identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9A4ABE0E90C658F5926B9A2AFF1C27EF.text	9A4ABE0E90C658F5926B9A2AFF1C27EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia balansae var. appressipubescens (Law) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia balansae var. appressipubescens (Law) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Michelia balansae var. appressipubescens Law, Bulletin of Botanical Research (Harbin) 5 (3): 124 (Law 1985). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia balansae (A. DC.) Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1079 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 47 (Wu and Chen 2006) and Flora of China Vol. 7: 89 (Xia et al. 2008), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia balansae var. appressipubescens Law .</p><p>Magnolia balansae Aug. DC., online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia balansae var. appressipubescens Law .</p><p>Michelia balansae var. appressipubescens Law, in Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 49 (Sima and Lu 2009), p. p. excl. syns. Michelia masticate Dandy and Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar.</p><p>Present Chinese names.</p><p>细毛含笑 meaning “ fine-haired michelia ”, referring to various parts that are covered with appressed fine hairs, or the little-known Chinese name as was originally published: 细毛苦梓含笑 meaning “ fine-haired bitter michelia ”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>细毛木兰 meaning “fine-haired magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Hainan Province • Ding’an County, Mochong Shan, Jungkap, Jingan, in woods, 8 m tree, 30 Apr. 1932, S. P. Ko (Gao Xi-peng) 52279. holotype: IBSC 0003280 n. v. isotypes: A 00039041! NY 00320710! IBK n. v.</p><p>holotype (IBSC) and isotype (IBK): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Paratypes. China. Hainan Province • Bao-ting County, alt. ca. 120 m, 18 Aug. 1935, fr, F. C. How (How Foon-chew) 73480. IBK 00000433! • Jingzhong, 14 Dec. 1956, Deng Liang 3703. KUN 41799 n. v. – Guangdong Province • Mulan Park, June 1974, Law Yu-wu 6016, 6037 IBSC 0053010 n. v. IBSC 0053011 n. v. – Guizhou Province • Xing-yi, 29 July 1923, P. C. Chung (Tsoong Pu-chin) 1572. KUN 42663 n. v. – Yunnan Province • Dawei Shan, Jinzhuping, alt. 3600 m, Apr. 1940, H. Wang (Wang Xiao), S. P. Ko (Gao Xi-peng) &amp; S. K. Lau (Liu Xin-qi) 100349. IBSC 0053086 n. v. • Pingbian Miao Autonomous County, alt. 1000 m, 16 Mar. 1954, Mao Pin-yi 3426. KUN 41783 n. v. WUK 0208207 n. v.</p><p>holotype (IBSC), paratypes (IBSC, KUN, WUK): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019. IBK re-accessed with new URL 20 Oct. 2022:</p><p>isotype (A ex NY): http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/image.php?id=304816</p><p>isotype (NY): http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/specimen_details.php?irn=413547</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c0077bf5</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia balansae var. appressipubescens Law whose buds, young twigs, petioles, undersides of the slightly larger leaves and peduncles are covered with appressed fine hairs as opposed to those of Michelia balansae (A. DC.) Dandy being described as densely brown tomentose (Liu et al. 2004: 220), is treated as a synonym of the latter in Chen and Nooteboom (1993), because “ a continuous variation of the indumentum can be seen within the species ”. While this synonym is also listed in Xia et al. (2008), the variety, which also matures its fruit a month earlier than the species, was retained in Law (1996: 168), Liu et al. (2004: 222), Sima and Lu (2009), Sima (2011: 242) and Yang et al. (2016: 233), and is consequently reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Research for a future paper has found Michelia balansae var. appressipubescens recorded in the literature as occurring in China at two nature reserves and cultivated at two botanical gardens and one forestry research institute.</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Magnolia balansae, with Michelia balansae subsp. appressipubescens [sic] included as a synonym, was assessed on 31 August 2012 for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2026) as “ Data Deficient with a decreasing current population trend ”. An assessment of Magnolia balansae var. appressipubescens independent of Magnolia balansae needs to be undertaken to determine its IUCN Red List classification.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A4ABE0E90C658F5926B9A2AFF1C27EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
5F50D8C727085FA98D3011986EFC40FC.text	5F50D8C727085FA98D3011986EFC40FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia brevipes (Y. K. Li & X. M. Wang) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia brevipes (Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Michelia brevipes Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 25 (5): 408, fig. 1 (Li and Wang 1987). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia figo (Lour.) Spreng., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1084 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia brevipes Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang .</p><p>Michelia figo (Lour.) Spreng. var. figo, in World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 56 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia brevipes Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang .</p><p>Michelia crassipes Law, in Flora of China Vol. 7: 87 (Xia et al. 2008), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia brevipes Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang .</p><p>Michelia yunnanensis Franch. ex Finet &amp; Gagnep., in A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnolia ceae from China: 236 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 169 (Deng et al. 2015), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia brevipes Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>短梗含笑 meaning “short-stalked michelia” (viz. the fruit peduncle).</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>短梗水果木兰 meaning “short-stalked fruit magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Guizhou Province • Anlong County, Longtou Dashan, alt. 1710 m, ca. 24 July 1981, Dang Cheng-zhong 913. holotype: HGAS n. v. isotype: IBSC 0054642 n. v.</p><p>Paratypes. ibid. • alt. 1710 m, shrub 3.5 m, 24 July 1981, fr, Dang Cheng-zhong 919. HGAS 010745 ! • alt. 1714 m, ca. 23 July 1981, fr, Dang Cheng-zhong 886. HGAS 010593 !</p><p>holotype (HGAS): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 6 Nov. 2022 (see note 1 below).