[27] Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir, 1852)

Habitus: Fig. 56. Male genitalia: Figs 57, 58. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11N.

Chaudoir, 1852: 44 (original: Plochionus; type locality: N. India; lectotype in MNHN); Chaudoir, 1872: 180 ( Crossoglossa); Bates, 1891: 339 ( Crossoglossa); Andrewes, 1921: 179 ( Phloeodromius); Jedlička, 1946: 9 (China, Japan, Burma, Tonkin); Jedlička, 1963: 441 (Annam, Ceylon); Xie & Yu, 1993: 189; Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1047 (Nepal); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89; Park et al., 2006: 102.

Parena nigrolineata nipponensis Habu, 1964b: 33 (type locality: Tokyo, Fuchu, holotype in NIAES: National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan); Habu, 1967: 153; Habu, 1982: 111; Park & Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea). Syn. nov.

Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer, 2006: 99 (type locality: Sulawesi, Kab. Donggalia, holotype in CDW). Syn. nov.

Misidentification: Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, 1873: 315 (part); Andrewes, 1921: 179 (as synonym of Plochionus nigrolineata); Jedlička, 1963: 441 (as synonym of Parena nigrolineata); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89 (as synonym of Parena nigrolineata nipponensis).

Type material examined. Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 56A), designated herein: male, body length = 8.4 mm, pin mounted, labia and left maxilla removed and solely pinned, " Type / Cpt Boys. ", " Dinapvor ", "TYPE" [red label], " nigrolineatus / Chaud / Ind. Or. Bor / Cpt. Boys. " [ex Chaudoir's box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " LECTOTYPE / Plochionus nigrolineata / Chaudoir, 1852 / des. SHI HL. 2011" [red label].

Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer: Holotype (CDW, Fig. 56B): male, body length = 8.7 mm, board mounted, " INDONESIA (C. Sulawesi) / Kab. Donggala, village Toro / UTM51 S (WGS-84) / X 9834460, Y 169699, Alt 860 / From: T. Cacao under leguminose / shade (canopy fogging) / 25-XII-2003 M.M. Bos leg. / 01C251203F", " Holotypus / Parena / schillhammeri sp. n. / det. Kirschenhofer" [red label]; "COLL. WRASE / BERLIN" <Fig. 57B>.

Crossoglossa latecincta Bates (original misidentified): Paralecotype (MNHN, Fig. 56C): 1 male, " Yokohama ", " Crossoglossa / latecincta / Bates ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR".

Notes on types and synonyms. Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir: This species was described from an unspecified number of specimens from "nord de l'Hindostan" presented by Captain Boys. We examined three specimens in Chaudoir's collection in MNHN. Only one of them is in accord with the original description. We designate this male as lectotype herein. The other two specimens, not belonging to the type series, could be subsequently added to Chaudoir's collection. One of them, a female labeled as " lateralis m., in India Orient " is the type of a nomen nudum, Plochionus lateralis Dejean, 1836: 11 .

Parena nigrolineata nipponensis Habu: This subspecies was erected based on having its elytra stripes much wider than the nominotypical subspecies from India. We studied specimens from different localities and confirmed that all specimens from Japan have wider elytra stripes than those from India. However, their male genitalia are almost identical, and the width of stripes is quite varied in some other localities (e.g. China). Thus, the width of elytra stripes cannot be used to define subspecies within P. nigrolineata . So we herein treat Parena nigrolineata nipponensis Habu as a junior synonym of Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir.

Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer: This species was described from Sulawesi and differs from P. nigrolineata only in having the elytra lateral stripes very wide, extended medially to stria 3 at the middle of elytra. All specimens from Sulawesi examined have this form of elytra pattern. We studied the holotype and found that its male genitalia are identical to those of P. nigrolineata except for having the right margin of the median lobe slightly sinuate before the apex. Considering that P. nigrolineata is a widely distributed and varied species, we treat Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer as a junior synonym of Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir herein.

Crossoglossa latecincta Bates: The syntypes of Bates's species belong to two species. Based on the examination of some of syntypes, Crossoglossa latecincta Bates was erroneously synonymized with Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir by authors (Andrewes, 1921; Jedlička, 1963). Detailed discussions on these two species are provided under P. latecincta .

