lateral margins weakly ridged with distal half of carinae being slightly zigzagged. Frons distinctly elongate, with lateral margins weakly ridged, with lateral and submedian carinae, distal half of both carinae being slightly zigzagged, median carina absent (Figs 2C, 3C). Postclypeus short and small (Figs 2C, 3C). Eyes and ocelli relatively small. Antennae with scape relatively short; pedicel short, thick and subbulbose with top broadly depressed, densely covered with sensory plaque organs over entire surface (Figs 4, 5A–D). Rostrum moderately long, reaching between coxae of middle legs, apical segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment; rostral apex consisting of two lateral lobes separated by dorsal stylet groove, each lateral lobe bearing several bristle-like sensilla and numerous peg sensilla and protuberances on disc (Fig. 5E–H).

Pronotum and mesonotum with disc slightly transversely convex, without median carina, lateral areas strongly sloping downwards; pronotum with posterior margin very slightly and broadly arched anteriorly; mesonotum distinctly longer than pronotum. Forewings relatively narrow, elongate and slender, almost entirely reticulate; stigma absent; inner marginal areas overlapping at tips (Figs 2A, 2E, 2F, 3A). Hindwings semihyaline. Legs relatively robust and short; hind tibiae with 5–7 lateral, tip-blacked spurs (proximal one smallest, gradually largened distally) and 8 (6+2) apical, tip-blacked spurs; 1 st and 2nd metatarsomeres covered with a pad of silver, dense setae ventrally, 1 st metatarsomere more than 2 times larger than 2nd metatarsomere in ventral aspect (Figs 6E, 6F); pretarsus of hind legs with two long, dorsal setae on proximal, dorsal area medially (Figs 6A, 6B); claws of hind legs with 4–5 long setae on subbasal lower margin (Figs 6A, 6D).

Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 3F) symmetrical, distinctly shorter than parameres, with ventral posterior margin broadly excavated caudad, in ventral view and posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly above middle, in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 3E) relatively short and broad, nearly rectangular in dorsal view, with apical part expanded outwards; anal style short and broad, greater than half length of anal tube, arched in dorsal view (Fig. 3E). Parameres (Figs 3F, 3G) in lateral view elongate, with basal part relatively narrow and apical part somewhat blunt, upper margin expanded upwards submedially; outer edge near upper margin at basal two fifths strongly expanded and armed with a black, robust, hook-shaped process directing outwards and anteroventrally, in lateral view. Aedeagus (Fig. 3H) relatively short, membranous, compact, with apical three fourths directing posterodorsally, in lateral view; bi-lobated, with each lobe being wrapped by 10 membranous laminates, which are apically slightly curving dorsally and bearing many tiny marginal spines.

Female. Similar to males in general appearance and coloration, but cephalic process and other body parts with a few more black spots. BL: 39.0– 44.5 mm; HL: 12.3–13.5 mm; HW: 4.2–4.3 mm; FWL: 25.5–28.0 mm.

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Genitalia not examined. Gonoplac with posterior margin being strongly and densely pilose, with hairs tapering apicad with raised, scale-like tegmental base (Figs 7, 8A, 8B). These hairs may play a role of mechanic or chemical sensilla for oviposition.

Wax glands. Anal tube in female adults expanded, nearly cardiform in ventral aspect (Figs 8B, 8C), with ventral surface densely covered with long, whitish wax threads (Fig. 8A). When the wax threads are removed, numerous fine wax gland units are visible on the ventral surface of the anal tube (Fig. 8B–D). The wax gland unit is regularly hexagonal with a side length of 20.0– 24.7 mm. All hexagonal units possess a single, centrally positioned, long, tapering seta up to 105.5–109.5 mm in length (Fig. 8B–D). Numerous very tiny wax gland pores are present on the surface of each hexagonal unit and they are 0.31–0.38 mm in diameter with a density of 3.8–5.0 pores per mm2 (Fig. 8E–H).

Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin words “ robust ” and “ cephallica ”, referring to its relatively broad and stout cephalic process.

Distribution. Southwest China (Yunnan Province).

Type material examined. Holotype ♂, China, Yunnan Province: Jinping, Changpotou, 1200 m, 23 May 1956 (K. R. Huang et al.) (IZCAS) . Paratypes. China, Yunnan Province: 1♂, definite locality absent, 1956, collector name absent; 1♂, 3♀♀, same data as holotype; 1♀, same data as holotype, but 25 May 1956, collector name absent; 1♂, same locality, but 2200 m, 26 Sept 1957 (L. C. Zang); 1♀, near Jindong, 1450 m, 23 Mar 1957, collector name absent; 1♂, Longling, Sanqu, 1600 m, 12 May 1955 (B. R. Eo); 1♀, near Puwen, 1000 m, 27 Mar 1957, collector name absent; 1♂, Xishuangbanna, Mt. Kongmingshan, 16 Aug 1957 (S. Y. Wang) (all in IZCAS).