Key to Hawaiian leaf mining moths including Philodoria

1. Tentiform mine.................................................................................................... Cremastobombycia lantanella Busck ¶ ( Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae), all Hawaii islands, host: Lantana spp.

- Short, tortuous linear, spiral mine, about ~ 30 mm length...................................................... 2

- Long (tortuous) linear or blotch mine..................................................................... 3

2. Mature larva (3rd~ instar) is external feeding, nibbling the leaf tissue and skeletonizing it.. Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck ¶ ( Bucculatricidae), Oahu, host: Gossypium tomentosum (endemic Hawaiian cotton).

- Mature larva is leaf-mining, and mines leaf tissue forming several blotch mine............................................ Bedellia Stainton (Bedelliidae), all Hawaiian Islands, host: Convolvulaceae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Urticaceae . Hawaiian Bedellia include many unnamed species ¶.

3. First instar larva is sap-feeding, forming whitish linear mine................................................... 4

- Larva tissue-feeding, forming linear or serpentine to blotch mines; cocoon usually situated outside of mine......................................................................... Philodoria Walsingham ( Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae)

4. Cocoon situated outside of mine, usually on surface of leaf.................................................... 5

- Cocoon situated within end of mine, larvae mining leaves of Rutaceae ( Citrus spp.)................................................................................... Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton ( Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae)

5. Late instar larva tissue feeding, cones created by rolling leaf.................................... Caloptilia H̹bner ¶

- On Diospyros hillebrandii and D. sandwicensis (Ebenaceae), Oahu.................... C. mabaella (Swezey) (Fig. 73D)

- On Myrica faya (Myricaceae), Hawaii (Big Island)............... Caloptilia sp. nr. schinella † (= coruscans (Walsingham))

- Late instar larva tissue feeder in blotch mine elongated along the leaf edge; the leaf edge at the blotch is narrowly folded down; on Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae), Oahu.................................................... Ketapangia sp.

* This key, where only mines and/or cocoons have been examined, but not larvae or adults, can serve only as a partial aid to determination.

¶ Zimmerman (1978a); † Markin (2002); Perreira and Yee (2016) §.