The karyotypes of R. pusillus

and R. affinis from Hainan Island were also 2n = 62, FN = 60 (Fig. 2A, B), consisting of 30 medium-sized to small acrocentric autosomal pairs, a large subtelocentric X chromosome, and a small acrocentric Y chromosome. A secondary constriction was detected in one pair of medium-sized acrocentric chromosomes in both species. Rhinolophus pusillus and R. affinis are widely distributed in the Indomalayan region and China and each contains nine subspecies [26]. The two subspecies from Hainan ( R. pusillus parcus and R. affinis hainanus) examined in this study showed no karyological differences from previous reports for the following taxa: R. p. szechwanus from the Chinese provinces of Sichuan [14] and Guizhou [13] (reported as R. cornutus); R. p. calidus from the Chinese provinces of Anhui [6] (as R. cornutus pumilus) and Guangdong [15] (as R. cornutus); R. p. lakkhanae from Thailand [27]; R. a. himalayanus from the Chinese provinces of Guizhou [12] and Henan [28]; R. a. macrurus from the Chinese provinces of Anhui [6] and Guangdong [15] (as R. affinis); and R. a. macrurus from Thailand [27].

The reported comparative karyological data for 35 Rhinolophus species in the world [6, 15, 27 - 31] suggest that the karyotype 2n = 62, FN = 60 is likely the conserved among the species and subspecies of the genus Rhinolophus and is shared by R. lepidus, R. pusillus, R. affinis, R. macrotis, R. rex, and R. huananus (reported as R. macrotis [15]). Karyotype of R. lepidus is also considered a member of this 2n = 62, FN = 60 karyotype without recognized difference in G-banding pattern compared with Mao et al. [17]. This 2n = 62, FN = 60 karyotype was thought to be ancestral state of the genus Rhinolophus, but recent karyotype study suggested that 2n=58 karyotype is more closely related to ancestral karyotype of the genus [17].