identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F44F87FBFFAC9437622E8873FCD4FC9A.text	F44F87FBFFAC9437622E8873FCD4FC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus Latreille 1829	<div><p>Genus Psammoecus Latreille, 1829</p><p>Ecology</p><p>As far as ecological information is available, species of Psammoecus are associated with plant detritus as well as dead and moldy leaves. Specimens are usually collected at light, in flight intercept and pitfall traps, and in various types of plant detritus. Ecological information is only occasionally provided on specimen labels, so it is currently neither possible to reliably discern ecological specifics, nor to distinguish ecological preferences of different species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFAC9437622E8873FCD4FC9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFAC9431624A892DFCFBFB18.text	F44F87FBFFAC9431624A892DFCFBFB18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus convexus Grouvelle 1888	<div><p>Psammoecus convexus Grouvelle, 1888</p><p>Fig. 1</p><p>Psammoecus convexus Grouvelle, 1888: 628 .</p><p>Psammoecus khasia Pal, 1985: 12 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Psammoecus convexus – Hetschko 1930: 82.</p><p>Psammoecus khasia – Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 165.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 1A) oval, dark testaceous, elytra with small piceous maculae at posterior 1/3, antennae uniformly testaceous; head (Fig. 1B) transversely impressed behind eyes, within that impression with about 15 large, flat punctures with a diameter somewhat larger than an eye facet, frontal grooves curved, deep, almost attaining posterior margin of eyes, punctation on vertex moderate, punctures strongly elongate, of variable size, mostly about 5/3 as long as eye facet diameter, pubescence on vertex composed of setae of variable length, directed anteriorly, microsculpture on vertex absent; eyes small, strongly protruding, somewhat unevenly rounded with stronger curvature posteriorly; temples small, very steep, temple angle 41°; antennae (Fig. 1D) short, stout; pronotum (Fig. 1C) widest near middle, pronotal punctation denser than on head, punctures widened, pubescence as on head, setae directed medially, microsculpture on pronotal disk absent, lateral pronotal margins with seven small teeth, tooth I much smaller than teeth II–VII, anterior denticles distinct, slightly larger than lateral tooth I, posterior denticles minute, tubercle-like; scutellum with transverse carina; elytra (Fig. 1A) widest at middle, striae distinctly wider than interstices, elytral pubescence composed of short strial and slightly longer interstrial setae, setae on interstices longer and more erect towards lateral margins and elytral apex, anterior half of elytral margin serrate, bearing long setae, microsculpture on elytral disk absent; male genitalia (Fig. 1E–H) moderately sclerotized, median lobe lancet-shaped with blunt tip, apex bent ventrally, parameres wide, flat, widened towards apical 1/3, apical part with numerous long setae along margins.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype (by present designation)</p><p>MYANMAR • ♀; “ Teinzo / Birmania / Fea, Maggio 1886 // Typus [red print] // convexus / Grouv. // Psamoecus [sic!] / convexus / typus! Grouv. [not Grouvelle’s hand]”; MSNG.</p><p>Paralectotype</p><p>MYANMAR • 1 ♀; “ Bhamò / Birmania / Fea VIII 1886 // Syntypus / Psammoecus / convexus / Grouvelle, 1888 [red label]”; MSNG.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CHINA – Yunnan • 1 ♂; Nabanhe Nature Reserve, Mandian; 12 Jan. 2004; Li and Tang leg.; SHTU .</p><p>THAILAND – Chiang Mai • 1 ♂; Chiang Mai, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.86667/lat 19.416666)">Daen Lao Range</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.86667/lat 19.416666)">Doi Chiang Lao</a>; 1000 m a.s.l.; 19°25′ N, 98°52′ E; 17–24 May 1991; Kubán leg.; NMB .</p><p>VIETNAM – Lào Cai • 1 spec.; Lào Cai; 26 Nov. 1971; Topál leg.; HNHM • 1 spec.; Lào Cai, Co-xan; 27 Nov. 1971; Topál leg.; HNHM .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus convexus was previously recorded from Myanmar and India (the latter record by Pal 1985 as P. khasia); it is now recorded for the first time from China, Thailand, and Vietnam.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The sex of the holotype of Psammoecus khasia is unknown; Pal (1985) gives no description of genitalia. A photograph of the holotype by Mrs Sheela Ghosh (Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata) was provided to the present author. Psammoecus convexus is a very distinct species; the photograph leaves no doubt that the holotype of P. khasia is conspecific with it.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFAC9431624A892DFCFBFB18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFAA9432622E8EAEFB32FDDA.text	F44F87FBFFAA9432622E8EAEFB32FDDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus convexicollis Karner 2026	<div><p>Psammoecus convexicollis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 489061A3-C6D7-4F46-ABCA-903B16D9B1DD</p><p>Figs 2–3</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the rounded surface of the pronotum.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>SRI LANKA • ♂; 12 Apr. 1881; G. Lewis leg.; NHMUK.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>SRI LANKA – Central Province • 1 ♀; Dikoya; 1160–1280 m a.s.l.; 6 Dec. 1881 – 16 Jan. 1882; G. Lewis leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Nuwara Eliya; 1900–2440 m a.s.l.; 6–11 Nov. 1882; G. Lewis leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>Description of holotype</p><p>BODY (Fig. 2A). Oval, length 2.42 mm; testaceous, elytra with brown maculae at middle connected with brown sutural macula behind middle, antennomere 7 slightly darkened towards apex, antennomere 8 brown, antennomeres 9–10 dark brown, antennomere 11 castaneous.</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 2B). 1.83 × as wide as long. Frontal grooves distinct, strongly curved, converging anteriorly, subparallel posteriorly, almost attaining anterior 1/3 of eyes. Vertex with moderate punctation; punctures distinctly elongate, directed antero-medially, as large as eye facet diameter. Pubescence on vertex directed antero-medially, most setae of moderate length, about 2/5 as long as eyes, few setae on lateral parts of vertex and adjacent to eyes longer, 4/5 as long as eyes, setae near eyes directed antero-laterally. Microsculpture on vertex absent. Eyes 0.16 mm long, protruding, irregularly rounded with strongest curvature near temples, separated from vertex by a distinct groove; eye distance 0.42 mm. Temples (Fig. 3) very strongly curved, steep, temple angle 100°. Antennae (Fig. 2C) short, stout, 1.22 mm long, antennomere proportions 2.8: 1.2: 1.3: 1.3: 1.3:1.2: 1.3: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0: 2.1.</p><p>PRONOTUM (Fig. 2B). 1.35 × as wide as long, widest at anterior 2/5; at anterior denticles 1.23 × as wide as at posterior denticles. Lateral margins curved along entire length, curvature stronger anteriorly, with five distinct, small teeth, teeth I and V slightly larger than teeth II–IV. Anterior denticles small, spread across a large area on anterior pronotal angle; posterior denticle distinct. Punctation on disk as on vertex, punctures strongly widened, almost slit-like; setae on disk as long as on vertex, directed medially. Microsculpture on disk absent.</p><p>ELYTRA (Fig. 2A). Oval, humeral swelling comparatively weak, 1.43 ×as long as wide; widest at middle. Striae distinctly wider than interstices, interstrial setae slightly longer than strial setae; 10 th interstice along basal half of elytra with small denticles bearing long setae. Microsculpture on disk absent.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (Fig. 2D–H). Moderately sclerotized. Median lobe evenly narrowed towards apex, slender, lancet-shaped, slightly bent ventrally near apex. Parameres in ventral view elongate, slightly widened towards apical third; in lateral view with wide basis, evenly narrowed toward apex; bearing few short setae along entire length, one longer seta at medial face of apex and two long, thick setae at lateral face of apex.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Paratypes range in body length from 2.45 mm to 2.65 mm. The body colouration of both paratypes is distinctly brighter than the colouration of the holotype.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus convexicollis sp. nov. has only been found in Sri Lanka.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The habitus of Psammoecus convexicollis sp. nov. somewhat resembles that of P. convexus Grouvelle, 1888 . It differs from P. convexus by its colouration, the distinct, well rounded temples, more transverse pronotum, the scutellum bearing no transverse carina, and the shape of the male genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFAA9432622E8EAEFB32FDDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFA9943C6241886CFACAFAEC.text	F44F87FBFFA9943C6241886CFACAFAEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus andrewesi Grouvelle 1908	<div><p>Psammoecus andrewesi Grouvelle, 1908</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Psammoecus andrewesi Grouvelle, 1908: 476 .</p><p>Psammoecus andrewesi – Hetschko 1930: 81. — Pal 1985: 10. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 164.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 4A) oval, testaceous, elytra with dark maculae, antennomeres 11 or 10 and 11 in few specimens very slightly brighter; head (Fig. 4B) with distinct, deep, almost straight frontal grooves that attain anterior 3/5 of eyes, punctation on vertex moderate, punctures elongate, slightly smaller than eye facet diameter, pubescence on vertex moderate, setae directed anteriorly, microsculpture on vertex mostly absent, in some specimens shallow, reticulate; eyes small, strongly protruding, somewhat unevenly rounded with stronger curvature posteriorly; temples very short, steep, almost obsolete; antennae (Fig. 4D) short, stout; pronotum (Fig. 4C) widest at anterior third, pronotal punctation moderate, punctures elongate, slightly shorter than eye facet diameter, microsculpture distinct, composed of transverse wrinkles, pronotal pubescence as on vertex, setae directed antero-medially, lateral pronotal margins with 6–8 short teeth, anterior denticles distinct, very large, hindmost one positioned behind anterior angle, appearing to be lateral tooth I, posterior denticle absent; scutellum with transverse carina; elytra (Fig. 4A) widest near anterior third, with irregular piceous maculae typically forming patches at anterior and posterior third that are connected by darkened areas along the third and fifth interstices, elytral pubescence moderate, longer setae on outmost interstices, anterior half of lateral elytral margin distinctly serrate, bearing long setae; male genitalia (Fig. 4E–H) weakly sclerotized, aedeagus with slim strut about 9/10 as long as body, apex of median lobe blunt, rounded, parameres long, parallel-sided, with five distinct, long setae near apex and numerous smaller setae on inner face.