</p><p>isotype (IBSC): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; found again with new URLs under Michelia crassipes .</p><p>paratype (HGAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e4687e5d [accessed 6 Nov. 2022].</p><p>paratype (HGAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e4683cd0 [accessed 28 Dec. 2022].</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>The holotype specimen for Michelia brevipes at HGAS could not be found (Chen Xiang, pers. comm., July 2019).</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>From their accompanying diagnosis, it is evident that Li and Wang considered their newly described species Michelia brevipes as distinct from M. figo under which it was later treated as a synonym in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) “ on the basis of its description and published figure ”. It is also recorded as a synonym of M. crassipes and of M. yunnanensis by the authors previously noted. However, the present authors consider that Michelia brevipes from Guizhou can be easily distinguished from the more widespread occurring M. crassipes and the cultivated M. figo by the differentiating features compiled in Tables 1, 2, and from M. yunnanensis by the differentiating features compiled in Table 3.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia brevipes are cited from Li and Wang (1987: 408); those of Michelia crassipes are from Law (1985: 121), supplemented by Law (1996: 163) 1 and Liu et al. (2004: 240) 2.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia brevipes are cited from Li and Wang (1987: 408); with those of Michelia figo from Liu et al. (2004: 250), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1084) 1, Law (1996: 165) 2, Bean (1973: 738) 3, Krüssmann (1985: 307) 4, Spencer (1997: 23) 5 and Spongberg (1998: 134) 6.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia brevipes are from Li and Wang (1987: 408); those of Michelia yunnanensis are from Finet and Gagnepain (1906 a: 43) supplemented by Anon (2022) 1, Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1086) 2, Law (1996: 163) 3 and Liu et al. (2004: 232) 4.</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>From the comparisons compiled in the three tables, these are evidently four distinct species, plus Michelia brevipes also does not key out with the original validating descriptions for M. skinneriana Dunn and M. amoena Q. F. Zheng &amp; M. M. Lin, nor match the glabrous, elliptic-leaved Magnolia fuscata Andrews (Andrews 1802: plate 229), all with whom it shares synonymy under Michelia figo in Chen and Nooteboom (1993). As an obviously genuine species, Michelia brevipes is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>Since Michelia crassipes was found in crossing experiments to be reproductively incompatible with M. yunnanensis (Wang et al. 2003), it is probable that M. brevipes would likewise be incompatible, so experiments should be conducted to determine if this is the case.</p><p>Note 5.</p><p>While M. brevipes has been found protected in two nature reserves, no record of this species in cultivation has been found in a search of the literature for a subsequent paper.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Michelia brevipes Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang is not noted on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2026), but was previously recorded as a rare Guizhou endemic 25 years ago (Zou 2001: 48).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>An evaluation of the IUCN conservation status of Magnolia brevipes, independent of the other species under which Michelia brevipes has to date been subsumed in synonymy, should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity!</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F50D8C727085FA98D3011986EFC40FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
4D04BC6121FF5BAFBB7F84FA753ECBBF.text	4D04BC6121FF5BAFBB7F84FA753ECBBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia calcarea (X. H. Song) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia calcarea (X. H. Song) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Tables 4, 5, Figs 3, 4</p><p>Manglietia calcarea X. H. Song, Journal of Nanjing Institute of Forestry 1984 (4): 46, fig. 1 (Song 1984). [Basionym].</p><p>Manglietia fordiana Oliv. var. calcarea (X. H. Song) B. L. Chen &amp; Noot., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1040 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. excl. specimen J. Cavalerie 2263 — World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 51 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996).</p><p>Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu var. calcarea (X. H. Song) V. S. Kumar, in Kew Bulletin 61 (2): 184. (Kumar 2006).</p><p>Manglietia aromatica Dandy var. calcarea (X. H. Song) Sima &amp; S. G. Lu, in Journal of West China Forestry Science 43 (1): 98 (Sima et al. 2014).</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>石山木莲 meaning “ stone hill manglietia ” (refers to the terrain).</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>荔波县石山木兰 meaning “ Libo County stone hill magnolia ”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Guizhou Province • Libo County, Mogan, alt. 670 m, 30 Apr. 1983, fl, Song Xiang-hou &amp; Gao Feng 640. holotype: NF (HNIF)! isotypes: IBSC n. v.</p><p>Paratypes. Libo County • alt. 790 m, no date, Song Xiang-hou 1211. NF (HNIF) n. v. • Libo County, Dongting village, alt. 750 m, 11 Aug. 1982, Song Xiang-hou &amp; Gao Guang-wen 298. IBSC 0116488 n. v. NF (HNIF) n. v. • Dushan County, Shuiyao (Sweiyao), alt. 640 m, 3 Apr. 1983, Song Xiang-hou 1344. NF (HNIF) n. v.</p><p>holotype image below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>holotype (NF): http://www.docin.com/p-1050989203.html (Sima 2011: 310, photo 2–33).</p><p>isotypes (IBSC): Specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 6 Nov. 2022.</p><p>paratypes (IBSC) and (NF): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 17 Nov. 2022:</p><p>Southeastern Guizhou • Pinfa (= Pingfa), 13 June 1907, Pierre Julien Cavalerie 3182. P 00204446! P 00204447 !</p><p>(P): https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p00204446?listIndex=64&amp;listCount=283</p><p>(P): https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p00204447?listIndex=65&amp;listCount=283</p><p>superscript numbers at barcodes indicate the corresponding URL in the subsequent list:</p><p>Guizhou • Libo County, Maolan, 2 (6 *) May 1984, Lan Kai-min 840395. GFS * 0011581! 1 GZAC 0016222! 2 GZAC 0016224! 3 GZAC 0016275! 4 . ibid • roadside, at base of mountain rock, alt. 640 m, 4 May 1984, Lan Kai-min 840430. GFS 0011580! 