Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891)

(Figs. 4–5, 27–28, 51–52, 76–79, 113, 125, 141–144, 207–208, 249, 258, 260, 301–302)

Macronota fulvoguttata Fairmaire, 1891: XI (type locality: Mount Qizimeishan, Xuan’en County, Hubei, China); Schoch 1896: 35; Schenkling 1921: 138; Winkler 1929: 1119; Mao 1937: 1084; Medvedev 1964: 72; Mikšić 1971: 208.

Pleuronota vuilleti ? ssp. fulvoguttata (Fairmaire): Mikšić, 1976: 173 (Mount Yunlingshan, Fujian, China).

Macronotops fulvoguttata (Fairmaire): Krikken 1977: 208 (partim, Djo-Kou-La, NW. Yunnan [Zhukula, Binchuan County, Yunnan, China]); Krajčík 1998: 90; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 57; Krajčík 2012: 151.

Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire): Bezděk 2016: 403.

Pleuronota hefengensis Ma, 1992a: 439 (type locality: Maoba, Hefeng County, Hubei, China)*, figs. 1345-1–2; Ma 1995: 36, figs. a–b; Krajčík 1998: 92. New synonym.

Macronotops hefengensis (Ma): Antoine 2000: 130; Smetana 2006: 307; Krajčík 2011: 58; Krajčík 2012: 151; Bezděk 2016: 403.

Type material. Neotype of Macronotops fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire, 1891) is here designated (♂, MNHN): Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Hubei province, CHINA // 1,200 m, Mao YE // 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.IV.2012, adult emerged 12.V.2012.

All type series of Pleuronota hefengensis Ma, 1992 were examined in IZAS: holotype (♂) and allotype (♀) labeled: 1.VI.1988, Maoba, Hefeng County, Hubei Province, 560-600 m, Wen-Zhen MA; paratypes: 1♀, 14.VIII.1988, Mount Tianpingshan, Sangzhi County, Hunan Province, 1,640 m ; 1♀, 15.VIII.1988, Mount Tianpingshan, Hunan Province, 1,300 m .

Additional material examined (5♂♂, 16♀♀). CHINA: Guizhou: 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 11–15.VII.2015, Mount Leigongshan Nature Reserve, Leishan County, Bo-Yan LI; 1♀ (GXIP), 1.VIII.2001, Mount Fanjingshan, Huguosi, Jiangkou County, Tongren, 1,300–2,100 m, De-Wei WEI; 1♀ (QCCC), 9.VIII.2015, Mount Fanjingshan, Jiangkou County, Tongren, Chao-Yi ZHANG; Hubei: 1♀ (YUJC), 15.VII.2002, Houhe, Wufeng County, Yun-Peng ZHANG; 1♀ (YUJC), 16.VII.2002, Houhe, Wufeng County, Hai-Feng ZHANG; 1♀ (YUJC), 12.VIII.2004, Muyu, Shennongjia Forest Area, 900 m, Qiu-Feng WANG; 1♀ (YUJC), 12.VIII.2004, Muyu, Shennongjia Forest Area, 900 m, Zhi-Xu LIU; 1♂, 2♀♀ (QCCC), Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Enshi, 1,200 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 1.IV.2012, adult emerged V.2012; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Enshi, 1,200 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 8.IX.2012, adult emerged V.2013; 1♂ (QCCC), 15.V.2014, Mount Qizimeishan Nature Reserve, Xuan’en County, Enshi, 1,200 m, Mao YE; 1♀ (QCCC), Longzhong, Xiangyang, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 2.II.2013, adult emerged V.2013; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), Wudaoxia, Baokang County, Xiangyang, 700 m, Mao YE, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 4.IV.2016, adult emerged V.2016; Jiangxi: 1♀ (QCCC), north of Mount Sanqingshan, Fenshui, Shangrao, Zhong PENG, 3 nd instar in rotten wood 14.X.2010, adult emerged V.2011; Sichuan: 1♀ (MNHN), Siao-Lou [near Mount Maanshan, Tianquan County], 1900 Chasseurs indigènes// Pleuronota fulvoguttata Fairm. G. Ruter det. 19// Macronotops fulvoguttata (Fairm.) J.–Ph. Legrand det. 2010; 1♀ (QCCC), 7.VIII.2014, Mount Emeishan, Xixinsuo, Emeishan, 1,300 m, De- Yao ZHOU; Yunnan: 1♀ (BMNH), Pe Yen Tsin [Shiyang, in Dayao County], Yunnan // Bourgoin Coll. B. M. 1938-252 // ♀.

