Carybdea branchi Gershwin & Gibbons, 2009

Figs. 2 F–J

Material examined: Seven (7) living adult individuals collected by the authors for gross morphological examinations; 5 preserved adult individuals for detailed morphological observations, Hout Bay (South Africa); collected by A. C. Morandini & S. N. Stampar, May 0 5, 2013; preserved in 5% formaldehyde solution. One (1) specimen deposited in the Natural History Museum of Barcelona (Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona), Spain (MZB 2015-4807). Four (4) specimens deposited in the Natural History Museum of London (NHM 2000.1800-1803), labelled as Carybdea robsonae by Gershwin 2000, (mentioned as “ paratypes ” in Gershwin & Gibbons 2009), Simon’s Town Docks, False Bay, South Africa, collected 17 November 1938 by the Discovery Expedition. One (1) specimen deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Science in Brussels (RBINS I.G. 11204) labelled as “ Tamoya haplonema ” by Dr. G. Ranson, collected 18 January 1937 by the Cruise of "Mercator", 4 miles off Luderitz Bay (Namibia, Africa).

Diagnosis: Robust and well sculpted body; gastric phacellae epaulette shaped, single rooted, multiple stemmed; velarial canals 2 per octant; complexely branched; pedalia knee bend upwards turned volcano-shaped. The brownish pigmentation of the phacellae and pedalia is characteristic of this species.

Description: Adult Medusa: Bell (Fig. 2F), highly transparent, gastric phacellae, yellowish to reddish-brown, pedalia light brown at outer wing base, reddish brown at distal end of outer wing – pigmentation fades very fast after preservation; cube-shaped, densely scattered with white nematocyst warts of different shapes and sizes; mammilation scatters bell from apex to bell margin (bigger nematocyst warts at interradial furrows and bell margin, smaller nematocyst warts on bell sides and apex); apex plane convex, thick mesoglea, no horizontal constriction near the top present. Bell height 50–70 mm high, bell width up to 65–90 mm (preserved specimens).

Pedalia (Fig. 2G), 4, simple, unbranched, flattened, scalpel-shaped, brownish colour marks on base and distal end of outer wing, measures approx. 1/2 bell height in length, situated in each interradial corner, outer keel densely scattered with irregular, white nematocyst warts, carrying single, flesh coloured tentacle; pedalial canal stark depressed at base, square in diameter with lateral keels, going straight through pedalium, showing a volcanoshaped, upwards turned knee bend without appendage.

Rhopalia, 4, located inside heart-shaped rhopalial niche ostium. Orifice with triangular upper covering scale with pointed tip, 2 narrow, longish, lower scales, creating a compressed or narrow heart-shaped orifice (resembling almost Y-shaped); very small, round nematocyst warts scattered on scale; approx. 1/4 to 1/5 of bell height up from margin; rhopalium with 6 eyes (2 median lens eyes + 2 lateral slit eyes + 2 lateral pit eyes).

Velarium (Fig. 2J), free of nematocyst warts, containing 2 velarial canal roots per octant, canals dendritic, some side branches tend to grow in centripetal direction (growth directed away from velarial margin, as defined by Thiel 1970); canals flanking frenulum are as complexly branched as the ones flanking pedalia with 2 to 4 dendritic, lobed main branches and several dendritic, lobed side branches.

Manubrium (1/2–2/3 bell height in length) with conspicuously long and broad mouth arms (2/3 manubrium length), tips rounded, without nematocyst warts, and connected to flat and shallow stomach; stomach communicates perradially with 4 gastric pockets leading into velarial canals. Gastric phacellae (Fig. 2H), 4, epaulette-shaped, mounted on 4 stomach corners, consisting of 15–20 brush-shaped filaments per quadrant, multiple stalked, stalks of filaments tightly aligned (Fig. 2I), originated from one root.

Gonads, 4 pairs, broad leaf-like to ovoid shape, separated by unperforated interradial septum, extending from stomach rim to bell margin, tapering slightly towards stomach rim and bell margin; sexes separated but unimorph.

Remarks: Gershwin & Gibbons (2009) described C. branchi as a new species from South African waters. Previously, C. branchi had been misidentified in the literature as either Carybdea alata ( Alatina alata) or Tamoya haplonema .

Reported distribution of C. branchi: South Africa (South Atlantic)