5 GZAC 0016225! 6 GZAC 0016227! 7 GZAC 0016228! 8 GZAC 0016229! 9 GZAC 0016276! 10 GZAC 0018069! 11 .</p><p>Superscript numbers against URLs match those at the appropriate barcodes listed previously.</p><p>(GFS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f8a476d0 1</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0be4fc 2</p><p>GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0be63d 3</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0c066c 4</p><p>(GFS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f8a47634 5</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0be6dd 6</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0be81e 7</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0be8c3 8</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0be968 9</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee0c070c 10</p><p>(GZAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=ee104bf3 11</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Manglietia calcarea X. H. Song was made a variety of M. fordiana Oliv. in Chen &amp; Nooteboom, wherein specimen J. Cavalerie &amp; J. J. Fortunat 2263 actually represents the type of Michelia cavaleriei Finet &amp; Gagnep. from Guizhou, although one of the two isotype specimens at Kew herbarium was determined by both Dandy and subsequently by B. L. Chen in May 1990 as Manglietia insignis . Chen returned a month later and re-identified the same specimen as Michelia cavaleriei (?). There are two other labels attached to the specimen sheet at Kew incorrectly identifying this specimen as Michelia cavaleriei, or more plausible, either these labels or the specimen, have, at some time, been transposed. http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681457 [acc: 20 Mar. 2019]</p><p>The above Kew specimen is apparently one of the two specimens listed under M. fordiana var. calcarea in Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1040).</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Manglietia calcarea was made a variety of M. aromatica Dandy based on specimens studied at various herbaria (Sima et al. 2014: 98). However, from the differentiating features compiled in Tables 4, 5, the present authors believe M. calcarea to be sufficiently distinguished from both M. aromatica and M. fordiana to maintain its independent species status. Accordingly, the present authors follow the recognition of Manglietia calcarea as a distinct species in Flora of China (Xia et al. 2008: 59), Sima (2011: 97), Deng and Yang (2015: 45) and Yang et al. (2016: 147), and it is therefore reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Besides the differences compiled in Table 4, the distribution of Manglietia calcarea and M. aromatica are geographically isolated, with M. calcarea occurring from 640–820 m only in southern Guizhou, whereas M. aromatica occurs at higher altitudes of between 900–1400 m in six counties of Guizhou (Yang and Fang 2002: 22) and in adjacent SE Yunnan, as well as 850–1600 m in SW Guangxi and additionally the karst region of Huanjiang County, northern Guangxi (Peng 2013). M. aromatica is not recorded for northern Guangxi in Flora of China, as is also the case for central-southern Yunnan where it occurs somewhere between 2200–2380 m on the eastern flank of Ailao Mountain within the 46666 ha Honghe Nature Reserve in Yuanjiang County (Li 2008: 40). The more widespread M. fordiana compared in Table 5 occurs between 500–1300 m and is found in the previously mentioned provinces plus numerous others (Grimshaw and Bayton 2009: 490).</p><p>Note: The listed features of Manglietia calcarea are cited from Song (1984: 46), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1040) 1, Deng and Yang (2015: 45) 2, Liu (2007) 3 and Sima (2011: 97) 4. Those of Manglietia aromatica are from Dandy (1931: 231), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1034) 5, Deng and Yang (2015: 42) 6, Fu and Jin (1992: 430) 7, Law (1996: 94) 8, Liu et al. (2004: 124) 9, and Tiê ṕ (1980: 536 or 567) 10.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Manglietia calcarea are cited from Song (1984: 46), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1040) 1, Deng and Yang (2015: 45) 2 and Sima (2011: 97) 3. Those of M. fordiana are from Oliver (1891: Pl. 1953), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1039) 4, Dandy (1928 c: 127) 5, Law (1996: 105) 6, Liu et al. (2004: 138) 7, Peng (2008: 84) 8, Sutton (2022) 9, Tiê ṕ (1980: 538) 10 and Yang et al. (2016: 161) 11</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>Recent genomic research sequencing the complete or nearly complete plastomes of four Manglietia species determined the chloroplast (cp) genome sizes of 160,074 bp for M. fordiana and 157,093 bp for M. calcarea *, and that they were located in different clades (Li et al. 2024). This provides additional evidence for their independence. [* Note: There is a possibility that two previously published genomic sizes for M. calcarea that are listed in Table 1 of this 2024 paper that are closer to the genomic size for M. fordiana, and even identical to one of the two M. aromatica accessions listed, were derived from misidentified or mislabelled specimen material. These have been frequently encountered in herbarium collections by the present authors, often due to confusion resulting from unsubstantiated synonymy!]. Another recently published research paper provided a phylogenetic insight into the segregate genus Manglietia consisting of 31 species in four highly supported clades, as illustrated in two phylogenetic trees (fig. 11, Luo et al. 2025). This reveals that while both M. fordiana and M. calcarea are located in Clade 1 of the two phylogenetic trees, they are on sub-branches of different branches and therefore not closely related.</p><p>Note 5.</p><p>According to the literature searched by the present authors in Australia and overseas for a future paper, Manglietia calcarea is recorded only for the 21100 ha Maolan National Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province, for which M. aromatica is also recorded, with both of these species being found to have good application prospects for cultivation in gardens (Zhang et al. 2022). M. calcarea is noted in ex situ conservation at four botanical gardens.