Non-type material examined. India: 1 female (MNHN), " lateralis m., in India Orient " [yellow label], " D. Relche " [yellow label], "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 female (MNHN), "Boccon", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 female (MNHN), "Andamans", "Janson Acq. 1884.", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 7 ex (MNHN), "Bombay Matheran", "M. MAINdron Nov. 1896 ", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR" <Fig. 57A>. Nepal: 1 ex (NHMB), "Baiseghatyaxana 450 m, 16.vi.1985 ", "E. Nepal Koshi M. Brancucci". Thailand: 1 ex (NHMB), "Thai, Mae. Hong Son prov., 19°27' N 98°20' E, 1500 m, Soppong, 7.-12.v., Vit Kuban leg. 1996". Vietnam: 1 ex (MNHN), " Hanoi, Tonkin 4.05, U Laboissiere --", "MUSEUM PARIS, Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD", " Phloeodromius nigrolineatus Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det.". 1 ex (NHML), "Tonkin, Hanoi, 13-XII.1914, R. Vitalis de Saivaza". Philippines: 1 female (MNHU), "Philippinen, n Luzon", " sellata Heller ". 3 ex (CRS), "Philippines –E. Luzon, Nagtipunan, Quirino IV.2014 ". 2 males (CRS), "Filippines—E Luzon, Sierra Madre, Aurora Dingalan III.2018 ". 1 male (CRS), "Philippine E Luzon, Sierra Madre, Quirino IX.2012 " <Fig. 58C>. 1 male (CRS), "Philippines N Luzon, Ifugao V.2013 ". Java: 1 male (NNML), "Batoerraden G. Slamet. Java F.C. Drescher. 800 m, XII.1936 ", "Museum Leiden ex. collection C.J. Louwerens rec. 1979", " Parena nigrolineata Chaud 1952 det. F.C.D.’35 (Andr.)". 1 ex (NHML), "Batoerraden, G. Slamat. Java, F.C. Drescher., X.1936 ". 1 male (MNHN), "W. Java Bale Kampang, 1937", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR" <Fig. 58D>. Sulawesi: 1 female (NNML), "F.C. Drescher, Zuid Celebes, Nanggala, 900 Mr. Rantepao IV 1938 ", "Museum Leiden, ex. collection C.J. Louwerens rec. 1979", " Parena nigrolineata Chaud 1952 det. F.C.D.’35 (Andr.)". Japan: 1 male (MNHN), "Ex Musaeo Chaudoir", " TYPE " [red label], " latecincta Bates, Japon, Lewis " [ex Chaudoir’s box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR" [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), " Type " [round label with red circle], "Japan., G. Lewis., 1910-320", " Crossoglossa, latecincta, Bates " [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), "Japan., G. Lewis., 1910-320", "Ex. Coll., Brit. Mus", "Co-type" [round label with green circle], " Crossoglossa, latecincta, Bates " [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), "Japan., G. Lewis., 1910-320", "Ex. Coll., Brit. Mus", "Co-type" [round label with green circle], "H.E. Andrewes Coll., B.M. 1945-97" [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), "Ishitake, Hiuga., Kiushiu. VII.1898, Mus.em. 29.XII.1898 ". China: 1 ex (IZAS), " Jiangsu, Shanghai, 1944.V". 1 male (IZAS), "Zi-ka-wei, 1920.V.22 ". 1 male (IZAS), "ZO-SE, 1939.IV". 1 male (IZAS), "ZO-SE, 1930.VIII.7 " <Figs 56D, 58B>. 1 male (IZAS), "YU-TOAN". 1 female (IZAS), "Tchenkiang, 1918.X.23 ". 1 male (IZAS), " Anhui, Anqing city, Tongcheng, Fangang town, Huwan, N31.0123, E116.8536, 69 m, 2021.V.24 D, along road, Zhu Pingzhou lgt.". 1 ex (MNHN), "Kiu-Kiang", "Ex Musaeo H.W. Bates, 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 male (IZAS), "Fuzhou, Kuiqi, 1955.XII". 1 female (IZAS), " Fujian, Duntou, 1980.VII.5 ". 1 male (CCCC), " Fujian, Jinmen, 1995.VI.16, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Fujian, Huboliao, Hexiletu, 2008.11.21, Yang Ganyan lgt.". 2 ex (IZAS), " Fujian, Wuping coungty, Liangyeshan, Xinhua vill., on dry brach, 2008.11.14, Yang Ganyan lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hunan, Huitong, Tuanhe, 1.5km W Luchong vill., light, 26.93759 109.93903, 295 m, 2015.6.22 N, Liang HB lgt. ". 1 male (IZAS), " Guangdong, Dinghushan, 1980.VIII.20-24, Wu Xingfang, Xia Shiyang lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hainan, Limushan, Sanquling, beating on vegetation, 2007.12.1, Yang Ganyan lgt.", 1 ex (IZAS), " Hainan, Wuzhishan, Shuiman, 2009.11.28, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Sichuan, Changshou, 1958.VIII.31 ", 1 male (IZAS), " Sichuan, btw. DetuoMoxi, on flower of Castanea, 2009.5.20, Yang Ganyan, Wang Zhiliang lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Guizhou, Chishui, Jinsha valley, 500 m, 2000.IX.22, Liang Hongbin lgt." <Fig. 56E>. 1 female (IZAS), "Ruili, Nongdao, way between Dengga-Sepeng bridge, N23.95285, E97.59808 - N23.97518, E97.56944, 927- 807 m, 2009.VIII.11, on vegetation, Shi Hongliang lgt.". 2 females (IZAS), " Yunnan, Nabanhe nat. res., Menghai, Guomenshan, 2012.V.21, 1120 m, 22.24497N, 100.60635E, Ma Zhiming lgt." <Fig. 12C>. 1 ex (NHML), "Hong Kong., Walker Coll., 93-58". 3 ex (MTMB), "Taiwan, Taipei county, Guanyinshan, 500 m, 14-21.IV.2002, swept, leg. Gy. Fabian & O. Merkl". 1 male, 2 females (CCCC), "Taipei, Beitou, 1994.X.12, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "Taipei, Sanhsia town, Beichatianshan, 1993.VI.22, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "Taoyuan county, Tahsi town, Sanmin, 1994.IV.29, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Hsinchu county, Jianshi, Ninglao, 1997.VII.27 ". 1 male (CCCC), " Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Talu Forest Road, 1994.VII.9, Chen Changchin lgt." <Figs 10H, 56F, 58A>. 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Ilan county, Wushibi, 1994.VI.3, Li Chunlin lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Taiwan, Orchid Island, 2008.4.5, Chen Fuqiang lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), " Taiwan, Taitung, Green Island, 2009.IV.21 N, Lin Chinfeng lgt." <Fig. 11N>. 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taitung, Green Island, 2014.IV.15, Kuo Pohsin lgt.".