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype (by present designation)</p><p>INDIA • ♂; “Type [round label with red border] // Nilgiri Hills. / H. L. Andrewes. // H. L. Andrewes / Nilgiri Hills // Andrewes / Bequest / B.M. 1922-221. // Psammoecus / andrewesi / ty. Grouv [Grouvelle’s hand] // Type [red label]”; NHMUK.</p><p>Paralectotype</p><p>INDIA • 1 spec.; “Co- / type [round label with blue border] // Nilgiri Hills. / H. L. Andrewes. // H. L. Andrewes / Nilgiri Hills // Andrewes / Bequest / B.M. 1922-221. // Psammoecus / andrewesi / ty. Grouv [Grouvelle’s hand]”; NHMUK .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>INDIA – Kerala • 1 spec.; Idukki, Thekkady; 29 Apr. 2006; Aneesh leg.; pitfall trap; HNHM . – Tamil Nadu • 2 specs; Nilgiri Hills, 15 km SE of Kotagiri, Kunchappanai; 900 m a.s.l.; 17–28 Nov. 1993; Boukal and Keyval leg.; MKF .</p><p>NEPAL – Bagmati • 1 spec.; Chitwan, Sauraha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.49139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.586111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.49139/lat 27.586111)">Hotel Sweet Home</a>; 27°35′10″ N, 84°29′29″ E; 190 m a.s.l.; 5–7 Jul. 2022; Kopetz leg.; at light; NMEG • 9 specs; Kathmandu, Gokarna Forest; 1400 m a.s.l.; 30 Mar. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG • 7 specs; same locality as for preceding; 31 Mar. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG • 11 specs; same locality as for preceding; 1 Apr. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; same locality as for preceding; 1300 m a.s.l.; 20 Oct. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG .</p><p>THAILAND – Nakhon Ratchasima • 1 spec.; Pak Chong District, Khao Yai National Park; 750– 850 m a.s.l.; 26 Nov.–3 Dec. 1985; Burckhardt and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Pak Chong District, Khao Yai National Park, E Haew Suwat Waterfalls; 800–900 m a.s.l.; 1 Dec. 1985; Burckhardt and Löbl leg.; MHNG .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus andrewesi was previously found in India and Nepal and is now for the first time recorded from Thailand.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pal (1985) gives a redescription based on three specimens, stating that T. Sengupta compared his material with the types at the NHMUK. Due to its very distinctive external characters, the determination of Psammoecus andrewesi is comparatively simple.</p><p>The extremely long strut-like structure of the male genitalia is not connected to the tegmen, but seemingly a structure within the internal sac of the penis. It is remarkable and, so far, unique within the genus. During preparation of the respective specimen, the strut was pulled out of the anterior part of the body, without appearing curled or folded. It is not clear whether this structure truly extends from the abdominal tip anteriorly to the head in living animals, or whether it is folded or coiled within the abdomen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFA9943C6241886CFACAFAEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFA7943861838F1BFA9EFD1D.text	F44F87FBFFA7943861838F1BFA9EFD1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus incommodus (Walker 1859) Grouvelle 1908	<div><p>Psammoecus incommodus (Walker, 1859) sp. restit.</p><p>Figs 5–6</p><p>Cucujus incommodus Walker, 1859: 53 .</p><p>Psammoecus gratiosus Grouvelle, 1908: 484 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Psammoecus labyrinthicus Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari, 2014: 29 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Cucujus incommodus – Waterhouse 1876a: 14.</p><p>Telephanus incommodus – Waterhouse 1876b: 124.</p><p>Psammoecus trimaculatus – Grouvelle 1908: 476. — Pal 1985: 41. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 186 (misidentification).</p><p>Psammoecus incommodus – Hetschko 1930: 83.</p><p>Psammoecus labyrinthicus – Yoshida et al. 2018: 12.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 5A) oval, testaceous, head and margins of pronotum often darkened, elytra with piceous maculae and mostly with darkened apices, antennomeres 7–10 or 8–10 piceous, antennomere 11 yellowish white; head (Fig. 5B) with distinct frontal grooves that are curved outwards, attaining anterior 1/4 of eyes, vertex with sparse punctation, punctures round, small, slightly larger than half of eye facet diameter, pubescence on vertex of moderate length, setae directed anteriorly, microsculpture on vertex distinct, reticulate; eyes large, protruding, evenly rounded; temples distinct, evenly rounded, temple angle 66°; antennae (Fig. 5D) moderately slender; pronotum (Fig. 5C) widest at anterior 1/3, pronotal disk with moderate punctation, punctures in most specimens slightly elongated antero-medially, in few specimens almost round, pubescence moderate, setae of varying length, directed antero-medially, microsculpture on pronotal disk distinct, reticulate, lateral margin with five teeth, teeth III and IV largest, of similar size, tooth II somewhat smaller, teeth I and V very small, anterior denticles distinct, small, posterior denticle very small and inconspicuous; elytra (Fig. 5A) oval, with piceous maculae near middle and at suture at posterior 1/3, in most specimens with dark apex, in some specimens with slightly darkened basis, elytral striae somewhat wider than interstices, pubescence of moderate length, interstrial setae longer and more erect than strial setae, 10 th interstice with long setae near humeral swelling, setae gradually shorter towards elytral apex, microsculpture on elytral disk absent; male genitalia (Fig. 5E–G) moderately sclerotized, median lobe with comparatively wide apical part, narrowed in a convex, then concave curve towards blunt tip, parameres club-shaped, widened basal part 2/5 as long as entire paramere, inner margin with short setae, apex with long seta.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Psammoecus incommodus</p><p>SRI LANKA • ♂; “Type [round label with red border] // [18]63 / 52 [round label] // incommodus / W. // Cucujus ?” [last two labels in Walker’s hand]; NHMUK.</p><p>The locality Sri Lanka is inferred from the title of Walker’s paper (‘Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon Insects’, Walker 1859). The NHMUK registration number on the holotype ‘[18]63/52’ refers to 175 Coleoptera including types, collected by Mr Walker in Sri Lanka (M.V.L. Barclay pers. com.).</p><p>Holotype of Psammoecus gratiosus</p><p>INDIA • ♂; “ H. L. Andrewes / Nilgiri Hills // Type [red label] // Psammoecus / gratiosus / ty. Grouv [in Grouvelle’s hand]”; MNHN.</p><p>Holotype of Psammoecus labyrinthicus</p><p>JAPAN • ♂; “ I. Hachijo / Tokyo Pref . / July. 21. 1957 / S. Hisamatsu // HOLOTYPE: ♂ / Psammoecus labyrinthicus / Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari, / 2014 [red label]”; EUMJ.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CHINA – Fujian • 1 spec.; Kuatun, Tschung Sen; 26 Mar. 1946; HNHM • 19 specs; Wuyishan Mountains National Nature Reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.6395&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.733667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.6395/lat 27.733667)">Guadun env</a>.; 1075–1250 m a.s.l.; 27°44.02′ N, 117°38.37′ E; 25 and 29 May 2018; Hájek, Král, Rúzicka and Sekerka leg.; tea plantation, mixed forest and bamboo; NMPC • 4 specs; same data as for preceding; MKF . – Guangdong • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.74167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.021667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.74167/lat 25.021667)">Danxia Shan National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.74167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.021667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.74167/lat 25.021667)">Wo Long Gang Forest Walkway</a>; 100 m a.s.l.; 25°1.3′ N, 113°44.5′ E; 23–26 Apr. 2013; Hájek and Ruzicka leg.; NMPC • 2 specs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.715/lat 24.933332)">Nangling National Nature Reserve</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.715&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.715/lat 24.933332)">Dadongshan</a>; 690 m a.s.l.; 24°56.0′ N, 112°42.9′ E; 18– 21 Apr. 2013; Hajek and Ruzicka leg.; NMPC • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; MKF . – Zhejiang • 1 spec.; Chusan Id.; NHMUK .</p><p>INDIA • 1 spec.; India [‘Ind. or.’]; Motschulsky leg.; NHRS. – Arunachal Pradesh • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.583336/lat 27.033333)">Bhalukpong</a>; 150 m a.s.l.; 27°02′ N, 92°35′ E; 26 May–3 Jun. 2006; Dembicky leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>LAOS – Houaphanh • 2 specs; Ban Saluei, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.98333/lat 20.216667)">Phu Phan Mountain</a>; 1300–2000 m a.s.l.; 20°13′ N, 103°59′ E; 6–18 May 2004; Bezdek leg.; NMPC .</p><p>NEPAL – Koshi • 1 spec.; Arun River, Hedangan-Num; 800 m a.s.l.; 16 Jun. 1983; Brancucci leg.; NMB .</p><p>SRI LANKA • 1 spec.; Sihalan; NHMUK • 1 spec.; Hadley [Estate in Dikoya]; NHMUK .</p><p>VIETNAM – Lâm Đồng • 2 specs; Bảo Lộc; 27 Oct. 1988; Mahunka and Vasarhelyi leg.; HNHM • 1 spec.; Suoi Baco River, 12 km S of Bảo Lộc; 26 Oct. 1988; Mahunka and Vasarhelyi leg.; HNHM • 3 specs; Suoi Lok Chau River, 5 km E of Bảo Lộc; 24 Oct. 1988; Mahunka and Vasarhelyi leg.; HNHM • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; MKF .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus incommodus was described from Sri Lanka. It is also recorded from Japan (Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari 2014) and Taiwan (Yoshida et al. 2018), in both instances as Psammoecus labyrinthicus . It is a widely distributed species, now recorded for the first time for China, Laos, Nepal, and Vietnam.