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Manglietia calcarea X. H. Song was noted in 2018 as “ not yet assessed ” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Four years later, it could no longer be located there under either its own name or as a variety or synonym of Magnolia fordiana (IUCN 2022), as is also the case now (IUCN 2026). However, it had previously been assessed by Chinese authorities as Vulnerable: VU (Ministry of Environmental Protection &amp; Chinese Academy of Sciences 2014) and subsequently under IUCN Red List criteria as VU D 2 (Qin et al. 2017: 725). Manglietia calcarea possibly justifies an endangered classification, having been previously recorded as Endangered 28 years ago (Zou 2001: 48; Huang and Zou 2002: 172) and again a decade later (Linghu et al. 2012), as had also occurred for the sporadic but more widely distributed Manglietia aromatica which was classified as Endangered 34 years ago (Jin et al. 1992: 430) and is presently classified as Endangered C 2 a (i) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2026).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>An IUCN assessment of the current conservation status in the wild of Magnolia calcarea (syn. Manglietia calcarea) needs to be undertaken at the earliest opportunity! This should include not only the Maolan National Nature Reserve and adjacent regions of Libo County, Guizhou, but inquiries could also be made regarding an apparent outlying occurrence at Pingfa in Guiding County where J. Cavalerie 3182, collected 13 June 1907 and originally identified as Manglietia fordiana (Léveillé 1914–1915: 269), was subsequently determined by Chen Bao-liang in 1990 as M. fordiana var. calcarea, under which name it is included in Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1040).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D04BC6121FF5BAFBB7F84FA753ECBBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
0C7176A9BD4C50C8AF04F5F1B8A163AE.text	0C7176A9BD4C50C8AF04F5F1B8A163AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia calcicola (C. Y. Wu ex Y. H Liu & R. F. Wu) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia calcicola (C. Y. Wu ex Y. H Liu &amp; R. F. Wu) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Tables 6, 7, Figs 1, 5</p><p>Michelia calcicola C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 10 (3): 339, fig. 5: 9–16 (Liu &amp; Wu [Law and Wu 1988]). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia ingrata B. L. Chen &amp; S. C. Yang, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1067 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993) and World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 57 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia calcicola C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu .</p><p>Michelia fulva Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen, in Acta Botanica Yunnanica 19 (2): 137 (Li 1997) and Proceedings of the Sixth National Scientific Conference on the Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam: 134 (Nguy ễn et al. 2015), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia calcicola C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu — Flora of China Vol. 7: 81 (Xia et al. 2008), p. p. quoad syns. Michelia calcicola C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu and Michelia fulva var. calcicola (C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu) Sima &amp; Hong Yu.</p><p>Magnolia fulva (Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen) Figlar, online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia calcicola C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu.</p><p>Michelia fulva var. calcicola (C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu) Sima &amp; Hong Yu, in Seed Plants of Honghe Region in SE Yunnan, China: 55 (Shui 2003), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 57 (Sima and Lu 2009), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 186 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 118 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia calcicola C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu .</p><p>Present Chinese names.</p><p>石灰含笑 or 灰岩含笑 meaning “lime michelia or limestone michelia”, and also 钙土含笑 meaning “calcareous soil michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>灰岩木兰 meaning “limestone magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Yunnan Province • Guangnan County, alt. 1500 m, on rock hill, 11 Mar. 1940, fl, Wang Chi-wu, Zhang Ying-bo, Liu Ying 87716. holotype: KUN 41631! Isotypes: IBSC 0053097! PE 00103787!</p><p>Paratypes. China. Yunnan Province • Malipo County, Tien-chang, alt. 1200 m, in wooded valley, occasional, 8 m tree, 20 Feb. 1940, Wang Chi-wu 87033. IBSC 0053094 n. v. IBSC 0053095 n. v. KUN 41642 n. v. PE 00103784! WUK 0274842 n. v. ibid. • alt. 1800–2000 m, 4.5 m tree with shrubby habit, rare, in open thickets on rock, 3 Nov. 1947, Feng Kuo-mei 12844. KUN 41632 n. v. PE 00934131! PE 00934132! Xichou County • Shi Shan, mountain-top forest, C. A. Wu (Wu Quan-an) 8019. KUN? n. v. – Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region • Longjin (Longzhou) County, Jingang Shan, alt. 590 m, Jan. 1965, Chen Shao-qing (S. H. Chun) 13315. IBSC 0053093 n. v.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia calcicola are from Liu [Law] and Wu (1988: 339), and Liu et al. (2004: 226) 1. Those of Michelia fulva are from Chang and Chen in Chen (1987: 87), supplemented by Liu et al. (2004: 264) 2, Vũ and Xia (2010) 3 and the Vietnam Plant Database (2022) 4.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia calcicola are from Liu [Law] and Wu (1988: 339), supplemented by Liu et al. (2004: 226) 1. Those of Michelia ingrata are from Chen and Yang (1988: 95), who record the fruit as then unknown, supplemented by Liu et al. (2004: 276) 2.</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 28 Jan. 2023</p><p>(KUN): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=7b6d96ed</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>isotype (IBSC): http://www.docin.com/p-1050989203.html (Sima 2011: 316, photo 2–57).</p><p>paratypes (KUN, WUK): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; re-accessed with new URLs 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>isotype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=01e6acaf</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=01e6ae5a</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fd342</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fd3cb</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>China. Yunnan Province • Guangnan County, Mu-nei, alt. 1550 m, rock hill, ca. 4.6 m high, abundant, 13 Mar. 1940, Wang Chi-wu &amp; Liu Ying 87811. PE 00103786! * PE 00934099! [* misapplied label at top L-H corner has T. T. Yu as collector] . • Malipo Co., Hwang-jin-in, alt. 1200–1600 m, tree 18.2 m, in mixed forests on rock mount, 14 Nov. 1947, Feng Kuo-mei 13274. PE 00103785!