Redescription (male). General: Body length 15.0–18.0 mm; width 6.5–7.5 mm, widest at humeral umbone, gradually narrowed backward. Body brown to dark brown. Surface with fulvous, brown and light yellow setae, and yellow tomentous maculae. Head: Brown. Dorsal surface with dense setiferous punctures; setae fulvous. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight and slightly raised; clypeolateral ridge distinct. Frons slightly convex (Fig. 4). Maxillary palpus and labial palpus brown. Antenna yellowish-brown; antennal club long, about 1.5 times length of antennomeres 2–7 combined; inner side of antennomere 8 with short, dense, fulvous, setae (Fig. 4). Ventral surface clad with long, fulvous setae (Fig. 142). Pronotum: Brown, with green metallic reflections. Widest at base, basomedian area depressed. Lateral margin curved; posterior margin distinctly protruded. Surface evenly clad with dense, setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous (Fig. 141). Scutellum: Dark brown to black. Surface with sparse setiferous punctures; setae long, fulvous. Elytron: Brown; with posthumeral macula, lateral macula, median macula, and distal macula. Surface densely clad with setae; setae long between sutural and discolateral costae; setae light yellow on maculae; setae brown on lateral declivity; setae fulvous on the rest of elytron; humeral umbone glabrous (Fig. 141). Mesepimeron, metepisternum and metepimeron: Dark brown to black, clad with light yellow setae. Sternum: Preprosternum black, sides with sparse, yellow setae. Mesosternum black with sparse, yellow setae. Mesometasternal process short, glabrous, black, apex rounded; mesometasternal suture depressed with long, yellow setae. Metasternum black, clad with long, yellow setae on sides (Fig. 142). Pygidium: Dark brown to black. Surface clad with long, dense, fulvous setae (Figs. 76, 78). Abdomen: Brown, with week green metallic reflections. Without median groove. Six abdominal sternites visible. Sternites II–V with a distinct, yellow macula close to posterior margin on each side (Fig. 142); surface densely clad with yellow and black setae in dorsal and lateral portion. Sternites II–VI evenly clad with dense, yellow setae; setae on sternite II long; setae on sternites III–V short, but longer on sides; setae near posterior margin of sternite VI long, dense; sternite VII with sparse, short setae on sides (Fig. 142). Legs: Dark brown, slender, simple. Metacoxae, femora, and tibia clad with long, fulvous setae. Tiny teeth between 3 large teeth of protibia distinct (Fig. 27); mesotibia and metatibia with a small spine near the middle of outer margin; metatibia with a row of brush-like, fulvous setae along inner margin (Figs. 141–142); dorsal tooth of metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51); outer tooth small or indistinct. Tarsi reddish-brown; basitarsus of metatarsus with a cluster of sparse, long setae (Fig. 51). Genitalia: Parameres narrow, short; apex rounded, slightly expanded. Interparameral split widened, gradually constricted to apex; base with membrane, distinctly divided in medial. Median lobe ribbon-like, base distinctly broad; nearly twice length of paramere (Fig. 113).

Female. Body length 14.5–18.0 mm; width 6.5–8.0 mm. Except for sexual dimorphism characteristics of the genus, abdomen with wine-red to green metallic reflections (Fig. 144); dorsal and outer teeth of metatibia larger, as long as basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 52); setae on mesotibia and metatibia shorter; basitarsus of metatarsus with less setae (Fig. 52).

Variability. Characters of this species are quite stable except that two individuals are partly and fully covered with black setae on the pygidium, respectively (Figs. 77, 79).

Differential diagnosis. Length of clypeus almost equal to width. Antenna yellowish-brown (Figs. 4–5). Pronotum clad with fulvous short setae. Elytra brown; with posthumeral maculae, median maculae, lateral maculae, and distal maculae (Figs. 141, 143). Pygidium without macula (Figs. 76–79). Abdominal sternites II–V with a small yellow macula on each side (Figs. 142, 144), male abdomen without median groove. Protibia with tiny teeth (Figs. 27–28). Dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51).

Macronota fulvoguttatus is similar to M. vuilleti, but can be distinguished by body smaller, male antennal club shorter (Fig. 4), abdominal sides usually with small yellow maculae (Figs. 142, 144; absent in M. vuilleti, Figs. 170, 172), protibia with several tiny teeth (Figs. 27–28; absent in M. vuilleti, Figs. 39–40), dorsal tooth of male metatibia shorter than basitarsus of metatarsus (Fig. 51; in M. vuilleti distinctly longer, Fig. 63), outer tooth present in female metatibia (Fig. 52; absent in female M. vuilleti, Fig. 64), and median lobe longer and ribbon-like (Fig. 113; in M. vuilleti shorter and filiform, Fig. 119). Male of this species also resembles M. dianensis new species, and the distinguishing characters are provided in the differential diagnosis of M. dianensis new species .