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Described by Walker (1859) as Cucujus incommodus, this species was later mentioned as belonging to “ Psammoecus or a closely allied genus” by Waterhouse (1876a: 14). Shortly afterwards, Waterhouse (1876b: 124) placed it in the genus Telephanus and described the type specimen as being immature and “in a very injured condition”. He stated that it might be conspecific with Telephanus trimaculatus (= Psammoecus trimaculatus Motschulsky, 1858). Grouvelle (1908) and Pal (1985) treated it as a junior synonym of P. trimaculatus .</p><p>Although the holotype of Psammoecus incommodus is in a very poor condition indeed (Fig. 6), the abdomen could be dissected and the genitalia could be isolated. The aedeagus is very delicate, due to the specimen being teneral; its structure shows considerable differences from P. trimaculatus . Furthermore, the remaining fragment of the pronotal disk shows a distinct reticulate microsculpture, which also distinguishes P. incommodus from P. trimaculatus . Hence, P. incommodus is restituted as a valid species.</p><p>The aedeagus of the male holotype of Psammoecus gratiosus shows no difference to that of P. incommodus; the fragments of the holotype of P. incommodus show similar character states (lateral teeth of pronotum, punctation and microsculpture, shape, punctation and pubescence of elytra). The holotype of Psammoecus labyrinthicus was studied and also found to be conspecific with P. incommodus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFA7943861838F1BFA9EFD1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFA3943B626188A4FB93FBFD.text	F44F87FBFFA3943B626188A4FB93FBFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus trimaculatus Motschulsky 1858	<div><p>Psammoecus trimaculatus Motschulsky, 1858</p><p>Psammoecus trimaculatus Motschulsky, 1858: 45 .</p><p>Psammoecus excellens Grouvelle, 1908: 115 (synonymy by Karner 2012: 24).</p><p>Psammoecus alluaudi Grouvelle, 1912a: 409 (synonymy by Karner 2012: 24).</p><p>Psammoecus trimaculatus – Waterhouse 1876b: 124. — Reitter 1879: 509. — Grouvelle 1906: 125; 1908: 476. — Hetschko 1930: 81. — Hisamatsu 1982: 16. — Pal 1985: 41. — Sato 1989: 377. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 186. — Sasaki et al. 2002: 224. — Halstead et al. 2007. — Hirano 2009: 66; 2010: 15. — Karner 2012: 24. — Yoshida et al. 2018: 12. — Mola &amp; Yoshida 2019.</p><p>non Cucujus incommodus – Grouvelle 1908: 476. — Pal 1985: 41. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 186. (misidentifications).</p><p>non Telephanus cruciger – Grouvelle 1908: 476. — Pal 1985: 41. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 186. (misidentifications).</p><p>non Psammoecus ypsilon – Pal 1985: 41 (misidentification).</p><p>non Psammoecus cephalotes – Pal 1985: 41 (misidentification).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>INDIA – Tamil Nadu • 1 spec.; Coimbatore; 440 m a.s.l.; 22 Nov. 1972; Besuchet, Löbl and Mussard leg.; MHNG . – West Bengal • 8 specs; W Kolkata, Sarda; NHMUK • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; MKF .</p><p>NEPAL – Bagmati • 17 specs; Chitwan, Sauraha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.49139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.586111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.49139/lat 27.586111)">Hotel Sweet Home</a>; 27°35′10″ N, 84°29′29″ E; 190 m a.s.l.; 5–7 Jul. 2022; Kopetz leg.; at light; NMEG • 4 specs; same data as for preceding; MKF • 68 specs; Kathmandu; Jun. 1983; Brendell leg.; at light; NHMUK • 2 specs; same data as for preceding; MKF • 2 specs; Kathmandu, British Embassy; 1370 m a.s.l.; 20 May–23 Jun. 1983; Brendell leg.; at light; NHMUK .</p><p>SRI LANKA – Central Province • 1 spec.; Nuwara Eliya; 1900–2440 m a.s.l.; 8–11 Feb. 1882; Lewis leg.; NHMUK . – Uva • 1 spec.; Inginiyagala; 12 Feb. 1970; Mussard, Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus trimaculatus was described from Sri Lanka and has also been found in Bhutan, France (La Réunion), India, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nepal, Russia, South Africa, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda (Yoshida et al. 2018: 13). It was reported from Brazil (Thomas &amp; Yamamoto 2007) likely due to misidentification.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pal (1985) was the first author to illustrate Psammoecus trimaculatus, including the male genitalia. His description of the species was based on five type specimens from the collections of the Moscow State University with following data: “ Psammoecus trimaculatus Motsch., Mt Nura Ellia, Ceylon [Motschulsky’s handwriting on rectangular yellow label]”. According to Pal (1996, pers. com.), these specimens were mounted together on a single mounting board, and only one specimen was intact. No lectotype was designated. Attempts of the present author to study the five specimens mentioned by Pal have been unsuccessful for more than 20 years (see also Karner 2012). The specimens could not be located in the Moscow State University collection (Aleksey A. Gusakov 2017, pers. com.), and their whereabouts remain unclear. However, it seems premature to consider the specimens as lost. In an attempt to locate other type material, a specimen determined by Motschulsky from the NHRS collection was examined. It is conspecific to Psammoecus incommodus, and not considered to be a type of P. trimaculatus (locality data given above).</p><p>Examination of three specimens from Coimbatore (India, Tamil Nadu) in MHNG labelled by Pal as Psammoecus trimaculatus revealed that two are P. nitidus (locality data are given below), while one specimen is indeed P. trimaculatus . Pal (1985: 46) mentioned only two specimens of Psammoecus from this location, both identified as P. trimaculatus .</p><p>Thomas &amp; Yamamoto (2007) reported Psammoecus trimaculatus from São Paulo, Brazil. Four of the nine specimens mentioned in this article were studied by the present author and found to be Psammoecus nitidus (then determined by the present author as P. personatus). While it can not be ruled out that one or more of the other five specimens is indeed P. trimaculatus, this seems unlikely.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFA3943B626188A4FB93FBFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFA0943B624A8E04FC16F905.text	F44F87FBFFA0943B624A8E04FC16F905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus t-notatus Blackburn 1903	<div><p>Psammoecus t-notatus Blackburn, 1903</p><p>Psammoecus t-notatus Blackburn, 1903: 154 .</p><p>Psammoecus amoenus Grouvelle, 1912b: 92 (synonymy by Karner 2020: 144).</p><p>Psammoecus t-notatus – Hetschko 1930: 84. — Karner 2020: 144.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>INDIA – Tamil Nadu • 3 specs; Nilgiri Hills; Andrewes leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>SRI LANKA • 1 spec.; Lewis leg.; NHMUK. – Central Province • 1 spec.; Nuwara Eliya District, Nuwara Eliya; 1900–2440 m a.s.l.; 8–11 Feb. 1882; Lewis leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus t-notatus has previously been recorded from Australia, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Vanuatu. It is now for the first time recorded from India and Sri Lanka.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Karner (2020) provides illustrations and a redescription of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFA0943B624A8E04FC16F905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFA09424625C8CBCFA9AFA0E.text	F44F87FBFFA09424625C8CBCFA9AFA0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus nitidus Grouvelle 1908	<div><p>Psammoecus nitidus Grouvelle, 1908</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Psammoecus nitidus Grouvelle, 1908: 479 .</p><p>Psammoecus bellus Grouvelle, 1908: 479 (synonymy by Pal 1985: 38).</p><p>Psammoecus impressicollis Grouvelle, 1908: 480 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Psammoecus personatus Grouvelle, 1919: 34 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Psammoecus nitidus – Hetschko 1930: 83. — Pal 1985: 38. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 184. Psammoecus bellus – Hetschko 1930: 81.</p><p>Psammoecus impressicollis – Hetschko 1930: 83. — Pal 1985: 40.</p><p>Psammoecus personatus – Hetschko 1930: 84. — Karner 2012: 3; 2014: 11.</p><p>Psammoecus impressiocollis [sic] – Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 185 [misspelling].</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 7A) elongate oval, testaceous, antennomere 6 slightly darkened, antennomere 7 brown, antennomeres 8–10 piceous, antennomere 11 testaceous, elytra with piceous maculae near middle and along apical part of suture; head (Fig. 7B) with distinct, curved frontal grooves that reach anterior 2/5 of eyes, punctation on vertex sparse, punctures in most specimens separated by about twice their diameter, very slightly elongate, somewhat smaller than eye facet diameter, pubescence on vertex moderate, setae directed antero-medially, microsculpture absent; eyes large, protruding, almost evenly rounded, curvature somewhat stronger near temples, temples almost straight, evenly curved, flat, temple angle 62°; antennae (Fig. 7C) moderately slender; pronotum (Fig. 7B) widest just anterior of middle, lateral pronotal margins with four distinct teeth, tooth III largest, teeth II and IV smaller, tooth I very small, anterior and posterior denticles distinct, pronotal punctation moderate, punctures round, as large as eye facets, separated by about their diameter, pubescence moderate, setae directed antero-medially, microsculpture on pronotal disk absent; elytra elongate oval (Fig. 7A), widest at middle, striae slightly wider than interstices, pubescence moderate, interstrial setae slightly longer than strial setae, microsculpture absent; male genitalia moderately sclerotized (Fig. 7D–F), median lobe lancet shaped, evenly narrowed towards apex, tip blunt, parameres elongate, basal part evenly narrowed, apical 2/3 straight, narrow, parallel-sided with short setae along inner margins and single long seta at apex.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype of Psammoecus nitidus (by present designation)</p><p>INDIA • ♂; “ Kanara // Type [red label] // nitidus / Inde. Grouv . [Grouvelle’s hand]”; MNHN .</p><p>Lectotype of Psammoecus bellus (by present designation)</p><p>INDIA • ♂; “ Shembaganur / Inde // Type [red label] // Psammoecus / bellus / ty. Grouv. [Grouvelle’s hand]”; MNHN .