Key to puparia of California species

1. TMS reaching apparent margin (Figs 50, 51, 69, 72, 82, 83, 127, 128, 134, 135, 168 –170, 175–177, 187–189, 201–203)... 2

1'. TMS not reaching apparent margin (Figs 29, 36, 38, 43, 44, 89–91, 97, 98, 104, 105, 107, 108, 118–120, 159–161, 186–188)................................................................................................... 11

2(1). Longitudinal molting suture smooth, not lined with tubercles; dorsal disc of head with tubercles on entire median area (Figs 142–145, 187–189)................................................................................... 3

2'. Longitudinal molting suture lined with tubercles; dorsal disc of head with tubercles entirely absent from median area or limited to area over mouthparts (Figs 50, 51, 69, 70, 82, 83, 127, 128, 134, 135, 168 –170, 175–177, 201–203)................. 4

3(2'). Mature pupae devoid of dorsal wax; eyespots and Ce setae present (Figs 142–145); marginal glandular teeth quadrangular with rounded tips and not differentiated at level of tracheal and caudal openings (Fig. 147); VO lacking petal-shaped projections (Fig. 149) [on Quercus]................................................................ T. mexicana (in part)

3'. Mature pupae with one dorsolateral wax band on each side divided into cephalic, thoracic and abdominal sections (Fig. 27); eyespots and Ce setae absent (Figs 187–189); marginal teeth subtriangular and slightly differentiated (wider) at level of tracheal and caudal openings, accompanied by granulations on venter (gr; Figs 193, 194, 196, 199); VO with four petal-shaped lateroapical projections (PePr; Figs 195–197, 199, 200) [on Hymenoclea salsola]........................... T. salsolae

4(2') Mature pupae with amorphous lateral wax directed upwards from true margin covering deflexed portion of submargin laterally (Fig. 8); puparium more elevated, with deflexed submargin as wide as 0.7–1.0 of body radius; dorsomedial area of A1–A7 with short longitudinal striations (Fig. 86); venter medially to leg bases smooth (Fig. 84) [on Eriogonum]......... T. eriogonum

4'. Mature pupae with lateral wax not directed upwards from true margin covering deflexed portion of submargin laterally (e. g., Figs 19, 23, 26); puparium less elevated, with deflexed submargin as wide as 0.4–0.7 of body radius; dorsomedial area of A1–A7 lacking longitudinal striations (Figs 56–58, 75–77, 132, 137, 169, 182, 205); venter medially to leg bases with spinulae (sp; Figs 62, 73, 130, 138, 171, 180, 204).................................................................. 5

5(4'). Puparium elliptical-oblanceolate with a pronounced caudal protuberance (Figs 18, 19, 23, 24, 34, 35, 168, 169); VO located on a promontory (best seen in dorsolateral view, Fig. 141); with two membranous ventral sacs medially to bases of mesothoracic legs (Figs 138, 171)................................................................................... 6

5'. Puparium elliptical to oval with caudal protuberance moderate to only insinuated (Figs 4–6, 16, 17, 25, 26, 50, 51, 69, 127, 176, 201, 202); VO not located on a promontory; usually with four membranous ventral sacs medially to bases of mesothoracic legs (Figs 62, 130, 180, 204)................................................................................ 7

6(5). Puparium markedly oblanceolate, distinctly narrowed caudally (width at level of anterior margin of operculum 80–120; maximum width/width at level of anterior margin of operculum 2.7–4.4); dorsal disc on submedian area of thorax entirely covered with tubercle-shaped ornamentations (Fig. 136); dorsal disc on submedian area of abdomen with tubercle-shaped ornamentations across both anterior and posterior areas of A1–A6 (Figs 137, 139, 141); caudal setae (Figs 134, 135) as long as 2.8–3.4 times the length of VO ring [commonly on Lantana, but also on Hibiscus, Eupatorium, and Morus]..... T. lantanae

6'. Puparium less markedly oblanceolate, less narrowed caudally (width at level of anterior margin of operculum 130–205; maximum width/width at level of anterior margin of operculum 2.0–2.6); dorsal disc on submedian area of thorax devoid of tubercle-shaped ornamentations (Fig. 170); dorsal disc on submedian area of A1–A6 with tubercle-shaped ornamentations only across anterior area (Fig. 169); caudal setae (Fig. 169) as long as 0.4–0.6 times the length of VO ring [on Rhamnus]............................................................................................... T. oblanceolata

7(5'). Dorsal submargin lacking crescent shaped crenulations or tubercles (Figs 69, 71, 127, 128)........................... 8

7'. Dorsal submargin with crescent shaped crenulations or tubercles arranged in transverse rows (Figs 51, 52, 57–60, 178, 201– 203, 205)........................................................................................... 9