</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 30 Nov. 2022:</p><p>(PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=01e6adca</p><p>(PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fe53e</p><p>(PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=01e6ad3a</p><p>Yunnan Province • Maguan County, alt. 1800 m, May 1982, Liu Yu-hu &amp; Zhou Ren-Zhang 7029. IBSC 0053096 n. v. • 9 Sept. 1986, Chen Bao-liang 86 S- 047. SYS sys 00050882 n. v. • 1500 m, Oct. 1986, Chen Bao-liang 86 S- 539. SYS sys 00050880 n. v. • 2050 m, Nov. 1986, Chen Bao-liang s. n. SYS sys 00050881 n. v. Specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>There is an apparent error in Flora of China Vol. 7 (Xia et al. 2008: 81), where a synonym of Michelia fulva Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen is listed as M. fulva var. calcicola (C. Y. Wu ex Y. H. [sic] Law &amp; Y. F. Wu) Sima &amp; Hong Yu. As the preceding taxon in the list of synonyms is Magnolia fulva, the logical conclusion is that the synonym in question represents Magnolia fulva var. calcicola, as it is, in fact, listed in the Index to Scientific Names (Xia et al. 2008: 488). A check of the Magnoliaceae of China dissertation (Sima 2011: 186), reveals it in fact to be Michelia fulva var. calcicola (C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu) Sima &amp; Hong Yu (from Shui 2003: 55). However, as shown in Tables 6, 7, M. calcicola is sufficiently distinct from M. fulva and also M. ingrata B. L. Chen &amp; S. C. Yang under which it was placed in synonymy in Chen and Nooteboom (1993), to maintain its species status. Sima (2011: 326), illustrates the contrasting difference between the indumentum of the undersides of the leaves of M. fulva var. calcicola at plate 3–3 G and that of the leaves of M. fulva at plate 3– 3 F. All things considered, M. calcicola is a well-defined species, as is recognised in Law (1996: 175), Liu et al. (2004: 226), Xing et al. (2009: 202) and Yang et al. (2016: 235), and it is therefore reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>A search of the literature for a future paper has found Michelia calcicola recorded for two nature reserves and in ex situ conservation at three botanical gardens. These include South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, in which Michelia calcicola, M. fulva and M. ingrata are recognised as separate species growing in the Magnolia Garden.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Magnolia ingrata (B. L. Chen &amp; S. C. Yang) Figlar, syn. Michelia ingrata under which M. calcicola was originally placed in synonymy, was assessed by the China Expert Workshop as Endangered EN B 1 ab (i, ii, iii) + B 2 ab (i, ii, iii), as recorded in The Red List of Magnoliaceae (Cicuzza et al. 2007: 26) . While Michelia calcicola does not appear on the current IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2026), it was previously noted there in 2018 as “ not yet assessed ”. Vietnamese researchers (Nguy ễn et al. 2015: 134) record that Michelia fulva (including M. calcicola as a synonym) occurs in at least two natural locations in China and four in Vietnam and recommend that this species should be classified as Endangered EN B 2 ab (i – iii, v). Subsequently, Chinese authorities utilising IUCN criteria determined Michelia fulva as Endangered, EN A 2 c; D (Qin et al. 2017: 725). Therefore, Michelia calcicola, once again independent from Michelia ingrata and Michelia fulva, would be expected to be at an equal or higher level of endangerment, and in fact M. calcicola had been assessed more than a decade earlier by Chinese authorities utilising IUCN Red List criteria as Endangered, EN A 2 c (Wang and Xie 2004: 328).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>In view of the above assessment made 22 years ago, an IUCN evaluation of the current conservation status in the wild of Magnolia calcicola (syn. Michelia calcicola) disengaged from Magnolia fulva (syn: Michelia fulva) and independent of Magnolia ingrata (syn. Michelia ingrata) needs to be undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity!</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C7176A9BD4C50C8AF04F5F1B8A163AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
F133D25FB2AB537596B1EED3DE9D26CA.text	F133D25FB2AB537596B1EED3DE9D26CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia chingii (W. C. Cheng) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia chingii (W. C. Cheng) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 8</p><p>Michelia chingii W. C. Cheng, Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Botanical Series 10 (2): 110–111 (Chien et al. 1936). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia maudiae Dunn, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1072 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 58 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Flora of China Vol. 7: 83 (Xia et al. 2008), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 221 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 157 (Deng and Yang (2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia chingii W. C. Cheng .</p><p>Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar, online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), and in New Trees – Recent Introductions to Cultivation: 499 (Grimshaw and Bayton 2009), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia chingii W. C. Cheng .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>秦仁昌含笑 meaning “ Ching Ren-chang’s michelia ”.</p><p>Note: The distinguishing features of Michelia chingii are from Cheng in Chien et al. (1936: 110), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1072) 1 with those of Michelia maudiae from Dunn (1908: 353), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1072) 1, Deng and Yang (2015: 157) 2, Law (1996: 179) 3, Liu et al. (2004: 290) 4, Lee (1935: 487) 5, Yang et al. (2016: 297) 6 and Xing et al. (2009: 209) 7.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>秦仁昌木兰 meaning “ Ching Ren-chang’s magnolia ”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Chekiang (= Zhejiang) Province • Lungtsuan (= Longquan), region of King Yuan (= Qingyuan), Mao Shan, alt. 1158 m (common tree above 610 m), in woods of mostly evergreens, tree 13.7 m, 24 Aug. 1924, fr, Ching Ren-chang 2452. holotype: PE 00934130! isotypes: A 00039042! E 00035678! K n. v. US 00104084 !