</p><p>Paralectotype of Psammoecus bellus</p><p>INDIA • 1 ♀; “Inde / Shembaganur // Type [red label]”; MNHN .</p><p>Holotype of Psammoecus impressicollis</p><p>INDIA • ♂; “ Nilgiri Hills // Type [red label] // Psammoecus / impressicollis / ty. Grouv. [Grouvelle’s hand]”; MNHN.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>INDIA – Karnataka • 1 spec.; Belgaum; Andrewes leg.; NHMUK • 1 spec.; Kanara; Andrewes leg.; NHMUK • 1 spec.; Mysuru District, Mysore; 29 Sep. 1991; Schuh leg.; MKF . – Kerala • 1 spec.; Idukki Distr., Cardamom Hills, S Kumily, Periyar, Aranya Nivas; 950 m a.s.l.; 4 Nov. 1972; Besuchet, Löbl and Mussard leg.; MHNG [published as Psammoecus trimaculatus by Pal (1985)] . – Tamil Nadu • 2 specs; Kongu Nadu, Coimbatore; 440 m a.s.l.; 22 Nov. 1972; Besuchet, Löbl and Mussard leg.; MHNG [published as Psammoecus trimaculatus by Pal (1985)] .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus nitidus was described from India. It was found in several African countries (Congo, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), and from Portugal (Madeira) by Karner (2012, 2014), then named P. personatus . The species was reported from Brazil (São Paulo) by Thomas &amp; Yamamoto (2007), see remarks for P. trimaculatus above.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Grouvelle (1908) mentions type specimens of Psammoecus nitidus in his collection and in coll. Andrewes. A single type specimen is stored in the MNHN collection, bearing Grouvelle’s type label. No other type specimen could be found in the NHMUK collection (Roger Booth 2014, pers. com.). The specimen from the MNHN collection was examined in August, 2014 and is designated as lectotype.</p><p>Pal (1985: 38) synonymised Psammoecus bellus Grouvelle, 1908: 485 with Psammoecus nitidus Grouvelle, 1908: 479, based on a type specimen of P. bellus that he examined.</p><p>In August 2014, two syntypes of Psammoecus bellus stored in the MNHN were studied, one of which is here designated as the lectotype. Both specimens are indeed conspecific with P. nitidus .</p><p>Of Psammoecus impressicollis, Grouvelle (1908: 480) does not mention the number of specimens he saw, only stating “Nilgiri Hills. Collection H. E. Andrewes”. Pal (1985: 41) studied a “type” (India: Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills) from the MNHN. This specimen was examined; it is considered to be the holotype. No other specimens were found in the NHMUK collection (Booth 2014, pers. com.); it can be concluded that Grouvelle kept the only type specimen for his own collection.</p><p>In his redescription of Psammoecus impressicollis, Pal (1985: 40) mentions a “distinct depression near the posterior margin” of the pronotum, as did Grouvelle (1908: 480): “Espèce remarquable par la forte impression transversale de la base du prothorax”.</p><p>A rather flat impression of the pronotal surface near the posterior margin is indeed visible, but this does not differ from the pronotal structure of P. nitidus . No other character states differentiating P. impressicollis from P. nitidus were found; therefore, P. impressicollis is considered to be a junior synonym of P. nitidus .</p><p>Psammoecus nitidus is also conspecific with P. personatus, a species that was redescribed by Karner (2012: 3), based on the holotype from Madeira. It has been reported as occurring in several African countries, as well as having been imported to Brazil (Thomas &amp; Yamamoto 2007; Karner 2012, 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFA09424625C8CBCFA9AFA0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFBF942762778FB9FC10FEAE.text	F44F87FBFFBF942762778FB9FC10FEAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus quadrimaculatus Reitter 1874	<div><p>Psammoecus quadrimaculatus Reitter, 1874</p><p>Psammoecus quadrimaculatus Reitter, 1874: 525 .</p><p>Psammoecus quadrimaculatus – Hetschko 1930: 84. — Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari 2014: 39.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SRI LANKA – Central Province • 1 spec.; Kandy District, Kandy; Nov. 1908; Bryant leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species was previously solely known from Japan. It is here recorded for the first time for Sri Lanka.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari (2014: 39 ff.) provide a redescription and illustrations of P. quadrimaculatus . They mention only the holotype, collected by Lewis in Nagasaki Prefecture.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFBF942762778FB9FC10FEAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFBC942762508BD9FEA8F853.text	F44F87FBFFBC942762508BD9FEA8F853.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus elegans Grouvelle 1908	<div><p>Psammoecus elegans Grouvelle, 1908</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Psammoecus elegans Grouvelle, 1908: 481 .</p><p>Psammoecus elegans – Hetschko 1930: 82.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 8A) elongate oval, dark brown, antennomere 11 white, antennomeres 7–10 piceous, antennomere 6 brown, elytra with bright testaceous maculae; head (Fig. 8B) with long, narrow frontal grooves that are slightly curved outwards and attain posterior 1/3 of eyes, punctation on vertex moderate, punctures round, about as large as eye facet diameter, microsculpture absent, pubescence on vertex moderate with few very long setae near frontal grooves; eyes large, very slightly unevenly rounded, temples distinct, well rounded, temple angle ca 60°; antennae (Fig. 8C) short, stout; pronotum (Fig. 8B) widest at anterior 1/5, pronotal punctation somewhat denser than on head, punctures distinct, deep, very slightly transverse, pubescence as on head, setae directed antero-medially on the disk and anteriorly along the middle, lateral pronotal margins with four stout, cone-shaped teeth, anterior denticles large, distinct, posterior denticles small; elytra (Fig. 8A) widest just in front of middle, with large testaceous maculae on anterior and posterior third, elytral pubescence moderate, strial setae somewhat shorter than interstrial setae, 10 th interstice with very long setae near humeral swelling, setae shorter towards elytral apex; male genitalia (Fig. 8D–F) moderately sclerotized, median lobe elongate with blunt tip, almost parallel-sided towards apex, parameres with widened basis, slightly curved inwards, slightly widened at apex, bearing one larger apical seta and few small setae along inner margins.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype (by present designation)</p><p>SRI LANKA • ♂; “Ceylan / Nawalapytia // Simon // Type [red label] // P. elegans / Grou [Grouvelle’s hand]”; MNHN.</p><p>Paralectotypes</p><p>SRI LANKA • 2 ♀♀; “Ceylan / Nawalapytia // Type [red label]”; MNHN .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>MALAYSIA – Sarawak • 1 spec.; Kuching, Mt Matang; Dec. 1913; Bryant leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species was described from Sri Lanka, it is now recorded for the first time from Malaysia (Borneo).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Psammoecus elegans very closely resembles P. quadrimaculatus . It can be distinguished from the latter by its narrower pronotum and elytra, wider elytral striae, and by the slightly widened apices of its parameres.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFBC942762508BD9FEA8F853	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFBA9423625F8B4AFBDDFE18.text	F44F87FBFFBA9423625F8B4AFBDDFE18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus lepidus Grouvelle 1908	<div><p>Psammoecus lepidus Grouvelle, 1908</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Psammoecus lepidus Grouvelle, 1908: 483 .</p><p>Psammoecus lepidus – Hetschko 1930: 83. — Pal 1985: 16. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 168.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 9A) elongate oval, testaceous with antennomere 8 slightly, antennomeres 9 and 10 distinctly darkened, antennomere 11 yellowish white; head (Fig. 9B) with distinct but narrow, slightly outwardly curved frontal grooves that attain anterior 1/3 of eyes, vertex with dense punctation, punctures as large as eye facet diameter, elongated antero-medially on basal part of vertex, round and sparser near clypeus, setae on vertex of varying length, longest setae 2/3 as long as eyes, microsculpture absent; eyes (Fig. 9B) slightly protruding, almost evenly rounded, with curvature very slightly stronger near temples, temples distinct, well rounded, temple angle 50°; antennae (Fig. 9D) slender; pronotum (Fig. 9C) widest at anterior third, pronotal disk with very dense punctation, punctures elongate, directed antero-medially, punctures slightly larger than those on vertex, setae of varying length, longest setae almost as long as eyes, microsculpture on pronotal disk absent, lateral margin with five small teeth, in few specimens six to seven teeth, tooth I largest, teeth II to IV very small, tooth V almost as large as tooth I, anterior denticles distinct, small, posterior denticle very small, inconspicuous; elytra (Fig. 9A) oval, with small castaneous or piceous maculae on posterior half of disk and sutural macula in posterior fourth, maculae sometimes missing, entire apical part of suture sometimes darkened, striae on disk about 1/3 wider than interstices, strial and interstrial setae of similar length, longer along lateral margin near humerus, microsculpture absent; male genitalia (Fig. 9E–H) moderately sclerotized, median lobe wide, narrowed and evenly curved towards its somewhat pointy, ventrally bent apex, dorsal face of median lobe mostly straight, curved ventrally towards apex, parameres slender, parallel-sided with only slightly widened basis, curved inwards, bearing few short setae along lateral margin and three large apical setae.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype (by present designation)</p><p>INDIA • ♀; “Inde / Shembagnaur [blue ink, Grouvelle’s hand] // 56 [blue ink] // Type [red label] // Psammoecus / lepidus / ty. Grouv [Grouvelle’s hand]”; MNHN.</p><p>Paralectotype</p><p>INDIA • 1 ♀; “ Shembagan / Inde [blue ink, Grouvelle’s hand] // Type [red label]”; MNHN .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>INDIA – Tamil Nadu • 13 specs; Dindigul District, Palani Hills Nat. Park, Kodaikanal; 2100 m a.s.l.; 11 Nov. 1972; Besuchet, Löbl and Mussard leg.; MHNG • 4 specs; Dindigul District, Palani Hills Nat. Park, 10 km NE of Kodaikanal; 2150 m a.s.l.; 15 Nov. 1972; Besuchet, Löbl and Mussard leg.; MHNG • 48 specs; Dindigul District, Kodaikanal, Palani Hills Nat. Park, Berijam Lake; 2165 m a.s.l.; 14 Nov. 1972; Besuchet, Löbl and Mussard leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; MKF .