identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F56C0965040D8F3AFF71F96DFDCB601A.text	F56C0965040D8F3AFF71F96DFDCB601A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Papilio desmondi subsp. teita	<div><p>3. Results</p><p>3.1. Egg Incubation Period and Mortality. The females of P. desmondi teita laid eggs singly on the branch, lower and upper sides of the leaves, and bucket. They laid significantly more eggs on the lower leaf surface (F 3,76 = 50.19; P &lt;0.001) compared to other oviposition substrates when exposed to T. asiatica while on C. anisata, most eggs were laid on the bucket surface followed by the lower leaf surface and the least was laid on the stem surface as shown in Table 1. In the first season, the host plants significantly influenced (t = 16.15; df = 188; P &lt;0.001) the incubation period with the eggs laid on C. anisata hatching in 8.35 days compared to 7.27 days for those laid on T. asiatica . However, during the second season, the host plants did not significantly influence the incubation period at t = −0.53; df = 182; P = 0.595 for eggs laid on C. anisata and T. asiatica host plants. The percentage mortality for the eggs laid on both host plants did not differ significantly at t = −0.14; df = 4; P = 0.895 and t = 0.00; df = 4; P = 0.998 in both rearing seasons as outlined in Table 2.</p><p>3.2. Larval Development and Mortality Rate. Swallowtail butterfly, P. desmondi teita, larvae recorded five instars in both seasons. Immediately upon hatching, the first instar larvae were feeding on their empty eggshells before moving toward the host plant that was provided. The larvae fed on T. asiatica successfully completed the five instar stages of development. Those reared on C. anisata died between 2 and 3 days in both seasons. The larval development period on T. asiatica varied from the 1 st to 5 th instar larvae in both seasons. The longest period was recorded in fifth instar stage for both seasons, and the shortest period was recorded in 1 st and 2 nd instar in 1 st and 2 nd seasons, respectively (Table 3). The total larval period for the larvae reared on T. asiatica was 44.55 ± 0.27 days in the first season and 66.05 ± 0.66 days in the second season.</p><p>The larval instar mortality rate observed on T. asiatica during the first season varied from 8.51% for first instar to no mortality for the 5 th, with 24.34% mortality for all larvae reared on T. asiatica . Similarly, the mortality rate observed on T. asiatica in the second season varied across the instar stages with the highest rate recorded in the first instar and lowest rate in the fifth instar. The overall mortality rate for the larvae reared on T. asiatica during the second season was 32.61%. However, the larvae that were reared on C. anisata recorded 100% mortality in the first instar, hence leading to the end of the experiment in both seasons. Therefore, the overall larval mortality recorded in both seasons for the larvae reared on C. anisata was 100% (Table 3).</p><p>The host plants significantly influenced the weight of the first instar larvae at t � 3.637; df � 188; P � 0.0004 during the first season. The first instar larvae reared on C. asiatica were heavier (1.42 ± 0.03 mg) than those reared on T. asiatica (1.29 ± 0.02 mg). However, the first instar larvae reared on C. anisata died between 24 and 36 hours while those reared on T. asiatica completed all the instar stages recording mean weights of 5.42 ± 0.23 mg, 28.05 ± 1.40 mg, 85.12 ± 3.20 mg, and 493.64 ± 18.04 mg in second, third, fourth, and fifth instars, respectively. Similarly, during the second season, the host plants significantly influenced the weight of first instar larvae at t � −3.92; df � 182; P � 0.0001. The first instar larvae reared on T. asiatica were heavier (1.35 ± 0.03 mg) than those reared on C. anisata (1.21 ± 0.02 mg). All the first instar larvae reared on C. anisata died within 36 hours. On the contrary, the larvae reared on T. asiatica successfully completed all the larval stages recording mean weights of 6.62 ± 0.14 mg, 28.91 ± 0.36 mg, 113 ± 1.90 mg, and 420.56 ± 7.99 mg in the 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th instars, respectively.</p><p>Means (±SE) in the same column followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05 (t -test).</p><p>N � number of larvae cohort studied; — indicates no record of numbers/no observation.</p><p>3.3. Pupae Development, Mortality, and Total Development Period (Egg-Adult). The pupae of P. desmondi teita reared on T. asiatica took 27.31 ± 0.13 days in the first season and 31.73 ± 0.49 days in the second season for adults to emerge. The mortality rate of pupae reared on T. asiatica was 7.88 ± 2.48% during 1 st season and 4.11 ± 2.41% in the 2 nd season. The mean pupal weight of the pupae reared on T. asiatica during the first season was 1165.55 ± 17.17 mg while the second season recorded a mean weight of 1102.41 ± 22.58 mg.</p><p>3.4. Adult Longevity, Oviposition Preference, and Sex Ratio in P.desmonditeita . The females’ longevity was 9.08 ± 0.10 days, which was significantly longer (t � 14.19; df � 69; P &lt;0.001) than that for males at 7.23 ± 0.08 days in the first season. A similar trend was recorded for the second season during which females recorded 6.89 ± 0.08 days and males 5.12 ± 0.11 days at t � 12.69, df � 68, P &lt;0.001. Overall, the development time from egg to adult ranged between 81.13 days in the first season and 112.15 days in the second season both reared on T. asiatica (Table 4). The female to male sex ratio was 1: 0.97 and 1: 0.95 during the first and second season, respectively.</p><p>During the first season, females of P. desmondi teita reared on T. asiatica had a mean weight of 481.47 ± 11.85 mg which was significantly higher than 300.80 ± 8.51 mg recorded for males (Table 4), and the same trend was recorded for the second season. The number of eggs laid by the females of P. desmondi teita on T. asiatica and C. anisata did not differ significantly within the first two days. (t = 0.65; df = 4; P = 0.550) during the first season.. However, during second season, the host plant species significantly influenced the number of eggs laid by the butterflies at t = −2.94; df = 4; P = 0.042. The mean number of eggs laid was 42.00 on T. asiatica and 35.00 on C. anisata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F56C0965040D8F3AFF71F96DFDCB601A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Genga, Oliver C.;Samita, Namikoye E.;Kahuthia-Gathu, Ruth;Kioko, Esther N.	Genga, Oliver C., Samita, Namikoye E., Kahuthia-Gathu, Ruth, Kioko, Esther N. (2023): BiologyoftheEndemicEndangeredSwallowtailButterfly, Papilio desmondi teita (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), on Wild Citrus Species in Taita Hills, Kenya. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology (5538627) 2023: 1-12, DOI: 10.1155/2023/5538627, URL: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5538627