</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 1 Apr. 2019; re-accessed with new URL 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>holotype (PE ex HSBL): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fd454</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 1 Apr. 2019:</p><p>isotype (A): https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/specimen_search.php?mode=details&amp;id=1038</p><p>isotype (E. ex US): http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00035678</p><p>isotype (US): https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany/search.php?action=11&amp;irn=10119110</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia chingii is recorded as a synonym of Magnolia (Michelia) maudiae by the above-listed authors, but differs sufficiently from the latter species in its morphological characteristics, as compiled in Table 8, to justify its species status and is therefore reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>While the flowers of Michelia chingii were unavailable for W. C. Cheng to describe, it would appear that the number of tepals for this species is up to 12. This is because the flowers of Michelia maudiae bear 9 tepals as referenced in Flora of China, Magnolias of China and by others, yet it is recorded with 9–12 tepals in Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1072). Since the only taxon listed in synonymy with M. maudiae by the last authors is M. chingii, it is probable that the higher number of tepals cited has been derived by one of these authors counting the scars left by the fallen tepals of a M. chingii specimen.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Michelia chingii is noted on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as a synonym of M. maudiae which is recorded as of “ Least Concern ” (IUCN 2026).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>In view of the confirmation of Michelia chingii as an independent species, its conservation status should be assessed for the IUCN Red List at the earliest opportunity! A starting point would be the forests above 610 m on Mao Shan in Qingyuan County of southwestern Zhejiang, perhaps in the region of the 1,333 ha Baishanzu Nature Reserve before its amalgamation with the 4,667 ha Fengyang Shan Nature Reserve in Longquan County to its north. Mao Shan is where its collector R. C. Ching recorded this species, subsequently named after him, as a common tree to 15 metres in 1924. The last known collection of Michelia chingii in southern Zhejiang Province was 68 years ago in 1958, so hopefully it still survives, at least on Mao Shan and wasn’t completely exterminated during either the Great Leap Forward of 1958–1962 or the following Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976. The later period resulted in large tracts of the adjacent Fujian province less than 30 km away being completely denuded of timber trees as a result of six years of illegal logging (Primack 1988). Since Primack mentions that this wholesale destruction of forests occurred to a greater or lesser extent throughout China during these tumultuous years and one of the present authors has noted how it almost drove the “ living fossil ” Cathaya argyrophylla Chun &amp; Kuang to the brink of extinction (Callaghan 2012), there is the possibility that this illegal logging has resulted in the demise of Michelia chingii occurring in the forests on the slopes of Mao Shan between 610 and about 1160 metres. These forests would have been more easily accessible than the remote, difficult to access Cathaya forests, the reason for the endangered Cathay silver fir’s relatively late discoveries in S. E. Sichuan in 1938 and Guangxi in 1955. If the Michelia chingii forests on Mao Shan became a victim of the Cultural Revolution, was this mountain later replanted by forestry workers with the more widely occurring M. maudiae ?</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F133D25FB2AB537596B1EED3DE9D26CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
3A1C1AFD3A1152678F5965F7937063E5.text	3A1C1AFD3A1152678F5965F7937063E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia congjiangensis (Y. K. Li & X. M. Wang) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia congjiangensis (Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 9</p><p>Michelia chongjiangensis Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang, Guizhou Science 1983 (2): 18–19, fig. 22 (Li and Wang 1983). [see Note 5 regarding an orthographic error in the spelling of the basionym]. [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia leveilleana Dandy, in World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 58 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996) and Flora of China Vol. 7: 89 (Xia et al. 2008), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia chongjiangensis Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang .</p><p>Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar, online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia chongjiangensis Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>从江含笑 meaning “Congjiang michelia”, with the correct spelling for the county after which it is named.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia chongjiangensis are from Li and Wang (1983: 18), supplemented by Deng and Yang (2015: 155) 1. Those of Michelia leveilleana are from Léveillé (1911: 459, as Michelia cavaleriei Lév.) [renamed as M. leveilleana Dandy (1927: 263)], Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1081) 2 and Deng and Yang (2015: 178) 3.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>从江木兰 meaning “Congjiang magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Guizhou Province • Congjiang County, Taiyang Shan, in woods, alt. 1300 m, 1981, Li Yong-kang 9294. holotype: HGAS n. v. ibid. • 1981; Huang De-fu 1078. HGAS n. v.</p><p>Paratypes. Superscript numbers at barcodes indicate the corresponding URL in the subsequent list:</p><p>China. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Damiaoshan County • Luodong town, Jiuwan Shan region, dense forests, fertile soils, mountains and valleys, alt. 1100 m, 8 m tree, 9 June 1958, fr, Chen Shao-qing 14374. HITBC 001704! 2 IBK 00000496! 4 IBSC 0054163! 25 KUN 41652 n. v., PE 00126135! 15 SZ n. v. WUK 0211815! 20 ibid. • dense forests, barren soils, mountains and hilltops, alt. 900–1150 m, 8 m tree, 17 June 1958, fr, Chen Shao-qing 14514. IBK 00000495! 5 IBSC 0054165 n. v. KUN 41666 n. v. NAS 00320667! 11 PE 00126126! 16 SZ n. v. WUK 0213174! 21 . ibid. • dense forests, mountains and hilltops, alt. 1600 m, 7 m tree, 27 Aug. 1958, fr, Chen Shao-qing 15323. IBK 00000498!] 6 IBSC 0054164 n. v. KUN 41674 n. v. NAS 00320668! 12 PE 00126124! 17 WUK 0211328! 22 . ibid. • dense forest, loamy and wet soils, hilltops, alt. 700–1000 m, 15 m tree, 17 Aug. 1958, fr, Chen Shao-qing 15778. HITBC 001683! 3 IBK 00000497! 7 IBSC n. v. KUN 41654 n. v. LBG 64645! 10 NAS 00320665! 13 PE 00126133! 18 SZ n. v. WUK 0212796! 