Key to the species groups of Afrotropical Phyllonorycter based on male genitalia*

1. Tegumen trilobed (with two lateral appendages) (Figs 191, 198)................................... grewiaecola group

– Tegumen simple, without lateral appendages................................................................ 2

2. Tegumen reduced, truncate, short, shorter than sternum VIII; tuba analis not protruded............................... 3

– Tegumen ca. as long as sternum VIII or longer or tuba analis protruded........................................... 4

3. Saccus slender, strongly folded on the junction with vinculum, transtilla reactangular, aedoeagus shorter than valva (Figs 224, 227, 230, 231, 234)........................................................................ leucaspis group

– Saccus straight, transtilla with broader and thicker lateral sides, aedoeagus long, ca.1.5× longer than valva (Figs 275, 277)........................................................................................... ruwenzori group

4. Valva narrow, slender and long, more than 25× longer than broad................................................ 5

– Valva broad, or has different shapes with appendages, of mid-length or short, less than 25× long than broad.............. 9

5. Valva narrow, sinuated, cucullus narrow, apical 1/3 of valva densely setose, transtilla broad U-shaped; tegumen of medium length, tuba analis protruded almost as long as length of tegumen, vinculum broad, crescent, saccus short, sternum VIII with small notch caudally (Fig. 237, 239)........................................................... loxozona group

– Valva straight or slightly bent, but not sinuated.............................................................. 6

6. Valva narrow, slender but with an enlarged cucullus; transtilla narrow, U-shaped; tegumen very long, almost as long as valva; saccus short, extended (Figs 176, 179).......................................................... agassizi group

– Valva narrow slender along all its length or with acuting apex.................................................. 7

7. Valva about as broad basally as apically, straight; transtilla butterfly-shaped with thick lateral sides; tegumen truncate at apex; vinculum triangular shaped, saccus not extended; aedoeagus broad at coecum and very slender at vesica (Figs 182–184)............................................................................................. chionopa group

– Apex of valva acute, sharp or bearing a sharp spine at narrow apex.............................................. 8

8. Valva bent ventrad, with sharp acuting apex, no spines; transtilla complete, arc-shaped, narrow, tegumen of mid-length, basally ca. as long as broad (Fig. 221)............................................................. lemarchandi group

– Valva gently acuting towards slightly rounded apex, apex bears a sharp spine; transtilla incomplete; tegumen long, ca. 3× longer than broad basally (Figs 170, 171)......................................................... achilleus group

9. Valva with flap or weakly sclerotized digitate projections or appendices......................................... 10

– Valva without ventral projections, may bear a spine subapically................................................ 11

10. Valva with digitate projection on cucullus, bifurcated; saccus short, shorter than width of vinculum (Fig. 173).. adderis group

– Valva with ventral or basal projections and appendices; saccus of mid-length, longer than sternum VIII, or very long (Figs 185–190, 257–274)......................................................... encaeria group, rhynchosiae group

11. Valva with sclerotized suture on its ventral surface (Figs 206, 208, 211, 214)........................... hibiscina group

– Valva without suture on its ventral surface................................................................. 12

12. Valva with enlarged, gently rounded apical part, no special projections at apex, lacking spines and/or bristles............ 13

– Valva broad basally, attenuate apically, with or without triangular small projection at apex, with bristles and/or spine...... 14

13. Saccus very long ca. 2× longer than valva (Figs 254–256).......................................... obandai group

– Saccus ca. 2× shorter than valva (Fig. 252).................................................... melhaniae group

14. Sternum VIII very big, broad also apically, deeply bifurcated caudally (Figs 202, 205)................... grewiella group

– Sternum VIII sharply acuminating caudally or gently acuminating, with more or less rounded apex attaining very shallow, tiny cleft............................................................................................... 15

15. Saccus slender, extended, cylindrical shaped (Figs 240–251).................................... melanosparta group

– Vinculum broad, saccus is not differented from vinculum (Fig. 217)............................... jabalshamsi group

* Males of the gato, hibiscola, mida, silvicola and umukarus groups are unknown.

