Laboulbenia stenolophi Speg.

MB#242700

Fig. 44A–E

Redia 10: 65 (Spegazzini 1914). –

Type: “Abbastanza raro e scarso sulle elitre dello Stenolophus teutonus nei dintorni di Conegliano, settembre ed ottobre 1912 ”; LPS. [Italy]

Laboulbenia acupalpi Speg. (Spegazzini 1915a: 458) [MB#159040] syn. nov.

Diagnostic features

Thallus pale brownish-yellow. Septum IV–V oblique, strongly curved, not connected with septum III–IV. Cell IV protruding at the outer margin. Cell V distant from cell VII. Cell VI shorter than cell III. Outer appendage straight, without dark septa, once or barely branched from the basal or suprabasal cells. Basal cell of inner appendage small, half as long than basal cell of outer appendage, usually supporting two short branches terminated by a few to numerous antheridia, rarely with long sterile appendages. Perithecium typically with a ventral prominence formed by the junction of outer wall cell tiers w 1 and w 2 (Fig. 44A, C, arrows). [Detailed descriptions: Terada 1976; Lee & Sugiyama 1984; Terada 2001]

Distribution and hosts

Laboulbenia acupalpi has been reported on species of the genus Acupalpus (Col. Carabidae) in France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom (Majewski 2008), Switzerland (Hoess & Senn-Irlet 2009, on Stenolophus), Algeria (Santamaria et al. 1991), Argentina (Spegazzini 1917), Japan (Sugiyama 1978b), Korea (Kang et al. 1983), and China (Lee & Lim 2000, on Stenolophus and Abacetus Dejean, 1828). Majewski (2008) also reports it on Stenolophus from Poland.

Laboulbenia stenolophi occurs on Stenolophus (Col. Carabidae) from Italy (type), France (Spegazzini 1915a), Tunisia (Maire 1916a), Hungary (Bánhegyi 1944), Germany (Scheloske 1969), Taiwan (Terada 1976), Indonesia (Lee & Sugiyama 1984), Japan (Terada 2001), China (Shen & Ye 2006), and Poland (Majewski 2008). Also recorded on Acupalpus from Ukraine and Poland (Majewski 2008). Probably also on Chlaeminus Motschulsky, 1865 and Abacetus (Col. Carabidae) from Malaysia (Terada 2001, by emendation of previous records of L. anoplogenii by Sugiyama & Majewski 1985b). Records on other hosts are doubtful or require verification like those on Bembidion from India (Kaur et al. 1993), on Philonthus (Col. Staphylinidae) from Korea (Lee & Na 1998), and on Sphodrus Clairville, 1806 from Poland (Majewski 2008).

Some records of L. anoplogenii on Stenolophus or Stenolophini may be considered L. stenolophi . This concerns those from USA (Thaxter 1908), Switzerland (Baumgartner 1923), Madagascar, Iran, France (Balazuc 1974a), Comores (Balazuc 1982), Thailand (Sugiyama & Phanichapol 1984), Spain (Santamaria 1992b), United Kingdom (Weir 1996), Belgium (De Kesel 1998), Korea (Lee & Na 1999), the Netherlands (Haelewaters et al. 2012), and Turkey (Rossi 2016). The same is probably true for the records of L. anoplogenii on Abacetus from India, France and Sri Lanka (Thaxter 1908), France again (Balazuc 1974a), Guinea (Santamaria et al. 1991), China (Lee & Lim 2000); also the records of L. anoplogenii on Acupalpus from Japan (Santamaria et al. 1991) and Poland (Majewski 1999) should belong in L. stenolophi .

Collections examined from Denmark

On Acupalpus exiguus Dejean, 1829 (Col. Carabidae) DENMARK – Nordvestjylland (NWJ) • Nord for Landting ved Vinderup; 56°30.049′ N, 8°45.384′ E; MH86; 19 Jan. 2015; JP 569; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123055 .

On Acupalpus flavicollis (Sturm, 1825) (Col. Carabidae) DENMARK – Bornholm (B) • Robbedale; 55°4.738′ N, 14°45.569′ E; VB80; 2 Jul. 2006; H. Liljehult 68; H. Liljehult det.; ZMUC C-F-122544 . – Lolland, Falster, Møn (LFM) • Nyord; 55°2.885′ N, 12°12.380′ E; UB20; 27 Apr. 2013; JP 834; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123329 • Vest for Bandholm; 54°50.303′ N, 11°28.050′ E; PF57; 3 Jan. 2019; JP 1315; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123850 . – Nordøstsjaelland (NEZ) • Lyngen ved Ølstykke; 55°47.738′ N, 12°10.253′ E; UB28; 15 May 2013; JP 863; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123358 • Syd for Løjesø i Rude Skov; 55°49.866′ N, 12°28.551′ E; UB49; 12 Apr. 2018; JP 1028; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123538 . – Nordvestjylland (NWJ) • Nord for Landting ved Vinderup; 56°30.049′ N, 8°45.384′ E; MH86; 19 Jan. 2015; JP 570; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123056 . – Nordvestsjaelland (NWZ) • Eriksminde syd for Korshage; 55°57.744′ N, 11°46.504′ E; PH70; 27 Oct. 2019; JP 1536; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-124296. – Sydsjaelland (SZ) • Denderup Sø i Denderup Vaenge; 55°15.075′ N, 11°57.366′ E; PG82; 5 May 2016; JP 490; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-122974 .