8(7). Puparium elliptical (Fig. 69), apparently lacking any lateral wax (Fig. 7); with small tubercles on sides of dorsal disc and minute granulations along sutures (gr; Figs 75–77) [on Pluchea and other Asteraceae]........................ T. coachellensis

8'. Puparium broadly oval (Fig. 127), with a wide marginal fringe of striated shiny wax (Fig. 17); lacking tubercles on sides of dorsal disc and minute granulations along sutures (Figs 127, 132) [on Salvia and various other plants, including Asteraceae].............................................................................................. T. laingi

9(7'). Deflexed submargin smooth, lacking granulations (Fig. 206); dorsal disc on anterior margin of A1–A6 with a sclerotized ridge lacking separate distinct tubercles (Figs 202, 205) [on Ceanothus parvifolius].............................. T. sierrae

9'. Entire width of deflexed submargin with granulations (Figs 61, 179); usually with distinct tubercules on dorsal disc across anterior margin of A1–A6 (Figs 56, 57, 181, 182).......................................................... 10

10(9'). Mature pupae lacking dorsal wax (Figs 5, 6); puparium elliptical with caudal protuberance approximately aligned with apparent margin (Figs 50, 51, 63–68); VO oval and surrounded by a relatively wide VO ring (Figs 63, 65–68); caudal setae about as long as 1.5–3 times the length of operculum (Figs 51, 63, 64) [on Ceanothus and multiple other hosts including Eriodictyon]............................................................................................... T. ceanothi

10'. Mature pupae with two pairs of dorsal longitudinal wax bands (Fig. 25); puparium broadly oval with caudal protuberance forming an obtuse angle with apparent margin (Figs 176, 183–186); VO subrectangular to subquadrate and surrounded by a relatively narrow VO ring (Figs 183–186); caudal setae about as long as 1–1.6 times the length of operculum (Figs 176, 185) [on Eriodictyon]................................................................................ T. ornata

11(1'). Longitudinal molting suture lined with tubercles (Figs 29, 36, 43, 97, 159, 160).................................. 12

11'. Longitudinal molting suture smooth (Figs 89, 90, 104, 105, 118, 119).......................................... 17

12(11) Puparium rounded-oval (Figs 29, 43, 151, 152); Ce setae and eyespots present (Figs 29, 30, 43, 151–153) [on Quercus in California]......................................................................................... 13

12'. Puparium oblanceolate, elliptical, or oval with truncate caudal end (Figs 36, 97, 159, 160); Ce setae and eyespots absent (Figs 36, 37, 97, 159, 160) [on various hosts including Quercus]................................................... 15

13(12') Longitudinal molting suture lined with tubercles from suture between T2/T3 to submarginal area (Figs 29, 30, 36); lateral areas of dorsal disc and medial areas of head and T1 smooth or with small granulations not forming a reticulate pattern (Figs 29, 30, 36)....................................................................................... T. abnormis

13'. Longitudinal molting suture lined with tubercles from TMS to level of mouthparts (Figs 43, 44, 151–153); lateral areas of dorsal disc and medial areas of head and T1 with large rounded tubercles forming a reticulate pattern (Figs 43, 44, 46, 48, 151–153, 155)...................................................................................... 14

14(13') Eyespots oval (Figs 43, 44); TMS U-shaped, with medial section almost straight and distal ends bent at almost 90 degrees (Figs 43, 44); caudal setae close together, originating at or mesad of levels of operculum lateral margins (Figs 43, 49). T. agrifoliae

14'. Eyespots slit-like (Figs 151–153); TMS W-shaped, with medial section curved anteriorly and distal ends bent at about 45 degrees (Figs 151–153); caudal setae widely separated, originating laterad of levels of operculum lateral margins (Figs 151, 152, 155, 157, 158)......................................................................... T. nevadensis

15(12') Puparium oblanceolate (width at anterior margin of operculum 120–175) with a pronounced caudal protuberance (Figs 97, 102, 103); submedian area of thorax with granulations along sutures and depressions (gr; Fig. 98); abdominal depressions lined with granulations (gr; Fig. 99); deflexed subdorsum with transverse rows of granulations across its entire width (Fig. 101) [on Psidium guajava in California].................................................................. T. guajavae

15'. Puparium oval to elliptical (width at anterior margin of operculum 195–485), with caudal protuberance absent or moderate (Figs 36, 41, 42, 159, 160, 166, 167); submedian area of thorax smooth (Figs 37, 161); abdominal depressions not lined with granulations (Figs 36, 165); deflexed subdorsum with transverse rows of small granulations arranged in compact clusters across about half to 3/4 of its width (Figs 40, 164)............................................................... 16

