Anthidium Fabricius, 1804

Anthidium (Anthidium): Anthidium Fabricius, 1804: 364 .

Type species: Apis manicata Linnaeus, 1758, by designation of Latreille, 1810: 439.

Anthidium (Gulanthidium): Anthidium (Gulanthidium) Pasteels, 1969: 101 . Type species: Anthidium anguliventre Morawitz, 1888, by original designation.

Anthidium (Nivanthidium): Anthidium (Nivanthidium) Pasteels, 1969: 106 . Type species: Anthidium niveocinctum Gerstaecker, 1857, by original designation.

Anthidium (Proanthidium): Anthidium (Proanthidium) Friese, 1898: 101 . Type species: Anthidium oblongatum Latreille, 1809 = Anthophora oblongata Illiger, 1806, by designation of Cockerell, 1909: 269.

Anthidium (Severanthidium): Anthidium (Severanthidium) Pasteels, 1969: 106 . Type species: Anthidium severini Vachal, 1903, by original designation.

Anthidium (Turkanthidium): Anthidium (Turkanthidium) Pasteels, 1969: 103 . Type species: Anthidium unicum Morawitz, 1875, by original designation.

Globally, six subgenera are treated as valid (Griswold & Michener, 1988, Michener, 2007), of which only A. ( Proanthidium) and the nominate subgenus occur in China.

Diagnosis: Mandibles in the female multidentate, with from 5 to 7 or more small teeth separated by acute notches; maxillary palpi two-segmented; arolia absent; propodeum without basal series of pits and without fovea behind spiracle; forewing with basal vein several widths basal to cu-v; female T6 usually with depressed apical rim and medial emargination; male T6 usually with distinct lateral spine or projection; juxtantennal carina absent; penis valves of male widely separated basally, but united by long and narrow bridge, volsellar lobes present at apex of gonocoxite as presented in Griswold & Michener (1998) and Michener (2007).

Key to the species of Anthidium from China

(Females of Anthidium rufitarse Friese and A. trochantericum Morawitz are not included in the key as no specimens were examined; females are unknown for A. flavotarsum Wu, A. sichuanense Wu, and A. tasitiense sp. nov.; males are unknown for A. pseudomontanum sp. nov., A. rufitarse and A. zadaense Wu)

1 Flagellum 10-segmented, female (Fig. 37d)................................................................. 2

- Flagellum 11-segmented, male (Fig. 38c)................................................................. 17

2 Scutellum rounded posterolaterally, without spine, little, if at all, overhanging metanotum and propodeum (Figs 1e, 3d, 7d, 11d, 13d, 15d, 18d, 20e, 22d, 23e, 25d, 28d, 35d, 36d).................................................. 3 ( Anthidium)

- Scutellum with a small triangular spine posterolaterally, clearly overhanging metanotum and propodeum (Figs 37f, 40f).......................................................................................... 16 ( Proanthidium)

3 Metasomal terga black, without yellow maculations or sometimes with small maculations (Figs 1f, 13e, 15e, 20f)......... 4

- Metasomal terga with obvious yellow maculations (Figs 3e, 7e, 11e, 18e, 22e, 23f, 25e, 28e, 35e, 36e).................. 7

4 Metasomal terga black, without yellow maculations; lateral ocelli with punctures present to near ocellar margin; apical margin of clypeus straight and smooth, with two distinct lateral tubercles (Figs 15c, 20c); T5–T6 with reddish-brown pubescence... ................................................................................................... 5

- Metasomal terga black or with small yellow maculations; obviously shiny, unpunctured areas present near lateral ocelli exteriorly; apical margin of clypeus coarsely serrate, nearly straight or projected medially (Figs 1d, 13c); pubescence on T5–T6 yellowish-brown or pale white........................................................................... 6

5 Pubescence on T1–T3 black (Fig. 15e); hair of legs and mesepisternum dark, blackish; lower part of face with all long black pubescence (Fig. 15b)................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) kashmirense Mavromoustakis, 1937

