Scutellera nepalensis nepalensis (Westwood, 1837)

(Figs. 1–3)

Cimex fasciatus Panzer, 1798: 108 . Syntype (s): unknown locality; lost (Göllner-Scheiding 2006: 200). Junior secondary homonym of Acanthia fasciata Fabricius, 1787 (junior synonym of Cimex (now Anthocoris) nemorum Linnaeus, 1761, Anthocoridae); permanently invalid (ICZN 1999, Art. 59.3).

Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837: 4, 14. Syntype (s): ♂, Nepalia [= Nepal]; OXUM! Synonymized by Dallas (1851: 19) and Distant (1900: 822) with fasciata .

Calliphara nepalensis: Germar (1839: 123) (reproduction of original description, distribution).

Scutellera nepalensis: Vollenhoven (1863: 12) (diagnostic characters), Dolling et al. (1999: 7) (nomenclature).

Calliphara fasciata [referring to both subspecies]: Herrich-Schäffer (1853: 30) (listed, distribution).

Scutellera fasciata [partly referring to both subspecies]: Dallas (1851: 19) (records), Dohrn (1859: 2) (catalogue, distribution), Walker (1867: 15) (records), Stål (1873: 14) (listed, distribution, variability), Atkinson (1884: 165) (distribution), Atkinson (1887: 162) (redescription, distribution), Lethierry & Severin (1893: 21) (catalogue, distribution), Distant (1900: 822) (listed, synonymy), Distant (1902: 50) (redescription, habitus, figures, variability, distribution), Schouteden (1904: 23) (catalogue, distribution), Esaki (1926: 144) (records, distribution), Hoffmann (1932b: 141) (record), Hoffmann (1935: 30, 163, 181) (catalogue, distribution), Tang (1935: 281) (catalogue, distribution), Chandra (1953: 100) (record), Hsiao & Cheng (1977: 61) (in key, redescription, figure, photo, distribution), Chen (1982: 133) (listed), Zhang et al. (1983: 48) (distribution), Chen et al. (1985: 46) (distribution), Datta et al. (1985: 20) (redescription, figure, distribution), Jiang (1985: 56) (distribution, host plant), Zhang et al. (1987: 117) (in key, host plant, distribution), Hua (1989: 43) (listed), Li et al. (1989: 38) (listed), Chen (1990: 152) (listed), Zhang & Lin (1992: 110) (record, distribution), Yang (1993: 211) (listed), Zhang et al. (1994: 65) (distribution), Xiong (1995: 21) (redescription, habitus, host plant, distribution), Chen (1998: 182) (distribution), Lin et al. (1999: 46) (redescription, distribution, host plants), Hua (2000: 169) (listed, distribution, host plant), Tsai et al. (2004: 795) (listed), Ghosh (2008: 418) (diagnostic characters), Wang et al. (2012: 108) (photo), Yiu & Yip (2012: 201) (redescription, photos of adult and larva).

Scutella [inadvertent error] fasciata: Zhang (1985: 42) (distribution), Zhang (1986: 74) (distribution), Zhang et al. (1986: 69) (distribution).

Scutellera amethystina [referring to both subspecies]: Kirkaldy (1909: 303) (catalogue, distribution), Kirkaldy (1910: 110) (listed), Hoffmann (1932a: 10) (listed), Wu (1933: 230) (catalogue, distribution), Yang (1934: 256) (diagnosis, figures, variability, records, distribution), Stichel (1961: 728) (catalogue, distribution), Stichel (1962: 208) (catalogue, distribution), Yang (1962: 23, 28) (in key, redescription, habitus, host plant, distribution), Sienkiewicz (1964: 114) (record), Miyamoto (1965: 227) (record, distribution, host plant), Li et al. (1989: 38) (listed), Yang (1993: 211) (listed), Dolling et al. (1999: 33) (nomenclature), Javahery et al. (2000: 491) (host plant, economic importance), Liu & Tseng (2005: 77) (diagnosis, photo, host plant, behaviour), Göllner-Scheiding (2006: 200) (catalogue, distribution), Shao et al. (2008: 504) (listed), Kanai (2010: [1]) (record, colour photo, host plant, distribution), Shao et al. (2010: 514) (listed), Kanai & Sameshima (2011: 51) (diagnosis, photos of adult, egg and larvae, host plant, reproduction, Tsai et al. (2011: 63, 153) (redescription, diagnostic characters, photos, figures, host plants, economic importance, records, distribution), Takai & Ishikawa (2012: 461) (photo, host plants, record, distribution), Enju (2013: 290) (diagnosis, photo, distribution, habitat, host plant), Kanai (2013: 2) (photo, distribution, bionomics), Sameshima (2013: 23) (photos of adults, egg batch and all larval instars,distribution, bionomics, oviposition, larval development), Zheng & Lin (2013: 131) (redescription, photos, host plants, distribution), Parveen et al. (2014: 251) (listed), Czaja (2016: 622, 637) (record, spermatheca, figure), Ishikawa (2016: 492) (catalogue, distribution).