16(15'). Puparium oval with caudal end truncate lacking a caudal protuberance (Figs 36, 41, 42), with a narrow lateral ring of amorphous wax visible dorsally (Figs 1, 2); lateral area of dorsal disc smooth (Figs 36–38); dorsal submargin smooth (Fig. 38); deflexed submargin with transverse rows of small granulations usually arranged in 1–3 compact clusters extending across about half to 2/3 of its width (gr; Fig. 40); VO cordate (Figs 36, 41); VO ring subcordate with anterior margin well defined and anterior portion delimited from remainder of ring and sculpted with crests (Figs 36, 41); venter with groups of strong spines (spi) medially to legs (Fig. 39) [on Arctostaphylos]...................................................... T. acaudata

16'. Puparium elliptical with a caudal protuberance (Figs 159, 160, 16, 167), with fragmentary lateral wax not visible dorsally (Fig. 21); lateral area of dorsal disc with small tubercles (Figs 161, 165); dorsal submargin with small tubercles (Fig. 162); deflexed submargin with transverse rows of small granulations usually arranged in 7–9 compact clusters extending across about 3/4 of its width (gr; Fig. 164); VO subcordate (Figs 166, 167); VO ring cordate and open anteriorly, lacking crests (Figs 166, 167); venter with groups of spinulae (sp) medially to legs (Fig. 163) [on multiple hosts including Arctostaphylos]...... T. nigrans

17(11'). With eyespots (Figs 89, 90, 143–145); dorsal submargin lacking a row of membranous papillae (Figs 89, 90, 142–146); with two or four ventral membranous sacs (vs) on thorax (Fig. 92)................................................. 18

17'. Lacking eyespots (Figs 104, 105, 118, 119); dorsal submargin with a row of membranous papillae (S pap; Figs 13, 15, 104, 105, 107–109, 114, 115, 118–120, 122); with five ventral membranous sacs (vs) on thorax (Figs 110, 111, 121) [on Condea]... 19

18(17). Apparent margin with an indentation at anterior end and three rounded projections, one each adjacent to lateral ends of TMS and at caudal end (Figs 9, 89); Ce setae absent; T2, T3, and dorsal A8 setae originating from bulbous bases (Figs 89–91, 95); dorsal disc and submargin lacking imbrications or granulations, with cobblestone pattern of depressions of variable extension (Figs 89–91); deflexed submargin with narrow band of small granulations adjacent to marginal teeth and with a row of paired pores (pr) and porettes (pt) (Figs 93, 94); venter extensively spinulose (Figs 92, 93) [on Fouquieria and other hosts]........................................................................................ T. fouquieriasplendens

18'. Apparent margin lacking projections (Figs 142, 143); Ce setae present; T2, T3, and dorsal A8 setae not arising from bulbous bases (Figs 144, 145, 149); sides of dorsal disc with granulations forming a reticulate pattern and dorsal submargin with rows of transverse crests (Figs 142–146); deflexed submargin with a wide band of rounded granulations and a row of single pores (pr; Figs 147); venter with spinulae on wide bands along leg bases and around mouthparts (sp; Fig. 147) absent from abdomen [on Quercus]........................................................................ T. mexicana (in part)

19(17'). Dorsal disc with large tubercles on medial area lateral to mouthparts, along thoracic sutures, anterior and posterior margins of A1–A7, and on lateral areas (Figs 104–107, 112, 114, 115); 3–5 papillae (usually 4) (S pap) on each side of abdominal submargin only (Figs 104, 105, 114–116); TMS ending on submargin almost at apparent margin (Figs 104, 105, 107, 108); with a row of double pores, a larger one with dark rim and an adjacent minute one (pr & pt), between dorsal disc and submargin (Figs 114, 116); deflexed submargin with dark granulations extending over its entire width lacking a particular pattern (Fig. 113); abdominal anteromedial depressions inconspicuous (Figs 104, 105, 107, 112, 114, 115); VO ring subtriangular (Figs 115–117); venter smooth except for spinulae (sp) along margins and medially to leg bases (Figs 111)................... T. hoelmeri

19'. Dorsal disc devoid of large tubercles (Figs 118–120); 6–8 papillae (S pap) on each side of thoracic and abdominal submargin, plus usually a medial one on cephalic submargin (Figs 118–120, 122); TMS barely extending onto submargin (Figs 118–120); with a row of single pores (pr) between dorsal disc and submargin (Figs 122, 124); deflexed submargin with transverse rows of one to three clusters of dark granulations (gr) adjacent to the margin (Figs 125, 126); abdominal anteromedial depressions (de) conspicuous (Figs 118–122); VO ring subcordate (Figs 119, 122, 124); venter uniformly covered with closely-set spinulae (Fig. 123).................................................................................... T. hyptisemoryi