taxonID	type	description	language	source
EF1BDFBDAB0F513796010DC24B1E03D7.taxon	description	(Figs 2, 3 A, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A, C, 7 A, C, 8; File S 2: Table S 1)	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
EF1BDFBDAB0F513796010DC24B1E03D7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A moderately large Etmopterus belonging to the E. lucifer group by having elongated anterior and posterior branches of lateral flank marking, and differing from other members by the following combination of characters: hook-like dermal denticles not overlapping each other, in well-defined rows; origin of second dorsal fin anterior to origin of base of flank-marking; infracaudal marking connected with caudal-fin base marking through pair of luminous lines; posterior caudal-fin marking long, length 30.2 – 46.5 % caudal-fin length; and ventral pectoral marking strongly curved.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
EF1BDFBDAB0F513796010DC24B1E03D7.taxon	description	Size. Up to 527 mm TL and 403 mm TL for females and males, respectively. Smallest mature male 325 mm TL; smallest of five mature females 432 mm TL. Smallest specimen studied here without umbilical scar measuring 206 mm TL.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
EF1BDFBDAB0F513796010DC24B1E03D7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Pacific and also southeastern Indian Ocean, known from southeastern, southern, and southwestern Australia, the Tasman Sea, and around New Zealand, at depths of 180 – 872 m. Common at catches in research cruises in Australian waters (K Graham pers. comm.), uncommon in commercial trawlers around New Zealand (Roberts et al. 2015).	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
2C9CB11565C35B3C9116900029FAB4BE.taxon	description	(Figs 3 B, 4 B, 5 B, 6 B, D, 7 B, D, 9, 10, 11; File S 2: Table S 2)	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
2C9CB11565C35B3C9116900029FAB4BE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A moderately small Etmopterus of the E. lucifer group by showing elongated anterior and posterior branches of lateral flank marking, and differing from other members of the E. lucifer group by the following combination of characters: hook-like dermal denticles not overlapping each other, in well-defined rows; origin of second dorsal fin anterior to flank-marking base origin; infracaudal marking not connected with caudal-fin base marking through luminous lines; posterior caudal-fin marking long, its length 23.1 – 39.8 % caudal-fin length; and ventral pectoral marking knife-shaped, straight.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
2C9CB11565C35B3C9116900029FAB4BE.taxon	description	Size. Largest examined mature male is 371 mm TL. One female reported to attain about 450 mm TL (Dolganov 2006). Schaaf-Da Silva and Ebert (2006) considered the largest female paratype of E. burgessi (CAS 223477, 405 mm TL) to be mature, however, the gonads of this specimen were not available for observation as it was not dissected, thus, the maturity cannot be determined by us. No mature female was examined in the present study. The lectotype (designated herein) represents the smallest mature male examined (264 mm TL). The size at birth is about 131 mm TL.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
2C9CB11565C35B3C9116900029FAB4BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Pacific, from sub-boreal northern Japan to the tropical South China Sea, at depths of 300 – 500 m. Common in Japanese waters and around Taiwan, but seems rare in the northern South China Sea.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
FB8728B103065E1A8361EC42E7EE3B06.taxon	description	(Figs 4 C, 5 C, 12, 13 A, C, 14 A; File S 2: Table S 3)	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
FB8728B103065E1A8361EC42E7EE3B06.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A moderately small Etmopterus belonging to the E. lucifer group by having elongated anterior and posterior branches of lateral flank marking, and differing from other members by the following combination of characters: hook-like dermal denticles not overlapping each other, in well-defined rows; the origin of second dorsal fin well posterior to flank-marking base origin; infracaudal marking not connected with caudal-fin base marking through luminous lines; a long posterior caudal-fin marking, length 18.8 – 38.1 % caudal-fin length; caudal fin black; caudal-base marking bifurcated before caudal-fin origin; and ventral pectoral marking curved.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
FB8728B103065E1A8361EC42E7EE3B06.taxon	description	Size. Up to 433 mm TL and 366 mm TL for females and males, respectively. Smallest mature female and male examined are 333 and 335 mm TL, respectively.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
FB8728B103065E1A8361EC42E7EE3B06.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwestern Pacific, off southeastern Australia to northern New Zealand, and New Caledonia, at 366 – 530 m depth.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
C7673DCF295F5065A865CA3F85B21FCF.taxon	description	(Figs 4 D, 5 D, 13 B, D, 14 B, 15; File S 2: Table S 3)	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
C7673DCF295F5065A865CA3F85B21FCF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A moderately small Etmopterus of the E. lucifer group showing typically elongated anterior and posterior branches of lateral flank markings. It differs from other members by the following combination of characters: hook-like dermal denticles not overlapping each other, in well-defined rows; the origin of second dorsal fin well posterior to flank-marking base origin; infracaudal marking not connected with caudal-fin base marking through luminous lines; posterior caudal-fin marking long, length 20.3 – 34.4 % caudal-fin length; caudal-fin upper lobe translucent; caudal-base marking bifurcated after caudal-fin origin; and ventral pectoral marking curved.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
C7673DCF295F5065A865CA3F85B21FCF.taxon	description	Size. Up to 368 mm TL and 330 mm TL for females and males (Dolganov 1986), respectively. Smallest mature female 263 mm TL and male 272 mm TL, respectively.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
C7673DCF295F5065A865CA3F85B21FCF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northwestern Pacific, from warm temperate waters off Japan to northern South China Sea, at depth 250 – 500 m.	en	Ng, Shing-Lai, Straube, Nicolas, Liu, Kwang-Ming, Joung, Shoou-Jeng (2025): Confusions across the hemispheres: Taxonomic re-evaluation of two lanternshark species, Etmopterus lucifer and E. molleri (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae). Vertebrate Zoology 75: 59-86, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e126067