Key to the species groups of Afrotropical Phyllonorycter based on female genitalia*

1. Anterior apophyses replaced by sterigmatic appendices (Figs 333–335)............................ melanosparta group

– Anterior apophyses present.............................................................................. 2

2. Posterior, anterior apophyses and sterigmatic appendices present (Figs 312, 313)..................... grewiaecola group

– Posterior and anterior apophyses present, sterigmatic appendices absent.......................................... 3

3. Ductus bursae sharply sinuoid at initial part, corpus bursae, big, long, broad, cylindrical, without signum (Figs 328–330)............................................................................................ leucaspis group

– Ductus bursae without sharply sinoid curve at initial part, but straight, corpus bursae of different shapes, with or without signum................................................................................................ 4

4. Sterigmatic cuticle sclerotization on segment VII fold-shaped or arch-shaped...................................... 5

– Sterigmatic cuticle sclerotization on segment VII absent or tube-shaped (antrum appressed to segment VII)............. 12

5. Corpus bursae without signum........................................................................... 6

– Corpus bursae with signum.............................................................................. 8

6. Anterior margin of segment VII ringed with strong sclerotization (Fig. 323)........................... hibiscola group

– Anterior margin of segment VII without sclerotized ring....................................................... 7

7. Cuticle heavily wrinkled at subposterior sector of segment VII (Fig. 311)................................. gato group

– Cuticle smooth at subposterior sector of segment VII (Figs 307–310).................................. encaeria group

8. Anterior margin of sterigmatic fold convex, signum spine-like, located on corpus bursae close to anterior margin of segment VII (Fig. 350)............................................................................. silvicola group

– Anterior margin of sterigmatic fold not separated from cuticle of segment VII, signum band, or stellate located in the median part of corpurs bursae or caudally......................................................................... 9

9. Lamella post-vaginalis attain a complex, highly sclerotized structure, covered with aggregation of spines (Figs 338, 339)............................................................................................... mida group

– Lamella post-vaginalis small, contains other structure than aggregation of spines or imperceptible..................... 10

10. Ostium bursae with highly sclerotized margin; corpus bursae with signum area covered with fine short spines and a stellate signum (Figs 342–348)..................................................................... rhynchosiae group

– Ostium bursae without sclerotized margin, corpus bursae with long (bar-, rod-, needle-shaped) signum or no signum...... 11

11. Sterigma enlarged and thick posteriorly, smooth signum area diamond shaped, with a needle-like sclerotized signum crossing the signum area (Fig. 351)................................................................... umukarus group

– Sterigma narrow but strongly sclerotized arc-shaped suture, corpus bursae with band-like signum covered with short spines ( P. dombeyae without signum) (Figs 316–318, 320–322)............................................. hibiscina group

12. Ostium bursae opens at or close to posterior margin of segment VII............................................. 14

– Ostium bursae opens close to anterior margin of segment VII.................................................. 13

13. Sterigma small, M-shaped situated at subanterior sector of segment VII, ductus bursae very long running along entire abdomen of moth, corpus bursae mall, slender without signum (Figs 340, 341).................................. obandai group

– Anterior apophyses very short, initiate at anterior margin of segment VIII, ostium bursae opens at anterior margin of segment VII, sterigmatic cuticle sclerotization on segment VII absent (Fig. 305)............................... achilleus group

14. Signum located at posterior sector of corpus bursae close to incerption of ductus bursae to corpus bursae............... 15

– Signum located at median/caudal sector of corpus bursae or no signum on corpus bursae............................ 17

15. Posterior part of sterigmatic appendage loose, appresed but not fused with cuticle of segment VII (Figs 336, 337)................................................................................................. melhaniae group

– Sterigmatic plate or cuticle aberrations absent.............................................................. 16

16. Signum plate round, crossed by slender, dentate signum (Fig. 324)................................. jabalshamsi group

– Signum heavily sclerotised area with sharp and thick small spines (Fig. 349)........................... ruwenzori group

17. Ductus bursae short, corpus bursae located in segment VI (Figs 325, 326).......................... lemarchandi group

– Ductus bursae long, corpus bursae located anterad segment VI................................................. 18

18. Antrum well developed, melanized, tube shaped, broader than girth of ductus bursae (Figs 331, 332)....... loxozona group

– Antrum not differentiated from ductus bursae.............................................................. 19

20. Posterior apophyses ca. 2× longer than anterior apophyses (Fig. 314)................................. grewiella group

– Posterior apophyses ca. as long as anterior apophyses (Fig. 306).................................... chionopa group

* Females of the adderis and agassizi groups are unknown.