- Pubescence on T1–T2 pale yellowish-white, T3 mainly covered with reddish-brown pubescence, but intermixed with some pale-yellowish-white pubescence medially (Fig. 20f); hair of legs and mesepisternum light, yellowish; lower part of face with long pale yellowish-white pubescence, intermixed with some yellowish-brown to blackish pubescence (Fig. 20b)............................................................ Anthidium (Anthidium) pseudomontanum Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

6 Apical margin of clypeus irregularly serrate to bumpy, outline nearly straight medially (Fig. 13b, 13c); punctures on supraclypeal area sparse (Fig. 13c); T5–T6 with yellowish-brown pubescence (Fig. 13f)............................................................................................ Anthidium (Anthidium) montanum Morawitz, 1865

- Apical margin of clypeus coarsely and sharply serrate, strongly rounded medially and protruding downward (Fig. 1d); punctures on supraclypeal area dense (Fig. 1b); T5–T6 with pale white pubescence (Fig. 1h)...................................................................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) amurense Radoszkowski, 1876

7 Clypeus completely yellow or yellow with a large black spot in middle (Figs 3b, 7b, 11b, 31b)........................ 8

- Clypeus completely black or black with small yellow maculations (Figs 18b, 22b, 23b, 25b, 28b, 36b)................. 11

8 Clypeus completely yellow (Fig. 7b)............................. Anthidium (Anthidium) florentinum (Fabricius, 1775)

- Clypeus yellow with a large black spot in middle (Figs 3b, 11b, 35b)............................................ 9

9 Propodeal enclosure relatively smooth, quite shiny, weakly tessellate, if at all; clypeus not convex, apical margin of clypeus nearly smooth (Fig. 35c)..................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) xuezhongi Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

- Propodeal enclosure strongly tessellate throughout, dulled; clypeus convex, apical margin of clypeus coarsely serrate (Figs 3c, 11c)............................................................................................... 10

10 Underside of flagellum 2 curved; metasomal terga with anterior side wavy yellow bands, sometimes interrupted in middle on T1–T5 (Fig. 3e); propodeal enclosure highly tessellate, punctures shallow, indistinct; basal half of T2 surface tessellate, relatively duller................................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) cingulatum Latreille, 1809

- Underside of flagellum 2 round; metasomal terga with broadly interrupted yellow bands, becoming progressively closer apically, forming a distinctive black, broad V-shaped area across terga (Figs 11e, 11f)); propodeal enclosure tessellate but punctures deeper, readily apparent; basal half of T2 surface smooth, shiny....... Anthidium (Anthidium) manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

11 T6 strongly concave in profile (Fig. 25f)...................... Anthidium (Anthidium) septemspinosum Lepeletier, 1841

- T6 not strongly concave in profile (Fig. 36f)............................................................... 12

12 T6 distinctly elevated alone midline, apex strongly bilobed (Fig. 28f)........... Anthidium (Anthidium) striatum Wu, 2004

- T6 slightly or not elevated alone middle, apex indistinctly bilobed if at all....................................... 13

13 T6 with preapical lateral projection (Fig. 18f)......................... Anthidium (Anthidium) philorum Cockerell, 1910

- T6 without preapical lateral projection (Figs 22f, 23g, 36f)................................................... 14

14 T2 with punctures of similar size and roughly similar density throughout; T6 with two separated yellow markings (Fig. 22f); apical margin of clypeus nearly smooth, straight medially (Fig. 22c); legs reddened at basitarsus onward, if at all; scutellum rounded outward, viewed from above..................... Anthidium (Anthidium) pseudophilorum Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

- T2 with larger, sparser punctures basally; T6 black; apical margin of clypeus serrate, straight or projected medially; legs reddened for much of tibia onward; scutellum with slight medial indent, viewed from above........................... 15