Distribution. China: Fujian, Guizhou (new provincial record), Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi (new provincial record), Sichuan (new provincial record), Yunnan.

Remarks. Macronotops fulvoguttatus was originally described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Changyang county in central China. In 2017 we visited MNHN where almost all of Fairmaire’s specimens are preserved, and other European museums where likely keep his type specimens (Cambefort 2006), but no probable type specimens of M. fulvoguttatus were found. Furthermore, the type series of M. fulvoguttatus were never been mentioned in any previous works on this genus (Mikšic 1971, 1976; Krikken 1977; Antoine 2000). Therefore, the type series of M. fulvoguttatus are presumed lost.

Due to the lack of material, the identity of M. fulvoguttatus is unclear. Mikšic (1976) listed this species and M. olivaceofuscus both as subspecies of M. vuilleti . While Krikken (1977) doubted Mikšic(1976) ’s treatment and pointed out that the status of M. fulvoguttatus, M. fulvopilosa, and M. vuilleti were confused and needed further clarifying. In the original description of M. fulvoguttatus (Fairmaire 1891), only four yellow maculae on elytron (two on the side, one near the apex, and the other behind the scutellum) were mentioned, and this seems to imply a lack of macula on the pygidium. Such features of M. fulvoguttatus are consistent with M. hefengensis (Ma, 1992) which was described from neighboring Hefeng county. After checking the type specimens of M. olivaceofuscus and M. hefengensis (Fig. 249), we confirm that only these two Macronotops species are known from central China (see map, Fig. 258), and they can be easily separated by the presence or absence of distal macula on elytron and pygidial macula. These differences agree with Mikšic (1976) ’s inference when he comparing M. olivaceofuscus with a putative female of M. fulvoguttatus from Fujian, China. Therefore, we treat P. hefengensis as a junior synonym of M. fulvoguttatus, and it is necessary to designate a neotype of M. fulvoguttatus to resolve the identity and preserve the stability of nomenclature for further studies. For neotype we choose male specimen in good condition from Xuan’en (near the collecting site of the original type series).

Macronotops fulvoguttatus is mainly distributed in central China, and the map implies that this species is probably widely distributed in southern China. Krikken (1977) examined one male and one female of this species collected from Djo-Kou-La in northwestern Yunnan where the location was unknown to him. Djo-Kou-La, i.e. Zhukula (E 100°54'17.01", N 26°06'13.78", alt. 1,400 m), a village in Binchuan County (Pin-Tchouan) located at the west of the valley of River Yupaojiang and adjacent to Dayao County (Ta-Yao). Since 1904, Father Alfred Liétard (1872–1912) preached in the village for four years where a Catholic church he built (Moussay & Appavou 2004). As an anthropologist, he published several important studies on the ethnic customs of the Yi people of Djo- Kou-La; Djo-Kou-La as author’s address was clearly given in his paper (Liétard 1909). Siméon Ten, a Chinese Christian who assisted Father Liétard’s missionary work at Djo-Kou-La, also collected plants for European Botanists due to he was a student of the famous botanical collector Father François Ducloux (1864–1945) when Ducloux teaching in the Seminary of Kunming (Moussay & Appavou 2004; Zhang & Li 2015). Between 1915– 1928, Mr. Ten conducted missionary work in Pe Yen Tsin (i.e. Baiyanjing) where was the county seat of the former County Yanfeng (Yen-Feng). Pe Yen Tsin and Djo-Kou-La are approximately only 31 km apart, and both around the Baicaoling mountain range where Mr. Ten and Father Ducloux collected a lot of plants. Later, many western naturalists had been attracted to this area (Luo 2005), and then Pe Yen Tsin became a well-known type locality of Chinese plants and insects. Now Pe Yen Tsin is called Shiyang (E 101°05'57.26", N 25°51'27.64", alt. 1,600 m) after Yanfeng County was incorporated into Dayao County in 1958. Although the voucher specimens from Djo- Kou-La in RMNH (Krikken1977) are unavailable for study at present, the identity is presumably correctly identified since a female of Macronotops fulvoguttatus from Pe Yen Tsin was examined in BMNH.