On Acupalpus parvulus (Sturm, 1825) (Col. Carabidae) DENMARK – Fyn (F) • Gyldenstens inddaemmede Strand; 55°34.447′ N, 10°7.211′ E; NG75; 2Apr. 2014; JP 706; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123196 . – Lolland, Falster, Møn (LFM) • Vest for Bandholm; 54°50.303′ N, 11°28.050′ E; PF57; 3 Jan. 2019; JP 1314; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123849 . – Nordvestjylland (NWJ) • Nord for Landting ved Vinderup; 56°30.049′ N, 8°45.384′ E; MH86; 19 Jan. 2015; JP 571; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123057 • Vest for Vinderup; 56°28.727′ N, 8°44.810′ E; MH85; 19 Jan. 2015; JP 774; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123269 . – Nordvestsjaelland (NWZ) • Flasken nord for Reersø; 55°31.965′ N, 11°9.831′ E; PG35; 26 Jan. 2014; JP 607; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123096 • Flyndersø ved Dybesø; 55°58.151′ N, 11°45.621′ E; PH60; 4 Nov. 2017; JP 717; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123209 • Vesterlyng; 55°44.195′ N, 11°17.276′ E; PG47; 9 Feb. 2014; JP 638; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123127. – Sydsjaelland (SZ) • Even Bro; 55°8.694′ N, 12°0.601′ E; UB11; 17 Feb. 2019; JP 1372; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123913 • Østerskov ved Langebaek; 54°59.572′ N, 12°6.715′ E; UA19; 3 Jan. 2019; JP 1282; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123814 .

On Stenolophus mixtus (Herbst, 1784) (Col. Carabidae) DENMARK – Bornholm (B) • Raghammer Odde; 55°1.193′ N, 14°55.777′ E; VA99; 22 Jun. 2018; JP 1148; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123672 . – Østjylland (EJ) • Havnen i Randers; 56°27.687′ N, 10°3.546′ E; NH65; 19 May 2013; JP 371; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-122854. – Lolland, Falster, Møn (LFM) • Lysemose ved Maribo; 54°46.971′ N, 11°28.959′ E; PF57; 7 May 2017; JP 661; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123150 • Mandemarke; 54°58.014′ N, 12°29.479′ E; UA39; 22-23 Jun. 2016; O. Karsholt 130; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-122606 • Nyord; 55°2.885′ N, 12°12.380′ E; UB20; 27 Apr. 2013; JP 828; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123322. – Nordvestsjaelland (NWZ) • Flyndersø ved Dybesø; 55°58.151′ N, 11°45.621′ E; PH60; 4 Nov. 2017; JP 714; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-123206 .

On Stenolophus teutonus (Schrank, 1781) (Col. Carabidae) DENMARK – Nordøstsjaelland (NEZ) • Karlstrup Kalkbrud syd for Karlstrup; 55°32.863′ N, 12°12.385′ E; UB25; 28 May 2016; JP 226; JP det.; ZMUC C-F-122707 .

Remarks

First record from Denmark. Laboulbenia anoplogenii, L. stenolophi and L. acupalpi show major morphological resemblances, to the point that they may be hardly separable. The three species have been reported on the same or allied hosts as, for example, Acupalpus and Stenolophus . Balazuc (1974a) regarded L. stenolophi as a synonym of L. anoplogenii . Majewski (1999) reported L. anoplogenii on Acupalpus (Stenolophus) teutonus from Poland, and compared it with L. acupalpi; according to this author, Laboulbenia anoplogenii differs from L. acupalpi by the strong branching of the outer and inner appendages, by the very numerous clustered antheridia, and by the non-elongate outer appendage basal cell. Furthermore, the same author mentioned thalli not differing from L. acupalpi being collected on representatives of Acupalpus subgenus Stenolophus (according to the entomological systematics used by Majewski) in Poland.

Terada (2001) restricted L. anoplogenii to parasites on Anoplogenius Chaudoir, 1852 from China (type locality), Taiwan (Sugiyama & Shazawa 1977), and Japan (Sugiyama 1973), with these distinctive characteristics: (1) no crowded antheridia in young thalli, but many sterile long branches; (2) cell IV divides even in early stages of development; (3) cell V extends downward to the level of cell VII; (4) cell VI is taller and extends farther distally than cell III; (5) the level of the insertion cell is slightly above the perithecial base; and (6) the basal cell of the outer appendage is similar in size to the basal cell of the inner appendage. According to Terada, the name L. anoplogenii was misapplied to specimens occurring on Stenolophus and mentioned several features which should characterize L. stenolophi: (1) cell IV variably protruding or bulging at the outer corner; (2) cell IV division not observed in young thalli but rarely in mature (Fig. 44B, arrow); (3) cell V distant from cell VII; (4) cell VI variably shorter than cell III; (5) insertion cell situated far above the base of the perithecium; and (6) inner appendage consists of a short branchlet with antheridia. According to the mentioned work by Terada, specimens on Astigis Rambur, 1838, and maybe those on Abacetus and Chlaeminus remain in an uncertain position.

Our conclusions: (1) Laboulbenia acupalpi and L. stenolophi should be considered inseparable by morphological traits and therefore we place them in synonymy, (2) the presence of L. anoplogenii in Europe needs to be reconsidered, (3) features of appendages do not seem good enough to distinguish L. anoplogenii from L. stenolophi, and (4) characteristics related to the comparative size of cells VI and III as well as the position of cell V in relation to cell VII are invariable and valuable for separating L. stenolophi and L. anoplogenii .