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus lepidus is solely recorded from India.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Grouvelle (1908: 483) does not mention the number of type specimens that his description was based upon. Pal (1985: 18) stated that a “type” was studied for his redescripton of the species. Two female specimens in the MNHN collection are labelled as “type”. Their locality labels read “Shembagnaur” and “Shembagan”, both are obviously misspellings. Grouvelle (1908: 484) calls the locality “Shembaganur”, only slightly different from the nowadays frequently used “Shenbaganur”. The specimen bearing Grouvelle’s handwritten label, saying “... ty. Grouv.” is hereby designated as lectotype.</p><p>The record from Bhutan provided by Pal (1985: 18) is due to misidentification; the specimen that Pal mentioned is clearly P. trilochana Pal, 1985 (locality data are given below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFBA9423625F8B4AFBDDFE18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFB8942D621F8BA8FAC2FAF4.text	F44F87FBFFB8942D621F8BA8FAC2FAF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus rahu Karner 2026	<div><p>Psammoecus rahu sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F8CCE04D-E7C4-4CC6-92FE-FEACF9C03F68</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is a noun in apposition, derived from Rāhu (Sanskrit: राहु), one of the nine major celestial bodies in Hindu texts.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>NEPAL • ♂; Bagmati, Kathmandu, Gokarna Forest; 1400 m a.s.l.; 1 Apr. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>NEPAL – Bagmati • 2 specs; Kathmandu District, above Sundarijal; 2000 m a.s.l.; 4 Apr. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Kathmandu Valley, Phulchowki; 2550 m a.s.l.; 17 Oct. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 2 specs; Kathmandu, Gokarna Forest; 1400 m a.s.l.; 30 Mar. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG • 2 specs; same locality as for preceding; 31 Mar. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG • 10 specs; same locality as for preceding; 1 Apr. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG • 4 specs; same locality as for preceding; MKF • 1 spec.; same locality as for preceding; 1300 m a.s.l.; 10 Sep. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; same locality as for preceding; 20 Oct. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 2 specs; Lalitpur, Godawari; 1700 m a.s.l.; 20 Oct. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; same locality as for preceding; 1600 m a.s.l.; 31 Mar. 1984; Löbl leg.; MHNG .</p><p>Description of holotype</p><p>BODY (Fig. 10A). Oval, 2.36 mm long; castaneous, legs, antennae and mouth parts light brown, elytra with transverse piceous maculae near middle and diffusely darkened apical area, antennomere 7 slightly darkened, antennomeres 8–10 distinctly darkened, antennomere 11 light brown.</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 10B). 1.54 × as wide as long. Frontal grooves distinct, deep, converging anteriorly, only slightly diverging posteriorly, attaining anterior 2/5 of eyes. Vertex with dense and coarse punctation; punctures distinctly elongate, stretched antero-medially, very few punctures irregularly stretched posteromedially, punctures 1/4 to 1/5 larger than eye facet diameter. Setae on vertex of variable length, few setae about 2/3 as long as eyes, directed antero-medially. Microsculpture on vertex absent. Eyes 0.19 mm long, slightly unevenly rounded with stronger curvature posteriorly, eye distance 0.42 mm. Temples slightly rounded, steep, temple angle 70°. Antennae (Fig. 10D) moderately stout, 1.49 mm long, antennomere proportions: 3.3:1.1:1.3: 1.7: 1.7: 1.6: 1.4: 1.2:1.2: 1.0: 2.0.</p><p>PRONOTUM (Fig. 10C). 1.23 × as wide as long, widest near anterior 2/5; at anterior denticles 1.34 × as wide as at posterior denticles. Lateral margin curved anteriorly, almost straight and converging along posterior 3/5, bearing five distinct, small teeth; teeth I and V about twice as large as teeth II–IV. Lateral margin forming a raised ridge between teeth I and V. Anterior pronotal denticles composed of one large lateral and one smaller denticle; posterior denticle very small and inconspicuous. Disk with dense and coarse punctation, punctures slightly larger than on vertex, distinctly elongate, stretched antero-medially. Punctures close to posterior half of margin fused to form an irregular impression. Setae on disk about as long as longest setae on vertex, of less variable length, directed antero-medially. Microsculpture on disk absent.</p><p>ELYTRA (Fig. 10A). Oval, 1.42 × as long as wide; widest at middle. Striae as wide as interstices. Strial setae semierect, of moderate length, interstrial setae distinctly longer, interstice between 9 th and 10 th stria near humerus with distinct denticles that bear very long setae and along entire lateral margin somewhat longer setae. Microsculpture on disk absent.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (Fig. 10E–H). Moderately sclerotized. Median lobe in dorsal view parallel-sided near basis, narrowed towards apex, tip slightly waisted, blunt. In lateral view, the apex of the median lobe forms a small knob. Internal sac with numerous strongly sclerotized denticles. Parameres about 3.5× as long as their basal width, slightly curved inwards, with one long apical and one subapical seta and few short, inconspicuous setae on inner face near apex. Phallobase almost parallel-sided near parameres, widened towards basis.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Paratypes range in length from 2.22 mm to 2.81 mm. General colour ranges from testaceous (in teneral specimens) to castaneous. In some specimens, the pronotum is darkened – almost piceous – along its lateral margins while uniformly coloured in other specimens. The colouration of the apical antennomeres varies considerably; the 11 th antennomere is sometimes whitish, sometimes testaceous; the 10 th antennomere is in few specimens much brighter than the 9 th, even whitish near its apex.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is solely recorded from Nepal (Bagmati Province).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Psammoecus rahu sp. nov. somewhat resembles both P. felix and P. trilochana . It differs from P. felix by the distinctly stronger punctation on head and pronotum, from P. trilochana by the smaller teeth along the pronotal margin, and from both species by its larger eyes and the shape of the male genitalia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFB8942D621F8BA8FAC2FAF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFB6942F62538F12FD7CFBC4.text	F44F87FBFFB6942F62538F12FD7CFBC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus felix (Waterhouse 1876) Karner 2026	<div><p>Psammoecus felix (Waterhouse, 1876)</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Telephanus felix Waterhouse, 1876b: 124 .</p><p>Psammoecus felix – Grouvelle 1908: 476. — Hetschko 1930: 83.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 11A) oval, head and pronotum castaneous, anterior part of head, anterior and posterior margins of pronotum lighter, antennomeres 7–9 and apical part of antennomere 6 darkened, antennomeres 10 and 11 whitish, elytra with piceous maculae near lateral margins at middle, along apical part of suture and covering apex; head (Fig. 11B) with distinct frontal grooves that are curved outwards and attain anterior 1/3 of eyes, vertex moderately punctate, punctures distinctly elongated antero-medially, as large as eye facet diameter, setae of varying length, directed antero-medially, microsculpture absent; eyes of moderate size, well rounded, temples flat, evenly curved, temple angle 50°; antennae (Fig. 11D) slender; pronotum (Fig. 11C) widest at anterior fourth, lateral margins almost straight from widest point towards basis, anterior margin somewhat curved, punctures on pronotal disk as those on vertex, microsculpture absent, lateral margin with four teeth, tooth I largest, teeth II and III very small and inconspicuous, tooth IV almost as large as tooth I, anterior group of denticles distinct, small, posterior denticle very inconspicuous, lateral pronotal margin forming a raised ridge beginning near tooth I and ending in front of tooth IV; elytra (Fig. 11A) widest at middle, striae slightly narrower than interstices, strial setae slightly shorter than interstrial setae, humeral area between striae 9 and 10 with slightly prominent tubercles, microsculpture absent; male genitalia (Fig. 11E–H) moderately sclerotized, median lobe elongate, slightly narrowed towards apex, strongly narrowed near apex, tip blunt in dorsal view, somewhat sharp in lateral view, parameres with widened basis, parallel-sided with several small setae along apical part of inner margins, one large and one very large seta near apex.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>SRI LANKA • ♂; “Type [round, printed label with red border] // Ceylon [light blue label] // Telephanus / felix / (Type) C.Waterh. ”; NHMUK.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>SRI LANKA • 1 ♂; G. Lewis leg.; NHMUK</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Psammoecus felix closely resembles P. piceus Grouvelle, 1882: 289 . It can be distinguished from P. piceus by its colouration with distinctly darkened elytral apex (not darkened in P. piceus) and by its straight parameres (curved in P. piceus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFB6942F62538F12FD7CFBC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFB49429622B8E02FEA2F9DC.text	F44F87FBFFB49429622B8E02FEA2F9DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus trilochana , Pal 1985	<div><p>Psammoecus trilochana Pal, 1985</p><p>Fig. 12</p><p>Psammoecus trilochana Pal, 1985: 29 .</p><p>Psammoecus trilochana – Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 178.