Macronotops fulvopilosus (Fairmaire, 1894)

(Figs. 6–7, 29–30, 53–54, 80–83, 114, 126, 145–150, 209–210, 227–229, 258, 260, 263–265, 298–300)

Taeniodera fulvopilosa Fairmaire, 1894: 219 (type locality: Vallée du Tong-Hô, Thibet [=Valley of River Daduhe, near Leshan

County, W. Sichuan, China])*; Schoch 1896: 36. Macronota fulvopilosa (Fairmaire): Schenkling 1921: 138; Winkler 1929: 1119; Mao 1937: 1084. Pleuronota fulvopilosa (Fairmaire): Mikšić 1976: 174. Macronotops fulvopilosa (Fairmaire): Krikken 1977: 207; Krajčík 1998: 90; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 58; Krajčík

2012: 151. Macronotops fulvopilosus (Fairmaire): Bezděk 2016: 403.

Type material. Syntype (♂, MNHN, Figs. 228–230) is labeled: Vallée du Tong-Hô, Chasseurs indigenes, 15 Avril-15 Mai 1893 [pale yellow label] // Taeniodera fulvopilosa n. sp. [pale yellow label] // L. Fairmaire vidit 1893 [pale yellow label] // MUSÉUM PARIS, 1952, COLL. R. OBERTHUR [white label] // TYPE [red label] // Macronotops fulvopilosa (FAIRMAIRE), J. Ph. Legrand det. VII-2009 [white label] // HOLOTYPE [red label] // MNHN, CE1746 [white label].

Additional material examined (24♂♂, 17♀♀). CHINA: Sichuan: 1♀ (MNHN), Su-Tchuen, Chasseurs indigenes, 1903; 1♀ (SWU), VIII.1983, Wolong Nature Reserve, Mujiangping, Wenchuan County, DU & LI .; 1♂ (QCCC), 2.VIII.2004, Labahe Nature Reserve, Tianquan County, Yaan, Mao-Lin ZHU ; 1♀ (QCCC), 6.VIII.2004, Wolong Nature Reserve, Wenchuan County, Mao-Lin ZHU ; 1♂ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 2.X.2014 , adult emerged V.2015; 9♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4.X.2015 , adult emerged V.2016; 8♂♂, 7♀♀ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 21.II.2017 , adult emerged V.2017; 3♂♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve, Baoxing County, Yaan, 1,820 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1. I.2018, adult emerged V.2018; 1♀ (QCCC), 7.VIII.2014, Mount Emeishan, Xixinsuo, Leshan, 1,300 m, De-Yao ZHOU ; 2♂♂ (QCCC), 20. VI.2016, Longcanggou Forest Park, Yingjing County, Yaan, 1,600 m, adult in pupa cell, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU ; 3♀♀ (QCCC), Longcanggou Forest Park, Yingjing County, 1,600 m, Jian-Yue QIU & Hao XU, 3nd instar larvae in rotten wood 30.XII.2017 , adult emerged V.2018.

Redescription (male). General: Body length 14.0–16.0 mm; width 6.0–8.0 mm, widest at humeral umbone. Body reddish-brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, brown, light yellow and black setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Dark brown. Dorsal surface densely clad with fulvous setae, setae longer on frons. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised. Frons flat (Fig. 6). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus dark brown to black. Antenna brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous setae (Fig. 6). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 146). Pronotum: Brown. Widest at basolateral angle, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded; surface densely clad with long, fulvous setae (Figs. 145, 147). Scutellum: Dark brown to black, with long, dense, fulvous setae. Elytron: Reddish-brown to brown; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, and median macula; without distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae dark brown to black on lateral declivity; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Figs. 145, 147). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Black, surface clad with dense, fulvous setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, sides clad with sparse, fulvous setae. Mesosternum black, densely clad with long, fulvous setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, black, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed, clad with long, dense, fulvous setae. Metasternum black, clad with dense, fulvous setae; middle portion glabrous (Fig. 146). Pygidium: Dark brown; surface densely clad with long setae; setae fulvous in middle and dark brown on sides (Figs. 80–81). Abdomen: Dark brown to black. Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible; sternites evenly clad with dense, fulvous setae, but setae sparse in median; setae on sternite II long; setae on sternites III–V short, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII almost glabrous, with sparse, short setae on sides. Sternites II–V densely clad with black and yellow setae in dorsal and lateral portion (Fig. 146). Legs: Slender, simple. Metacoxa black; with long, light yellow and brown setae. Femora and tibia dark brown; with long, fulvous and light yellow setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 29); mesotibia with a spine near the middle of outer margin; the spine of metatibia indistinct or absent; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 145–147); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 53). Tarsi dark brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 53). Genitalia: Parameres broad, short; apex rounded, not expanded. Apical half of interparameral split constricted; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like, base distinctly broad; less than twice length of paramere (Fig. 114).