Diagnosis. Differs from S. nepalensis amethystina in the blue-green ground colour of the body.

Distribution. This subspecies is distributed in Indo-China and westwards it extends to the southern slopes of the Central Himalaya (Fig. 72), but apparently it does not occur west of the Ghaghara (= Karnali) River. Its mass occurrence was recently observed in the Ryūkyū Archipelago (Okinawa Is.: 2006, Amami-Ōshima Is., Kakeromajima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu Is., Takarajima: 2010, Kikai Is.: 2012) (Kanai 2010, 2013, Kanai & Sameshima 2011) where it arrived either via natural spread or human transport. A specimen was seen from Luzon; it probably also represents a migrating individual, the presence of stable populations in the Philippines is unlikely.

The records from Pakistan (e.g. Ahmad & Moizuddin 1978, Ahmad et al. 1979) are based on misidentifications and pertain to S. perplexa; specimens of S. perplexa, misidentified by I. Ahmad and A.A. Khan as S. fasciata, have been examined (SDEI, USNM). The record from Belgaum, Karnataka, India (Distant 1902) is apparently based on misidentification too, a female from this locality deposited in BMNH pertains to S. perplexa . The single record from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) (Hoffmann 1935) is also considered erroneous. The record from Yanyuan, Sichuan, China (Zhang & Lin 1992) is apparently based on misidentification as well, we have seen a voucher specimen (IZAS) from the same locality pertaining to S. perplexa . Hua (2000) listed it from Henan, China, but the source of this information is unclear and occurrence of this species so far north is unlikely.

INDIA. West Bengal!; Sikkim!; Assam!— NEPAL!— BURMA (MYANMAR). Shan State!; Mandalay: Zibingyi (Chandra 1953); Bago: Pegu [= Bago] (Distant 1902).— THAILAND. Chiang Mai Prov.!; Mae Hong Son Prov.!; Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov.!— CHINA. Yunnan: Longling!, Ruili, Xishuangbanna: Menglong (Yang 1962, Hsiao & Cheng 1977), Guangnan (Jiang 1985); Guangxi!; Hainan: Jianfengling!, Nodoa [= Nada] (Hoffmann 1932b); Guangdong!; Fujian: Fuzhou!, Zhangzhou (Chen et al. 1985, Lin et al. 1999); Hong Kong!; Macau (Hoffmann 1935).— JAPAN. Tokara Islands: Takara Is. (introduced?) (Kanai & Sameshima 2011, Sameshima 2013, Ishikawa 2016); Amami Islands: Amami-Ōshima Is.; Kakeromajima Is.; Tokunoshima Is., Okinoerabu Is., Kikai Is. (introduced?) (Kanai & Sameshima 2011, Takai & Ishikawa 2012, Kanai 2013, Sameshima 2013, Ishikawa 2016); Ryūkyū Islands: Okinawa Is.! (introduced?); Yaeyama Islands: Ishigaki Is.! (introduced?).— TAIWAN (several localities were listed by Tsai et al. 2011).— LAOS. Luang Namtha Prov.!; Hua Phan Prov.!— VIETNAM. Lao Cai Prov.!; Hòa Bình Prov.!— PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Los Baños!

Type material examined. Tectocoris nepalensis Westwood, 1837 . Lectotype (present designation): ♂, “Type” [c with red margin], “ Nepal ” [hw], “ nepalensis Hope ” [hw], “ Scutellera \ fasciata \ Panz.” [hw], “TYPE. \ = = \ WESTW. (HOPE) \ C. Hemipt. 1837 \ Part I, page [pr] 14. [hw] \ Distant, P.Z.S. \ 1900, p. 807-825.” [with dark red margin], “TYPE HEM.: No 28 [hw] \ CALLIDEA [hw] \ OBTUSA [hw] \ WESTWOOD [hw] \ HOPE DEPT. OXFORD [pr]” [with black margin]; pinned, left antenna, right flagellum, segment III of right fore leg, and right hind leg lacking, right side of abdominal ventrites IV–VI badly damaged (OXUM) (Figs. 1–4).