23 . ibid. • dense forests, fertile and wet soils, mountains and hilltops, alt. 900–1200 m, 15 m tree, 17 Aug. 1958, fr, Chen Shao-qing 16289. IBK 00000492! 8 KUN 41656 n. v. NAS 00320666! 14 PE 00126125! 19 WUK 0211699! 24 • Lingui District, dense mountain-top forest, 7 m tree, 30 June, 1952, fr, Liang Chou-feng 30495. GAC 0005561! 1 IBK 00000493! 9 .</p><p>holotype (HGAS): specimen image not uploaded to CVH website at 18 Mar. 2026 (see note 1 below)</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; re-accessed with new URLs 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>Superscript numbers against URLs match the appropriate barcodes listed previously.</p><p>paratype (GAC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=2170f245 1</p><p>paratype (HITBC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e95455d9 2</p><p>paratype (HITBC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e954499b 3</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c007a28b 4</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c007a1ef 5</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c007a3c2 6</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c007a327 7</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c007a019 8</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c007a0b6 9</p><p>paratype (LBG): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=d995b0bc 10</p><p>paratype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=db5663aa 11</p><p>paratype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=db60643a 12</p><p>paratype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=dbf06e00 13</p><p>paratype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=dc0c6a42 14</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=00742929 15</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=00742d84 16</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=00742e97 17</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=479b3783 18</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=00742e0e 19</p><p>paratype (WUK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=bfa3efdc 20</p><p>paratype (WUK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=bfa3f079 21</p><p>paratype (WUK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=bfa3f424 22</p><p>paratype (WUK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=bfa3f2ec 23</p><p>paratype (WUK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=bfa3ee96 24</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 20 Mar. 2019.</p><p>paratype (IBSC): http://www.docin.com/p-1050989203.html 25 (Sima 2011: 316, photo 2–60).</p><p>Specimen images below not uploaded to CVH at 18 Nov. 2022.</p><p>IBSC 0054164; IBSC 0054165; IBSC 0054166; IBSC 0054167; KUN 41652; KUN 41666; KUN 41674; KUN 41654; KUN 41656; SZ 00164464; SZ 00164453; SZ 00164452.</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>(posted to CVH as Michelia chongkiangensis):</p><p>China. Guizhou Province • alt. 1400 m, 7 m tree, 8 Aug. 1959, fr, Qiannan Team 03385. HGAS 010738 ! • Yueliang Shan, alt. 1300 m, 15 m tree, 6 Oct. 1981, fr, Huang De-fu 1490. HGAS 010727! ibid • alt. 1420 m, mountain-top, middle of forest, 14 m tree, 6 Oct. 1981, fr, Huang De-fu 1640. HGAS 010726 ! • alt. 1610 m, 12 m tree, 14 Sept. 1982, fr, Yan Jia-mo 1174. HGAS 010739 !</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 7 Jan. 2023:</p><p>(HGAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e4687b4b</p><p>(HGAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e46875b4</p><p>(HGAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e4687518</p><p>(HGAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e4687be8</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>The holotype specimen for Michelia chongjiangensis at HGAS could not be found (Chen Xiang, pers. comm., July 2019).</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Michelia chongjiangensis Y. K. Li &amp; X. M. Wang is noted as a “ dubious species = Michelia? leveilleana Dandy ” in Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1088) under which it is then listed as a synonym in Frodin and Govaerts (1996) and in Flora of China, wherein M. leveilleana, described more than a century ago from central western Guizhou, is described as a tree to 15 m tall. However, M. chongjiangensis is recorded as a tree of 20 m or more height in a natural community in Jiaya village, Guanghui town, Congjiang County, southeastern Guizhou (Yang X. Y. et al. 2016) and to 25 m in Deng and Yang (2015: 155).</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Michelia chongjiangensis has been accepted as an independent species by Sima in his Ph. D. dissertation on the Chinese Magnoliaceae (Sima 2011: 220, figs 4–42) and subsequently in Deng and Yang (2015: 155). In Sima’s classification system, Michelia chongjiangensis is placed in Michelia series Metamichelia of subsection Michelia, whereas Michelia leveilleana is placed in Michelia series Dichlamys of subsection Micheliopsis (Sima 2011: 204; 240). Also, Sima illustrates the contrasting difference between the indumentum of the undersurfaces of the 6–12.5 cm long leaves of M. chongjiangensis (Sima 2011: 325; plate 3–2 H) and that of the 7.5–10.5 cm long leaves of M. leveilleana (Sima 2011: 326; plate 3–3 I).</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>The length of the petioles of the leaves of the seven various type specimens of Michelia leveilleana (J. Cavalerie 3045, May 1908) at E, K, BM and P has been observed to be around the 1.7–2.2 (– 2.4) cm mark, whereas Li and Wang (1983) record the petiole length for M. chongjiangensis as 2–4 cm. Photographic images of four specimens that are deposited at HGAS that were sent to the present authors by Prof. Chen Xiang in 2013, show the noticeably long petioles of most leaves of these specimens approaching the 4 cm mark, appreciably above the length of the petioles of M. leveilleana .</p><p>Note 5.</p><p>A compilation of all the known distinguishing features of these two species is shown in Table 9, confirming the independent species status of Michelia chongjiangensis, which is consequently reinstated and transferred to Magnolia as Magnolia congjiangensis . The change in the spelling of the name is due to an orthographical error in the original epithet which should be ‘ congjiangensis’, for Congjiang County, Guizhou, after which this species is named [ICN Art. 60.1 – “ the original spelling of a name or epithet is to be retained, except for the correction of typographical or orthographical errors ” (Turland et al. 2025)].</p><p>Note 6.