15 T6 with deep semicircle median emargination on distal margin (Fig. 36g); apical margin of clypeus finely serrate, projected downward medially (Fig. 36c).......................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) zadaense Wu, 2004

- T6 with shallow median emargination on distal margin (Fig. 23h); apical margin of clypeus coarsely serrate, nearly straight medially (Fig. 23c)............................................. Anthidium (Anthidium) punctatum Latreille, 1809

16 Genal area ventrally with small yellow marking in addition to dorsal genal mark (Fig. 37a); yellow band on vertex broad, not interrupted medially (Fig. 37b); anterior surface of F2–F4 reddish-brown (Fig. 37d)....................................................................................... Anthidium (Proanthidium) kashgarense (Cockerell, 1911)

- Lower part of genal area black, without yellow marking (Fig. 40a); yellow band on vertex narrow, sometimes interrupted medially (Fig. 40f); anterior surface of third F3 reddish-brown (Fig. 40e)..................................................................................................... Anthidium (Proanthidium) qingtaoi Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

17 Scutellum rounded posterolaterally, without angle, only slightly overhanging metanotum and propodeum, if at all (Figs 2c, 4d, 5d, 6e, 8d, 10c, 12d, 14c, 16d, 17d, 19d, 21c, 24c, 26c, 27d, 29c, 31c, 34c)............................. 18 ( Anthidium)

- Scutellum with a small triangulate spine posterolaterally, clearly and significantly overhanging metanotum and propodeum (Figs 38d, 39d)......................................................................... 32 ( Proanthidium)

18 Metasomal terga completely black, without yellow maculations (Fig. 16f); T5–T7 with long and dense fox-reddish pubescence (Fig. 16h); T7 with medial talon-like projection and laterally with large broad projection coming to acute point, sides concave interiorly while exteriorly convex to tip..................... Anthidium (Anthidium) kashmirense Mavromoustakis, 1937

- Metasomal terga with yellow maculations; T5–T7 with short, sparse pubescence dark or yellow, not reddish; T7 highly variable but not as above..................................................................................... 19

19 Metasomal terga with small yellow spots (Figs 2d, 6g, 27g)................................................... 20

- Metasomal terga with large yellow spots or bands (Figs 4e, 8e, 12e, 19e, 21d, 24d, 26d, 29d, 34d).................... 23

20 S6 with large lateral lobe extending far beyond rest of apical margin; median lobe of S6 with two strong projections (Figs 6h, 27f)............................................................................................... 21

- S6 without distinct lateral lobe, apical margin relatively straight, at most slightly longer laterally; median lobe of S6 singly spiniform or broadly rectangular with rounded corners and a slight medial indent (Figs 2e, 14f)...................... 22

21 Lateral lobe of S6 long and acute (Fig. 6h); metasomal terga covered with sparse pubescence (Fig. 6f).................................................................................. Anthidium (Anthidium) flavotarsum Wu, 1982

- Lateral lobe of S6 broad and blunt (Fig. 27f); metasomal terga covered with dense pubescence (Fig. 27e)............................................................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) sichuanense Wu, 1993

22 Median lobe of S6 small, narrow, sub-triangular (Fig. 14f); apical process of S8 spiniform (Fig. 14h)............................................................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) montanum Morawitz, 1865

- Median lobe of S6 large, broad, sub-rectangular (Fig. 2e); apical process of S8 broadly triangular (Fig. 2h)....................................................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) amurense Radoszkowski, 1876

23 T7 with submedian spine (Figs 4f, 21e)................................................................... 24

- T7 without submedian spine (Figs 8f, 12g, 19f, 24e, 26f, 29f, 34e)............................................. 25

24 Lateral lobe of T7 longer, recurved and spiniform (Fig. 4f); median spine of S7 much shorter than submedian spine (Fig. 4f); T2 puncture density lower and size larger in basal half................. Anthidium (Anthidium) cingulatum Latreille, 1809

