3) Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius, 1794)

Trophic status.

Zoophagous.

Distribution.

Euro-Mediterranean.

Preys.

Cacopsylla bidens ( Šulc, 1907), from Pyrus communis, Beograd–Karaburma, 19.V.2006, reared 2♀♀ 'ex larva' 25.V.2006. Cacopsylla pyri, from Pyrus communis, Nemenikuće, 15.VI.2006, reared 1♂ 'ex larva' 22.VI.2006; Radmilovac, 2.IX.2005, reared 1♂; 12.VI.2006, reared 1♂ 'ex larva' 25.VI.2006; 26.X.2006, collected 1♂; 7.VI.2007, reared 1♂, 1♀ 'ex larva' 11.VI.2007, 20.VI.2007, collected 1 larva and 1♂; 26.X.2008, reared 1♂ 'ex larva' 3.XI.2008. Cacopsylla pyrisuga, from Pyrus communis, Zemunski kej, 28.V.2007, collected 1♀. Cacopsylla visci (Curtis, 1835), from Viscum album, Beograd–Bulevar Aleksandra Karađorđevića, 25.III.2007, reared 2♂♂, 1♀ 'ex larva' 12.IV.2007; 23.IV.2007, reared 2♂♂, 5♀♀ 'ex larva' 3.V.2007. Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor, 1861), from Populus nigra, Radmilovac, 22.V.2000, reared 1♂ 'ex larva' 25.V.2000; Zemun–Nova Galenika, 25.VIII.2008, collected 1♀; 1.IX.2008, reared 3♀♀ 'ex larva' 9.IX.2008; 10.IX.2008, collected 1♀, 1♂; 17.IX.2008, collected 1♀, 1♂; 24.IX.2008, reared 2♂♂, 2♀♀ 'ex larva' 1.X.2008; 27.VII.2010, collected 1♂, 1♀, 18.X.2010, collected 1♂, 1♀. Psyllopsis discrepans (Flor, 1861), from Fraxinus sp., Beograd–Autokomanda, 10.V.2007, reared 1♀; Brestovačka Banja, 25.V.2007, reared 5♂♂, 4♀♀ 'ex larva'8.VI.2007; Ilinci, 24.V.2008, collected 1♂; Majdanpek, 25.V.2007, reared 1♂, 1♀ 'ex larva' 3.VI.2007, Milošev konak, 21.VI.2007, 1♂. Psyllopsis fraxini, from Fraxinus sp., Veliko Središte, 30.V.2006, reared 2♀♀. Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster, 1848), from Fraxinus sp., Beograd–Autokomanda, 10.V.2007, reared 1♀; Beograd–Kalemegdan, 24.V.2007, collected 1♂; Brestovačka Banja, 25.V.2007, reared 5♂♂, 4♀♀ 'ex larva' 8.VI.2007; Majdanpek, 25.V.2007, reared 1♂, 1♀ 'ex larva' 3.VI.2007; Veliko Središte, 4.VI.2006, reared 2♀♀ 'ex larva' 19.VI.2006. Psyllopsis machinosa Loginova, 1963, from Fraxinus sp., Beograd–Autokomanda, 10.V. 2007, reared 1♀. Psyllopsis meliphila Löw, 1881, from Fraxinus sp., Nemenikuće, 15.VI.2006, collected 1♂. Psyllopsis repens Loginova, 1963, from Fraxinus sp., Beograd–Autokomanda, 14.X.2008, reared 1♀. Trioza urticae (Linnaeus, 1758), from Urtica dioica, Ilinci, 24.VI.2007, collected 2♀♀.

Anthocoris nemoralis is an important component of the natural enemy community in pear and apple orchards where it provides biological control against arthropod pests, particularly psyllids (Horton et al. 2004). Investigating the predator–prey complex of Cacopsylla pyrisuga in a pear orchard in France, Herard (1986) found that Anthocoris nemoralis was the most efficient enemy against this pest. Anthocoris nemoralis is mentioned in many papers as a permanent member of biocomplexes of pear psyllids in Europe (Wheeler 2000b, Erler 2004, Sigsgaard et al. 2006). In Turkey, Anthocoris nemoralis was an equally present and efficient predator of pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyrisuga, both in treated and untreated orchards, but still insufficient for its full control (Erler 2004). In Spain, Jauset et al. (2006) determined Anthocoris nemoralis as a very efficient predator of Cacopsylla pyrisuga, both in treated and untreated pear orchards. Now, there is a mass production of Anthocoris nemoralis in companies specialized for biological control of harmful insects (Sigsgaard et al. 2006). The same authors reported that Anthocoris nemoralis mostly prefers Cacopsylla pyrisuga to aphids, and that it prefers laying eggs on pear to apple. Anthocoris nemoralis is a polyphagous predatory species having psyllids as a usual prey.

It is distributed in Europe and the Mediterranean. From Europe it was introduced into North America in 1963 in order to control pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyricola, giving satisfactory results (Horton et al. 2004). This species has adapted to this region so well that it has suppressed autochthonous predatory species Anthocoris antevolens and Anthocoris melanocerus (Herard 1986, Horton et al. 2004). In Serbia, in a pear orchard, Pavićević (1977), Grbić et al. (1989) and Jerinić-Prodanović (2010) note a permanent presence of Anthocoris nemoralis, both during vegetation and winter period together with an overwintering adult of Cacopsylla pyrisuga . Anthocoris nemoralis was also reported as a predator of Psyllopsis repens in Serbia ( Malenovský and Jerinić-Prodanović 2011).