Additional specimens examined. JAPAN. Ryūkyū Islands: Okinawa Is.: Yaeshima Park, 23.ix.2008, leg. M. Sugimoto (6 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ NSMT) , On’na-son, 9.ix.2006, leg. M. Matsuba (1 ♀ NSMT); Yaeyama Islands: Ishigaki Is.: vii.1923, leg. S. Hirayama (1 ♂ SEHU, labelled as type of “ Lamprocoris honshana n.” [unpublished name] by S. Matsumura) .— INDIA. West Bengal: Dardjiling [= Darjeeling], leg. A. Desgodius, coll. R. Oberthür 1900 (1 ♂ MNHN) , Gopaldhara, 4.vii.1916, H. Stevens, B.M.1922-307 (1 ♀ BMNH) , same locality, 4720 ft., [19]14, H. Stevens, B.M.1922-307 (1 ♀ BMNH), Gopaldhara, Rungbong [= Rangbhang] Valley, H. Stevens, B.M. 1922-307 (2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ BMNH) , Darjeeling, Nurbong, 2050 ft., [19]14, H. Stevens, B.M.1922-307 (1 ♀ BMNH) , Nurbong, leg. W.R. Webb, coll. Stevens, B.M. 1922-307 (1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ BMNH) ; Sikkim: coll. Noualhier (1 ♀ MNHN), coll. Christie (1 ♂ ZSMC); Assam: 5 km N of Umrongso, 25º27’N 92º43’E, 700 m, 21.v.1999, leg. L. Dembický & P. Pacholátko (1 ♂ 1 ♀ NHMW) , Assam (1 ♀ BMNH) .— NEPAL. Gandaki Distr., Gorkha, 600–1500 m, 1.vi.1999, leg. Z.Andrš (1 ♂ MMBC) , Bagmati Distr., Tris [h]uli, Bazar-Samri, Bhanjyang, 8.vi.1993, leg. J. & J. Probst (1 ♀ NHMW) , Tamba Kosi Tal [= T~ K~ valley], 1000–1400 m, 30.iii.1964, leg. W. Dierl (1 ♀ NMPC) .— BURMA (MYANMAR). Shan State: Kalaw (1 ♂ 1 ♀ RMNH) .— THAILAND. Chiang Mai Prov.: 56 km NW of Chiang Mai, 7–14.vi.1995, leg. M. Snížek (1 ♀ ZJPC) ; Mae Hong Son Prov.: Ban Huai Po, 5.v.1991, leg. J. Horák (1 ♀ NMPC) , same locality, 1–5.v.1992, leg. J. Strnad (1 ♀ NMPC), same locality, 1600 m, 8–17.v.1992, leg. S. Bílý (1 ♂ NMPC), same but 15–19.v.1996 (1 ♀ NMPC), same locality, 1600–2000 m, 8–18.v.1992, leg. J. Horák (1 ♂ NMPC), Ban Si Lang env., near Mae Hong Son, 1200 m, 23–31.v.1991, leg. J. Horák (1 ♂ ZJPC) ; Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov.: Hua Hin, 19.v.2011, leg. S. Ohmomo (1 ♀ NMNS) .— CHINA. Yunnan: Longling, 25.v.1964, leg. Y.H. Chen (1 ♀ SYSU) ; Guangxi: [Longzhou], Longjin, Mt. Daqing, 1200 m, 18.ix.1958, leg. D.X. Gu (1 ♀ SYSU) , Shang’en, Zhongnan Township, 200 m, 10.xi.1958 (1 ♀? lacking terminalia SYSU) ; Hainan: Jianfengling, 1.xii.1980, leg. M.B. Gu (1 ♀ NKUM) ; Guangdong: Gaoyao, Dinghu, 12.x.[19]74, leg. Z.Y. Chen (1 ♀ SYSU) , Canton [= Guangzhou], xii.1924, coll. J. Duchaine 1927 (1 ♂ MNHN) , Canton [= Guangzhou], Honam Is., P’an-yu Distr. [now Haizhu Distr.], 19.xii.1939 (1 ♂ SYSU) , same but 1–7.ii.1948 (1 ♀ NKUM), [Guangzhou,] Lingnan Campus [now Sun Yat-Sen University campus], 25.iii.[19]37, leg. W. Ching (1 ♀ SYSU) ; Fujian: Foochow [= Fuzhou], 1935–1936, leg. M.S. Yang, coll. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, B.M. 1948-548 (3 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀ BMNH) ; Hong Kong: ii–iv.[18]94, leg. J.J. Walker (1 ♀ BMNH) .— TAIWAN. Pingtung County: Bozan [= Fangshan], 30.vi.1925, leg. J. Sonan (1 ♂ SEHU, labelled as type of “ Lamprocoris bozanensis n.” [unpublished name] by S. Matsumura); several additional localities were listed by Tsai et al. (2011) .— LAOS. Luang Namtha Prov.: Pou Lan, 13.v.1918, R. Vitalis de Salvaza, B.M.1918-1 (1 ♂ BMNH) ; Huaphanh Prov.: Ban Saluei [= B~ Saleui] → Phou Pane Mt [s]., 20°12– 13.5’N 103°59.5’–104°01’E, 1340–1870 m, 15.iv.–15.v.2008, primary mountain forest, individual collecting, Lao collector (1 ♂ 1 ♀ NMPC) , Phu Phan [= Phou Pane] Mts., 20º12’N 104º01’E, 1500–1900 m, 17.v–3.vi.2007, leg. V. Kubáň (1 ♀ MMBC) .— VIETNAM. Lao Cai Prov.: Sa Pa, Đèo Trạm Tôn, 31.v.1999, leg. S. Nomura (1 ♂ NSMT) ; Hòa Bình Prov.: Hoa-Binh [= Hòa Bình], viii.[19]40, coll. A. de Cooman (2 ♂♂ 1 ♀ MNHN> IZAS), same locality, coll. A. de Cooman 1927 (1 ♀ MNHN) .— PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Los Baños, leg. Baker (1 ♀ USNM) .