- Lateral lobe of T7 shorter, broadly triangular (Fig. 21e); median spine of T7 about as long as submedian spines (Fig. 21e); T2 puncture density and size relatively even throughout......... Anthidium (Anthidium) pseudophilorum Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

25 Lateral lobe of T7 elongate, spiniform, very strongly acute (Figs 8f, 12g, 26f).................................... 26

- Lateral lobe of T7 short, rounded or at most vaguely triangular, if acutely pointed then with a broad lateral lobe adjacent (Figs 19f, 24e, 29f, 34e).................................................................................... 28

26 T5 with lateral spine (Fig. 26e); S6 with apical margin truncately produced medially............................... 27

- T5 laterally with rounded protuberance, not spinose; S6 with apical margin broadly rounded, not truncate (Fig. 12f).................................................................. Anthidium (Anthidium) manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

27 Lateral protuberances on T2–T3 covered by distinct yellowish-white tufts (Fig. 26); apical process of S8 broadly triangular (Fig. 26h); lateral spine of T5 black (Fig. 26a, Fig. 26e).......... Anthidium (Anthidium) septemspinosum Lepeletier, 1841

- Lateral margins on T2–T4 scarcely protuberant without distinct tufts (Fig. 8e); apical process of S8 narrowly triangular (Fig. 8h); lateral spine of T5 yellow (Fig. 8f)........................... Anthidium (Anthidium) florentinum (Fabricius, 1775)

28 Apical process of S8 bifurcate or trifurcate (Figs 29h, 34h)................................................... 29

- Apical process of S8 single, not bifurcate (Figs 19h, 24h, 33f)................................................. 30

29 Apical process of S8 bifid (Fig. 29h)..................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) striatum Wu, 2004

- Apical process of S8 trifid (Fig. 34h)........................... Anthidium (Anthidium) xuezhongi Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

30 Spiculum of S8 not elongate, slightly narrower than disc (Fig. 33f)........................................................................................................ Anthidium (Anthidium) tasitiense Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

- Spiculum of S8 distinctly elongate, obviously narrower than disc (Figs 19h, 24h).................................. 31

31 Apical process of S8 acutely triangular (Fig. 19h); T7 lateral lobe acutely pointed with adjacent flanges to exterior (Fig. 19f); S6 medially emarginate (Fig. 19g).................................. Anthidium (Anthidium) philorum Cockerell, 1910

- Apical process of S8 rectangular, rounded apically (Fig. 24h); T7 lateral lobe rounded outwardly, coming to roughly right-angular tip, without adjacent flanges (Fig. 24e); S6 medially flat or rounded outward (Fig. 24f)...................................................................................... Anthidium (Anthidium) punctatum Latreille, 1809

32 Hind trochanter ventrally with distinct sharp spine (Fig. 39j); anterior surface of F1 dark, not reddish-brown (Fig. 39c).... 33

- Hind trochanter ventrally with blunt angle, not spined (Fig. 38j); anterior surface of F1 reddish-brown (Fig. 38c)................................................................ Anthidium (Proanthidium) kashgarense (Cockerell, 1911)

33 Hind trochanter ventrally with spine much longer than broad basally (Fig. 39j)............................................................................................. Anthidium (Proanthidium) qingtaoi Niu & Zhu, sp. nov.

- Hind trochanter ventrally with spine short, not longer than broad basally............................................................................................... Anthidium (Proanthidium) trochantericum Morawitz, 1893

Species Accounts

Subgenus Anthidium (Anthidium) Fabricius, 1804

Numerous generic names have been described for Anthidium s. str. as enumerated in Michener (2007); most were based on aberrant taxa of Anthidium from outside the Palaearctic.

Diagnosis: Anthidium s. str. can be distinguished from subgenus Proanthidium by the posterior margin of the scutellum rounded, without a spine laterally, and not or only little overhanging metanotum and propodeum.