Comparisons. This species can be distinguished from all other Oriental-Australian species in subgenus Parena by a combination of the following three characters: (1) elytra with black lateral stripes in most specimens, without metallic lustre; (2) all legs reddish brown; (3) median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 5.3–6.0), apex slightly bent upwards.

We examined one male of P. nigrolineata from China (Shanghai) without elytra stripes (Fig. 56D), which is very similar to P. picea from Australia. It can be distinguished from the latter species by dorsal color lighter, apical lamella of aedeagus narrower, and a different distribution. We examined one female of P. nigrolineata from China (Guizhou) with elytra stripes ended much before the elytral apices (Fig. 56E), which is very similar to P. amamiooshimensis from the Ryukyu Islands . It can be distinguished from the latter species by elytral background color lighter and a different distribution.

Description. Body length 7.3–9.9 mm. Dorsum yellowish brown to reddish brown, elytra with black lateral stripes on most specimens, without metallic hue, middle area reddish brown, lateral stripe width varied, middle brown area three to seven intervals in width, apex of lateral stripe extended to apical sutural angles in most specimens; antennae brown, apical antennomeres same as or darker than basal ones; mouthparts, legs and venter completely brown. Postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens. Pronotum rounded-hexagon, PW/PL = 1.31–1.46, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.03–1.10; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, more or less sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with faint isodiametric microsculpture; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals sparsely punctate; disc with large and shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 5.3–6.0), right margin more or less sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella rounded-triangular to long-ovate, LL usually slightly greater than LW, apex weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending near middle of median lobe; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well-defined, basal core distinct, elongate, heavily chitinized and scaled; squamate sheath finely scaled, with basal and apical sheath similar in size; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal and distal sacs dorsal-ventrally compressed, distal sac smaller and slightly closer to apex than proximal one. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex strongly concave, pointed near inner apical angle, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, two on outer apical angle.

Distribution (Map 10, blue). India, Sir Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, South Korea, China (Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan, Hong Kong), the Philippines, Java, Sulawesi.

Geographical Variation. The elytra black stripes of this species vary geographically. In most specimens from East Asia, the lateral black stripes are extended medially to interval 5 or 6 in the middle (Fig. 56F). In specimens from Sulawesi, elytra have the widest lateral black stripes reaching the fourth interval in the middle (Fig. 56B). Specimens from India have the narrowest lateral black stripes extended only to interval 7 in the middle (Fig. 56A). However, the elytral stripes are sometimes varied among specimens from same locality. For example, in some specimens from China examined, the elytra stripes extend medially interval 7 only (Fig. 56E) or are absent (Fig. 56D). The apex of the aedeagus also varies slightly in this species in two aspects: the shape of the apical lamella and the degree of sinuation of the right margin before the apex (Figs 57, 58). However, these variations are subtle and continuous and do not support a subspecific division of this species.