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 12A) elongate oval, testaceous with transverse, piceous maculae behind middle of elytra, antennomere 8 very slightly darkened, antennomeres 9 and 10 distinctly darkened, antennomere 11 light yellowish brown; head (Fig. 12B) with distinct frontal grooves that are slightly curved outwards and attain anterior 1/4 of eyes, punctation on vertex moderate, punctures elongated antero-medially, slightly smaller than eye facet diameter, pubescence moderate, setae directed antero-medially, microsculpture on vertex absent; eyes protruding, slightly unevenly rounded with strongest curvature near temples, temples steep, slightly curved, temple angle 56°; antennae (Fig. 12D) slender; pronotum (Fig. 12B) widest at anterior third, lateral pronotal margins with five to six teeth, tooth I largest, wide-based, last tooth second largest with narrower basis, teeth between first and last tooth distinctly shorter, anterior denticles distinct, very large, posterior denticles very small, almost obsolete, punctation on pronotal disk slightly stronger than on vertex, punctures dense, sligthly larger than on vertex, elongate, directed antero-medially, pubescence as on vertex, directed antero-medially, microsculpture on pronotal disk absent; elytra (Fig. 12A) elongate oval, widest just behind middle, striae slightly wider than interstices, pubescence moderate, interstrial setae slightly longer than strial setae, microsculpture absent; male genitalia (Fig. 12E–H) moderately sclerotized, median lobe elongate, abruptly narrowed towards its blunt tip, slightly bent dorsally, parameres elongate, wide, slightly curved inwards, with numerous setae along inner margins and few setae along outer margins; two distinctly longer setae near apex.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>BHUTAN • 1 spec.; Chimakothi [most likely = Chimakha, Gewog Dopshari, Chiwog Rinchhending Sharri]; 1900–2300 m a.s.l.; 22 May 1972; NMB (published as Psammoecus lepidus Grouvelle, 1908 by Pal (1985)).</p><p>INDIA – Himachal Pradesh • 1 spec.; Shimla, Chaupal, Nallah; 2250 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 1977; Wittmer and Brancucci leg.; NMB (published as Psammoecus lepidus Grouvelle, 1908 by Pal (1985)). – Sikkim • 1 spec.; Chhuba Khola, near Sintam; 25 Apr. 1978; NMB. – Uttar Pradesh • 3 specs; Kumaon, Rangarh; 2000 m a.s.l.; 9 Dec. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG. – Uttarakhand • 1 spec.; 30 km N of Bageshwar, W of Loharket; 1800–1900 m a.s.l.; 24 Jun. 2006; Z. Kejval and M. Tryzna leg.; NHMUK • 3 specs; Chamoli, Joshimath; 2100 m a.s.l.; 27 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 5 specs; same data as for preceding, above Joshimath; 2100 m a.s.l.; 27 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Kumaon, Nainital; 2000– 2100 m a.s.l.; 8 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Tehri Garhwal, Chamba; 2200 m a.s.l.; 20 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Tehri Garhwal, Dhanaulti; 2200 m a.s.l.; 20 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 2 specs; same data as for preceding, 2 km E of Dhanolti; 2250 m a.s.l.; 21 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Almora, Ranikhet, 10 km E of Chaubatia; 2200 m a.s.l.; 20 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding, Chaubatia env.; 1800 m a.s.l.; 12–18 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; 1950 m a.s.l.; 14 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Uttarkashi, 4 km S of Bhatwari; 1400 m a.s.l.; 23 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; same locality as for preceding; 12 Oct. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG</p><p>NEPAL – Gandaki • 1 spec.; Manang District, W Tachi Bagarchhap; 2400 m a.s.l.; 23 Sep. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 1 spec.; Manang District, Latha Manang, W Bagarchhap; 2400 m a.s.l.; 23 Sep. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG . – Bagmati • 2 specs; Godawari; 1600 m a.s.l.; 31 Mar. 1984; Löbl leg.; MHNG • 2 specs; Gandaki, Manang District, Forest W Tachi Bagarchhap; 2200 m a.s.l.; 21 Sep. 1983; Smetana and Löbl leg.; MHNG .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species is recorded from Bhutan, India, and Nepal.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In his description of P. trilochana, Pal (1985) provides illustrations of habitus and male genitalia. It was not possible for the present author to examine type specimens. A photograph of the holotype provided by Mrs Sheela Ghosh (Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata) leaves no doubt about the identity of this species. The present diagnosis of P. trilochana is based on material from MHNG that was determined by T.K. Pal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFB49429622B8E02FEA2F9DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFB29428624F8C6BFCB6FCE6.text	F44F87FBFFB29428624F8C6BFCB6FCE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus harmandi Grouvelle 1912	<div><p>Psammoecus harmandi Grouvelle, 1912</p><p>Psammoecus harmandi Grouvelle, 1912a: 413 .</p><p>Psammoecus boreas Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari, 2014: 31 (synonymy by Yoshida et al. 2018: 10).</p><p>Psammoecus triguttatus – Nakane 1963: 165.</p><p>Psammoecus harmandi – Hetschko 1930: 83. — Pal 1985: 19. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 170. — Yoshida et al. 2018: 10.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>INDIA – Arunachal Pradesh • 1 spec.; East Kameng, Lumdung, 22 km E of Seppa; 29 Nov. 1990; Pal leg.; under bark; MSNG . – Meghalaya • 1 spec.; Cherrapunji; 900 m a.s.l.; 25°13′ N, 91°40′ E; 1–24 May 2005; Dembicky leg.; NHMUK. – West Bengal • 1 spec.; Kalimpong, Shakta Bahadur; 2 Apr. 1977; NMB .</p><p>NEPAL – Bagmati • 1 spec.; Kathmandu District, Sundarijal; 2000 m a.s.l.; 4 Sep. 1981; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG . – Koshi • 1 ♂; Arun Valley, Mure Num; 1550–2000 m a.s.l.; 4–7 Jun. 1983; Brancucci leg; NMB • 1 ♂; Sankhuwasabha Distr., Num; 1050 m a.s.l.; 20 Apr. 1984; Löbl and Smetana leg.; MHNG .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species was recorded from India, Japan, Nepal, Taiwan, and Thailand.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pal (1985: 19) mentions a single type specimen from MNHN, but no specimen could be found there. Therefore, the type should be considered lost. Based on Pal’s redescription of the species, there is no doubt about its identity, so there is no exceptional need to designate a neotype. Yoshida et al. (2018) provide a redescription of this widely distributed species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFB29428624F8C6BFCB6FCE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFB3942A622B8920FA90FB29.text	F44F87FBFFB3942A622B8920FA90FB29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus hirsutus Olliff 1883	<div><p>Psammoecus hirsutus Olliff, 1883</p><p>Fig. 13</p><p>Psammoecus hirsutus Olliff, 1883: 183 .</p><p>Psammoecus tereticollis Grouvelle, 1919: 24 . Syn. nov.</p><p>Psammoecus hirsutus – Hetschko 1930: 83.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 13A) elongate oval, testaceous, apex of antennomere 6 slightly darkened, antennomeres 7–10 piceous, antennomere 11 whitish-brown, elytra with piceous maculae near middle; head (Fig. 13B) with distinct frontal grooves that are curved outwards and attain anterior 1/3 of eyes, vertex with moderate puntation, punctures elongate, somewhat longer than eye facet diameter, setae on vertex of variable length, longest setae about one 1/3 as long as eyes, microsculpture absent; eyes large, unevenly rounded with strongest curvature near temples, temples short, evenly curved, temple angle 61°; antennae (Fig. 13D) stout; pronotum (Fig. 13C) subquadrate, widest slightly in front of middle, pronotal disk with moderate punctation, punctures widened, pubescence as on vertex, setae directed medially, microscuplture absent, lateral pronotal margin with six short teeth, tooth VI largest, teeth I and II somewhat smaller, teeth III–V very small, anterior denticles distinct, posterior denticle very small and inconspicuous; elytra (Fig. 13A) elongate oval, striae as wide as interstices, strial and interstrial setae short, slightly erect, 10 th interstice with long setae near humeral swelling, setae gradually shorter towards elytral apex, microsculpture absent; male genitalia (Fig. 13E–H) strongly sclerotized, median lobe lancet shaped with blunt tip in ventral view, tip sharp and curved ventrally in lateral view, parameres very large, wide, bearing five longer setae near apex and five to six shorter setae along dorso-lateral margin; internal sac with complex structures (Fig. 13E–F).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype of Psammoecus hirsutus (by present designation)</p><p>MALAYSIA • ♀; “ Sandakan / N. Borneo // Type [round label with red border] // Sandakan, / N. Borneo. / W. B. Pryer. / B.M. 1925-264 // Psammoecus / hirsutus / (Type.) Olliff”; NHMUK .</p><p>Paralectotype of Psammoecus hirsutus</p><p>MALAYSIA • 1 ♂; “ N.E. Borneo / 99.179. // Psammoecus / hirsutus var. / (co.type) Olliff. //? SYN- / TYPE [round label with blue border]”; NHMUK .</p><p>Holotype of Psammoecus tereticollis</p><p>MALAYSIA • ♀; “ Banguey / Waterstradt [red label] // type [red label] // Psammoecus / tereticollis / ty. Grouv. [Grouvelle’s hand]”; MNHN.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>SRI LANKA • 1 ♂; Nietner leg.; ZMHB .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The species was previously recorded from Malaysia (Sabah); the specimen from Sri Lanka represents the first record of this species from the Indian subcontinent.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Olliff (1883: 183) gives no hints regarding the number of specimens he studied and the type deposition. Two specimens from the NHMUK collection were examined: one female that is labelled “Type” and one conspecific male specimen that is labelled “? Syntype ”. The female was designated as lectotype of Psammoecus hirsutus .</p><p>Of Psammoecus tereticollis, Grouvelle (1919: 26) mentions a single type specimen collected by Waterstradt. It is stored in the MNHN collection and considered conspecific with P. hirsutus .</p><p>Psammoecus hirsutus very closely resembles P. pradieri Grouvelle, 1878 . It can be reliably distinguished from the latter by the proportions of the male genitalia. In P. hirsutus, the length ratios of parameres, tegmen, and median lobe of the male genitalia equal 1.0: 1.7: 2.5, while for P. pradieri, these ratios equal 1.0: 1.3: 2.0. Psammoecus hirsutus also resembles P. obesus Grouvelle, 1919; it can be distinguished from the latter by its much narrower parameres and by its distinctly ventrally bent tip of the median lobe.