Female. Body length 14.5–16.0 mm; width 6.5–7.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, setae on body surface shorter (Figs. 148–150); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia larger, and longer than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 54); basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 54).

Variability. Posthumeral maculae and/or median maculae are absent in some individuals (including the holotype, Figs. 145, 148, 227).

Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna brown (Figs. 6–7). Pronotum densely clad with fulvous long setae. Elytra usually with posthumeral maculae, median maculae and lateral maculae (Figs. 145, 147–148, 150). Pygidium without macula (Figs. 80–83). Abdominal sides without yellow maculae (Figs. 146, 149); male abdomen without median groove. Protibia with indistinct tiny teeth (Figs. 29–30). Spine of metatibia indistinct or absent; dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 53).

This species is similar to M. fulvoguttatus, but can be differentiated by elytron without distal macula (Figs. 209–210; in M. fulvoguttatus always present and distinct, Figs. 207–208), posthumeral macula sometimes absent (Fig. 148; in M. fulvoguttatus always present and distinct, Figs. 141, 143), abdominal sides without maculae (Figs. 146, 149; in M. fulvoguttatus present, Figs. 142, 144), tiny teeth of male protibia smaller (Figs. 29–30), parameres broader, and median lobe shorter (Fig. 114).

Distribution. China: Sichuan.

Natural history. Using knowledge of larval habitats obtained from Macronotops olivaceofuscus, we successfully found larvae of this species from Baoxing County in the fall of 2014. By the continually searching of similar humid forested valleys in western Sichuan in the following years, many larvae were captured in autumn and winter. The larvae are usually found under bark or inhabit tunnels in rotten wood, which are made by Lucanidae larvae (Figs. 264–265). Pupal cells formed in April under artificial condition and adults emergence in May. In the field, an adult in a pupal cell was found as early as June, but adults usually caught in early August according to the label date.

Remarks. The number of type specimens of Macronotops fulvopilosus was not indicated by Fairmaire (1894), but the measurement was given only as a single value in the original description. There was no other conspecific specimen bearing similar label data in MNHN, it is probably the only type. The type specimen was collected from the valley of “Tong-Ho”, i.e. the river Tonghe (Tung Ho) in Sichuan. Early Westerners’ travels usually referred to this name as the whole reach of the river Daduhe (see maps in Pratt 1892; Wilson 1913; Limpricht 1922), but Chinese locals regard “Tong-Ho” as only lower reach of the river Daduhe (Tatu Ho) from Jinkouhe (Chin-kou-ho) near Mount Washan (E 103°01'38.57", N 29°19'32.76", Fig. 259). The valley is hot and dry in Luding, but it is humid and forested in lower reach where more likely to be the collecting site of the syntype.

Macronotops fulvopilosus is a very rare species and which has been known only the type specimen for more than hundred years. Only one female specimen was found in the European museums we visited and labeled with an imprecise location information. Mikšić (1976) presumably did not examine the holotype due to he stated that placing this species in the genus Macronotops was merely based on the original description. Krikken (1977) considered this species could not be satisfactorily distinguished from M. fulvoguttatus and M. vuilleti because of insufficient material. So that the status of M. fulvopilosus remained doubtful. The additional specimens of M. fulvopilosus we collected from the mountainous area between the valley of river Daduhe and the Sichuan basin allowed us to compare it with other species better. We confirmed the validity of this species by the protibial teeth, the yellow setae on the pronotum and the shape of the parameres.