The karyotypes of Miniopterus australis

and M. schreibersii from Hainan Island were both 2n = 46, FN = 50 (Fig. 4B, C), both consisting of two large and one small metacentric or submetacentric pairs and 19 medium-sized to small acrocentric pairs in autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome. One small acrocentric pair (No. 20) had a secondary constriction adjacent to the centromere. The karyotype of M. australis from Hainan Island is very similar to a previous report for the same species from Borneo [32]. The karyotype of M. schreibersii from Hainan Island is similar to those for M. schreibersii from Borneo and Taiwan [9, 32], M. s. chinensis from Anhui Province, China [44], M. s. pallidus from Russia [45], and M. s. fuliginosus from Japan [40, 46] and Guizhou Province, China [47] (as M. fuliginosus). The members of this genus have likely retained the karyologically conservative state.