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFB3942A622B8920FA90FB29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFFB1941462168F5FFCFAFA14.text	F44F87FBFFB1941462168F5FFCFAFA14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus pandu Karner 2026	<div><p>Psammoecus pandu sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 80C11BD8-68C4-4E3E-B951-F2534CDE7839</p><p>Fig. 14</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is derived from Pandu (Sanskrit: पाण्डु), king of the Kuru Kingdom in the Hindu epic Mahabharata.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>INDIA • ♂; Uttarakhand, Haldwani, Kaldbunga; 28 Mar. 1923; Champion leg.; on or at banana plants; NHMUK.</p><p>Paratype</p><p>INDIA • 1 ♂; same data as for holotype; NHMUK .</p><p>Description of holotype</p><p>BODY (Fig. 14A). Elongate oval, 2.83 mm long; testaceous, elytra with dark brown maculae just behind middle and a very slightly darkened patch at posterior 1/3 of suture, antennomere 8 very inconspicuously darkened, antennomeres 9 and 10 castaneous.</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 14B). 1.70× as wide as long. Frontal grooves moderately deep, short, almost parallel, slightly curved outward, attaining 2/5 of eyes. Vertex with sparse punctation, punctures round, distinctly smaller than eye facet diameter. Pubescence on vertex inconspicuous, setae a little less than half as long as eyes, directed antero-medially. Microsculpture on vertex absent. Eyes 0.20 mm long, evenly rounded, eye distance 0.44 mm. Temples evenly rounded, temple angle 65°. Antennae (Fig. 14D) moderately slender, 1.53 mm long, antennomere proportions 2.6: 1.0: 1.2: 1.2:1.1: 1.3: 1.2: 1.0: 1.0: 1.0:1.9.</p><p>PRONOTUM (Fig. 14C). 1.21 × as wide as long, widest slightly in front of middle; at anterior denticles 1.51× as wide as at posterior denticles. Lateral margin somewhat unevenly curved, with stronger curvature along anterior half, with four distinct teeth of moderate length, tooth I small, teeth II and III larger, basis of tooth III on both sides with an additional, inconspicuous tooth. Anterior and posterior denticles distinct, small. Punctation on disk moderate, a little stronger and denser than on vertex, punctures slightly smaller than eye facet diameter, somewhat elongated antero-medially. Pubescence on disk as on vertex, setae directed antero-medially; surface areas between punctures slightly bulged. Microsculpture on disk absent.</p><p>ELYTRA (Fig. 14A). Elongate oval, 1.53 × as long as wide; widest at middle. Striae distinctly wider than interstices, strial setae short, semierect, interstrial setae slightly longer; 10 th interstice near humerus with distinct denticles and along most of its length with longer, erect setae. Microsculpture on disk absent.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA (Fig. 14E–I). Strongly sclerotized. Median lobe in dorsal view lancet-shaped with blunt tip, apex in lateral view strongly bent ventrally, tip sharp. Parameres short, wide, somewhat troughshaped with numerous thick setae of variable length along inner margin.</p><p>Variation</p><p>The paratype is 2.88 mm long. It lacks elytral maculae, otherwise the colouration is similar to that of the holotype.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>The type specimens were found in India.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Habitus and colouration of Psammoecus pandu sp. nov. resemble species such as P. incommodus, P. trimaculatus or P. nitidus . It differs from all other species by its very distinct and unusually shaped male genitalia, especially regarding the parameres.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFFB1941462168F5FFCFAFA14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF8F941662298FB3FBF9FACC.text	F44F87FBFF8F941662298FB3FBF9FACC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus bambusae Pal 1985	<div><p>Psammoecus bambusae Pal, 1985</p><p>Fig. 15</p><p>Psammoecus bambusae Pal, 1985: 33 .</p><p>Psammoecus bambusae – Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 181.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 15A) elongate oval, distinctly flattened, castaneous, antennomeres 1–6 testaceous, antennomeres 7 and 8 increasingly darkened, 8 and 9 dark brown, antennomere 11 dark brown with lighter apex head lighter, elytra with testaceous maculae; head (Fig. 15B) with distinct, short, posteriorly slightly diverging frontal grooves attaining anterior 1/5 of eyes, punctation on vertex moderate, punctures about as large as eye facet diameter, slightly widened, microsculpture on vertex absent, pubescence on vertex moderate, setae about 1/3 as long as eyes, directed anteriorly along middle and near eyes, antero-medially on a narrow zone between middle and frontal grooves; eyes strongly protruding, unevenly rounded with stronger curvature towards temples, temples slightly rounded, flat, temple angle 65°; antennae (Fig. 15D) short, stout; pronotum (Fig. 15C) widest at anterior 1/3, strongly narrowed towards basis, punctation on disk denser than on vertex, punctures moderately widened, pubescence as on vertex, setae directed antero-medially along middle, medially on inner part of disk, and anteriorly along lateral margins, microsculpture on pronotal disk absent, lateral margins with five teeth, tooth III largest, teeth II and IV somewhat smaller, teeth I and V smallest, anterior denticles distinct, small, posterior denticle small; elytra (Fig. 15A) elongate oval, piceous with testaceous maculae, widest just in front of middle, striae as wide as interstices, strial and interstrial setae of similar length, comparatively short, 8 th interstice forming a ridge near humerus, 10 th interstice with long setae along entire length and distinct tubercles along basal third; male genitalia (Fig. 15E–H) moderately sclerotized, median lobe wide, evenly narrowed towards blunt tip, slightly curved ventrally, parameres wide, basal half almost parallel sided, modererately narrowed toward apex, apical area with three large setae, inner margin with several small setae, one larger seta close to apex.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>CHINA – Yunnan • 3 specs; Nabanhe Nature Reserve, Xiaonuoyoushangzhai; 6 Jan. 2004; Li and Tang leg.; SHTU • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; MKF .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus bambusae was described from India, it is now for the first time recorded from China.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pal (1985: 35) described this very distinct species based on the male holotype and 10 paratypes, all stored in the National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India. A photograph of the holotype was provided to the present author. The images given here depict a specimen from China / Yunnan (coll. SHTU), representing the first Chinese record of Psammoecus bambusae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF8F941662298FB3FBF9FACC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF8D9410622A8F7BFDD7FAD6.text	F44F87FBFF8D9410622A8F7BFDD7FAD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus complexus Pal 1985	<div><p>Psammoecus complexus Pal, 1985</p><p>Fig. 16</p><p>Psammoecus complexus Pal, 1985: 23 .</p><p>Psammoecus complexus – Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 173.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 16A) oval, testaceous, vertex slightly darkened, antennomeres 8 and 9 somewhat darkened, antennomeres 10 and 11 whitish yellow, antennomere 10 more or less darkened or of same colour as antennomere 9, pronotal disk darkened, elytra with piceous maculae; head (Fig. 16B) with long, deep, slightly curved frontal grooves that almost attain posterior 1/5 of eyes, punctation on vertex moderate, punctures slightly elongate, microsculpture absent, pubescence moderate with 3–5 very long setae near frontal grooves; eyes large, somewhat unevenly rounded, temples steep, temple angle 90°; antennae (Fig. 16D) slender; pronotum (Fig.16C) widest at anterior 1/3, punctation sparser and somewhat larger than on head, punctures very slightly elongate, pubescence as on head, few very long setae located on both sides along lateral margins and near middle, lateral margins with three very large and sharp teeth, setae inserted not at tips of teeth, but at antero-dorsal face near tip, tooth I with additional seta on antero-dorsal face near middle, anterior and posterior denticles distinct; elytra (Fig. 16A) widest at middle, with piceous maculae forming an irregular, wide band near middle and darkened or piceous apex, strial setae short, interstrial setae somewhat longer but much longer towards lateral margins, anterior half of elytral margin somewhat serrate, 10 th interstice near humeral swelling with setae-bearing tubercles; male genitalia (Fig. 16E–G) moderately sclerotized, median lobe short, blunt, parameres short, bearing one very long seta, three shorter and numerous very short setae.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>INDIA – Assam • 4 specs; Cachar Hills District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.05972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.1025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.05972/lat 25.1025)">Mt Borail</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.05972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.1025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.05972/lat 25.1025)">Phamai Hunting Camp</a>; 1350 m a.s.l.; 25°06′09″ N, 93°03′35″ E; 18 Oct. 2005; Cuccodoro and Marletta leg.; sifted from dry leaf litter with fungi and moss in mixed broadleaved forest; MHNG . – West Bengal • 1 spec.; Darjeeling, Tonglu; 3100 m a.s.l.; 16 Oct. 1978; Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 15 specs; Darjeeling, between Ghum and Lopchu; 2000 m a.s.l.; 14 Oct. 1978; Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 19 specs; same locality as for preceding; 12 Oct. 1978; Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG • 7 specs; Darjeeling, Tiger Hill; 2200–2300 m a.s.l.; 13 Oct. 1978; Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus complexus is solely recorded from India.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pal (1985) described P. complexus based on a single specimen from West Bengal and provided an illustration of the habitus, but no illustration of the male genitalia. According to the original description, the holotype is kept in the Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum, Budapest. Ottó Merkl (2013, pers. com.) could not find the holotype in this collection nor any evidence that the specimen ever arrived there. The holotype is therefore considered lost.</p><p>Psammoecus complexus is a very distinct species whose characteristics leave no doubt about its identity. The present author is of the opinion that there is currently no exceptional need for a name-bearing type. Hence, no neotype is designated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF8D9410622A8F7BFDD7FAD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF8B941362488F71FDA0FE3F.text	F44F87FBFF8B941362488F71FDA0FE3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus delicatus Grouvelle 1908	<div><p>Psammoecus delicatus Grouvelle, 1908</p><p>Psammoecus delicatus Grouvelle, 1908: 477 .</p><p>Psammoecus x-notatus Grouvelle, 1912b: 84 (synonymy by Yoshida et al. 2018: 6).</p><p>Psammoecus nitidior Grouvelle, 1919: 18 (synonymy by Yoshida et al. 2018: 6).</p><p>Psammoecus raffrayi Grouvelle, 1919: 28 (synonymy by Yoshida et al. 2018: 6).</p><p>Psammoecus delicatus – Hetschko 1930: 82. — Pal 1985: 21. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 172. — Yoshida et al. 2018: 6.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>INDIA – Assam • 1 spec.; Manas; 200 m a.s.l.; 22 Oct. 1978; Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG . – Kerala • 1 spec.; Cardamom Hills, Valara Fall; 450–500 m a.s.l.; 25 Jun. 1972; Besuchet, Löbl and Mussard leg.; MHNG [record previously published by Pal 1985] . – Meghalaya • 1 spec.; Khasi Hills, Nongpoh; 700 m a.s.l.; 5 Nov. 1978; Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG . – Uttarakhand • 1 spec.; Almora, Chaubatia; 1800 m a.s.l.; 12–13 Jul. 1979; Löbl leg.; MHNG . – West Bengal • 1 spec.; Darjeeling, Teesta; 250 m a.s.l.; 10 Oct. 1978; Besuchet and Löbl; MHNG .</p><p>SRI LANKA • 1 ♂; Nietner leg.; ZMHB • 1 ♀; Jan. 1965; Mussard leg.; MHNG [record previously published by Pal 1985] .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus delicatus has been recorded from India, Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Psammoecus delicatus was first redescribed by Pal (1985: 21) and recently again by Yoshida et al. (2018: 6), where a diagnosis is provided.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF8B941362488F71FDA0FE3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF8894136250884AFB96FA0A.text	F44F87FBFF8894136250884AFB96FA0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus simonis Grouvelle 1892	<div><p>Psammoecus simonis Grouvelle, 1892</p><p>Psammoecus simonis Grouvelle, 1892: 287 .</p><p>Psammoecus stultus Grouvelle, 1912b: 81 (synonymy by Yoshida et al. 2018: 13).</p><p>Psammoecus simonis – Yoshida et al. 2018: 13.</p><p>Psammoecus simoni – Grouvelle 1908: 476, 488. — Hetschko 1930: 81. — Pal 1985: 31. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 179. — Hirano 2009: 63, 65, 82; 2010: 11, 14. — Karner 2012: 25; 2014: 15. — Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari 2014: 34 [misspellings].</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SRI LANKA • 1 spec.; Nietner leg.; ZMHB. – Central Province • 1 spec.; Nuwara Eliya; 1900– 2440 m a.s.l.; 8–11 Nov. 1882; Lewis leg.; NHMUK • 1 spec.; Mahaweli Ganga, 7 miles from Kandy; 450 m a.s.l.; 30 Jan. 1970; Mussard, Besuchet and Löbl leg.; MHNG [specimen mentioned by Pal (1985: 33)]. – Southern Province • 1 spec.; Galle District, Bentota; 23 Mar. 1973; at light; Zimmermann leg.; ZMHB • 5 specs; Galle District, Habaraduwa; 20 Aug.–4 Sep. 1982; Bremer leg.; HNHM • 2 specs; same data as for preceding; MKF • 1 spec.; Galle District, Dodanduwa, 15 km NW of Galle; 3–20 Mar. 1986; Munk leg.; HNHM .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species has been recorded from France (Réunion), India, Indonesia, Japan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Philippines, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan. It was introduced to the USA (Minnesota) as reported by Ouellette (2018)</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Redescriptions of this widely distributed species have been provided by Pal (1985: 31), Karner (2012: 24), and Yoshida &amp; Hirowatari (2014: 34). Due to its general appearance and typical colour pattern, Psammoecus simonis is one of the most easily identified species within the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF8894136250884AFB96FA0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF88941262778FBDFC46FBCD.text	F44F87FBFF88941262778FBDFC46FBCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus wittmeri Pal & Sengupta 1979	<div><p>Psammoecus wittmeri Pal &amp; Sengupta, 1979</p><p>Fig. 17</p><p>Psammoecus wittmeri Pal &amp; Sengupta, 1979: 76 .</p><p>Psammoecus wittmeri – Pal 1985: 25. — Sengupta &amp; Pal 1996: 175.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The following combination of character states distinguishes this species:</p><p>Body (Fig. 17A) elongate oval, testaceous with piceous maculae on elytra; head (Fig. 17B) with distinct, narrow, outwardly curved frontal grooves that attain anterior 1/3 of eyes, vertex with dense punctation that is somewhat sparser towards clypeus, punctures elongate, directed antero-medially, about 1.5× as large as eye facet diameter, microsculpture absent; eyes of moderate size, only slightly protruding, evenly rounded; temples small, slightly rounded, temple angle 57°; antennae (Fig. 17D) slender, testaceous, scape slightly darkened, antennomeres 9 and 10 dark brown, antennomere 11 yellowish white; pronotum (Fig. 17C) widest at anterior third, pronotal disk with dense punctation, puncture shape somewhat irregular, slightly elongated on posterior part of disk, irregularly widened toward anterior margin, microsculpture absent, lateral pronotal margin with five distinct teeth, tooth I largest, triangular with wide basis, teeth II–IV much smaller, tooth V somewhat smaller and narrower than tooth I, anterior denticles distinct, larger than teeth II–IV, posterior denticle very small and inconspicuous; elytra (Fig. 17A) widest at middle, with piceous maculae on apical part, elytral striae somewhat wider than interstices, strial and interstrial setae of similar length, microsculpture absent.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>INDIA • ♀; “Lebong 11.5. / 1800 / 1900 m 75 // Distr. Darjeeling / India, W. Wittmer // Psammoecus / wittmeri / Pal &amp; Sengupta // HOLOTYPE [red print on white label]”; NMB.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Psammoecus wittmeri is only recorded from in India.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species is only known from the female holotype that is in rather poor condition, so diagnostic information for several characters had to be omitted. However, Psammoecus wittmeri is well defined by the distinct shape of the teeth along the lateral pronotal margins.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF88941262778FBDFC46FBCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF86941D60DB881EFD62FBF9.text	F44F87FBFF86941D60DB881EFD62FBF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus bhutanicus Pal 1985	<div><p>Psammoecus bhutanicus Pal, 1985: 27</p><p>According to the description of this species (Pal 1985: 27), based on a single specimen of unknown sex, it resembles P. trilochana . Several differentiating character states are mentioned in the description: larger eyes, less transverse prothorax with posterior part of lateral margins slightly sinuate, different colouration of antennae, and different colour pattern of elytra.</p><p>The holotype of Psammoecus bhutanicus is stored in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. A photograph of the holotype was kindly provided. The specimen does not resemble Psammoecus trilochana, but, as far as can be concluded from the picture, it resembles Psammoecus trimaculatus, P. nitidus, or P. triguttatus Reitter, 1874: 524 . As identification of these species is impossible without examination of the male genitalia, and as neither the original description nor the photograph of the holotype reveal distinguishing character states, no diagnosis of P. bhutanicus can be provided with the present paper.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF86941D60DB881EFD62FBF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF86941D60DB8B7EFB70FDE8.text	F44F87FBFF86941D60DB8B7EFB70FDE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus decoratus Grouvelle 1919	<div><p>Psammoecus decoratus Grouvelle, 1919: 29</p><p>The inclusion of this species in the Indian fauna by Pal (1985) is due to an error. As Arrow (1927: 46) pointed out, Grouvelle (1919: 31) misinterpreted the label data of the type specimens of P. decoratus (two specimens mounted on a single label, kept in the NHMUK collection): the label reads “Samboangan”, referring to Zamboanga, Mindanau, Philippines, and not “Shembagnaur”. Pal (1985) and Sengupta &amp; Pal (1996) did not recognise this and treated P. decoratus as part of the Indian fauna. The present author is not aware of any records of Psammoecus decoratus from the Indian subcontinent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF86941D60DB8B7EFB70FDE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
F44F87FBFF86941D60DB8E08FC83FABC.text	F44F87FBFF86941D60DB8E08FC83FABC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psammoecus gentilis Grouvelle 1908	<div><p>Psammoecus gentilis Grouvelle, 1908: 480</p><p>In his description of this species, Grouvelle mentions one or more type specimens as follows: “ Ceylan: Nawalapyta (E. Simon). Collection A. Grouvelle.”.</p><p>The description contains no information on the variability, so it is probably based on a single specimen. No type specimen could be found in the MNHN collection (Taghavian 2014, pers. com.) or in any other collection. The original description does not provide information of sufficient diagnostic value; therefore, Psammoecus gentilis is considered to be a nomen dubium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F44F87FBFF86941D60DB8E08FC83FABC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Karner, Michael	Karner, Michael (2026): Taxonomic studies on Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) from the Indian subcontinent and new records from adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 1052: 125-168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1052.3272, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3272/14449