</p><p>A number of the specimens of Michelia chongjiangensis listed previously that are posted to the Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH) website have been identified by various researchers as either M. macclurei Dandy or M. macclurei var. sublanea Dandy. However, neither Magnolias of China (Liu et al. 2004) nor the later and equally comprehensive Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou (Deng and Yang 2015) recognize these two taxa for Guizhou, where the type specimen of Michelia chongjiangensis was collected.</p><p>Note 7.</p><p>During research for a future paper, Michelia chongjiangensis has been found to occur in five nature reserves, but it is not known to be anywhere in ex situ cultivation.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar (Figlar 2000), including Michelia chongjiangensis as a synonym, was assessed by Rivers and Wheeler on 1 August 2012 for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Data Deficient with the notation that “ it may be vulnerable to extinction as it has a small and restricted distribution ”, but that further information is needed to make a full assessment (IUCN 2026).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Due to the relatively small presently known distribution of Magnolia congjiangensis on Taiyang Shan in Guizhou and Yueling Shan to its northwest, plus some scattered occurrences in adjacent northern Guangxi, an IUCN evaluation of the current status in the wild of Magnolia congjiangensis (syn. Michelia chongjiangensis), needs to be undertaken as soon as possible! Also, the actual present ex situ conservation status of Magnolia leveilleana (syn. Michelia leveilleana), minus the attached synonyms, needs urgent assessment to see how close it is to the IUCN conclusion that it may be facing extinction, when one recalls the observation in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) cited previously in Part 1 under Magnolia pilosa ( Michelia longipetiolata), regarding Michelia leveilleana, that “ after its publication by Dandy ” (in 1927), “ this species was never mentioned again in the literature ”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A1C1AFD3A1152678F5965F7937063E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
879E05AD5C2D59998E5B767027EE7E43.text	879E05AD5C2D59998E5B767027EE7E43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia floribunda var. lanea (Y. K. Sima) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia floribunda var. lanea (Y. K. Sima) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Michelia floribunda var. lanea Y. K. Sima, Seed Plants of Mount Xilong, the Highest Mountain in South Yunnan, China (Shui et al. 2016: 130). [Basionym].</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>棉毛多花含笑 meaning “cotton wool-flowered michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>棉毛多花木兰 meaning “cotton wool-flowered magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Yunnan Province • Honghe Prefecture, Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County, Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve, Xilong Shan, April 2004, Sima Y. K. 2004040. holotype: YAF n. v.</p><p>Paratype. ibid. • 2 March 2006, Sima Y. K. 06387 YAF n. v.</p><p>Specimen images of this variety are not uploaded to CVH at 27 Jan. 2026.</p><p>Note.</p><p>The little-known Michelia floribunda var. lanea is here transferred to Magnolia . It is a small tree to 8 m height, with the undersides of the leaves covered in dense woolly hairs, one of the features that distinguishes this variety from Michelia floribunda Finet. &amp; Gagnep., which reaches to 20 m height (Deng et al. 2015: 136 incl. 3 photos, 137 incl. 4 photos).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>While Michelia floribunda var. lanea occurs on Xilong Shan located within the 420,260 ha Fenshuiling National Nature Reserve in southern Yunnan, a search of the literature has shed little light on its current conservation status.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/879E05AD5C2D59998E5B767027EE7E43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
ED0C543E958C58E180C8D6A793EABF24.text	ED0C543E958C58E180C8D6A793EABF24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia forrestii (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia forrestii (W. W. Sm. ex Dandy) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 10</p><p>Manglietia forrestii W. W. Sm. ex Dandy, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 16 (77): 126, pl. 226 (Dandy 1928 c). [Basionym].</p><p>Manglietia fordiana var. forrestii (W. W. Sm. ex Dandy) B. L. Chen &amp; Noot., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1040 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 51 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996) and online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), each p. p. excl. syn. Manglietia globosa Hung T. Chang .</p><p>Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu var. forrestii (W. W. Sm. ex Dandy) V. S. Kumar, Kew Bulletin 61 (2): 184 (Kumar 2006).</p><p>Manglietia fordiana Oliv., in Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 23 (Sima and Lu 2009) and A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 88 (Sima 2011), both p. p. quoad syn. Manglietia forrestii W. W. Sm. ex Dandy .</p><p>Present Chinese names.</p><p>滇桂木莲 meaning “ Yunnan and Guangxi manglietia ” and also 锈枝木莲 meaning “ rusty-branched manglietia ”.</p><p>Note: Manglietia forrestii details are from W. W. Smith MS in Dandy (1928 c: 126), plus Deng and Yang (2015: 35) 1, Law (1996: 103) 2, Lee (1935) 3, Li et al. (2022) 4, Liu et al. (2004: 140) 5, Vũ and Xia (2011) 6 and Tiê ṕ (1980: 541) 7. M. fordiana are derived from Oliver (1891) 8, plus Dandy (1928 c: 127) 9, Law (1996: 105) 10, Liu et al. (2004: 138) 11, Peng (2008: 84) 12, Sutton (2022) 13 and Tiê ṕ (1980: 538) 14.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>滇桂木兰 meaning “ Yunnan and Guangxi magnolia ”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Mid-western Yunnan • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.55/lat 24.416666)">hills 3 days south of Tengyueh (= Tengchong)</a>, 24°25'N, 98°33'E. alt. 2133–2438 m, tree 9–15 m, in mixed forests on the hills, June 1925, fl, fr, George Forrest 26705 A. holotype: E 00117070! isotypes: A 00039034! K 000681417! NY 00320702! PE 00934117! ex E (Forrest mentions this tree as “ very close to No. 26705 ” which was later determined as Manglietia hookeri Cubitt &amp; W. W. Sm.) .</p><p>Paratypes. China. Mid-western Yunnan • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.5/lat 25.5)">hills NW of Tengyueh</a>, 25°30'N, 98°30'E, alt. 1800–2100 m, tree 15–18 m, in mixed forests, June 1925, fl, George Forrest 26694. E 00117069 n. v. IBSC 0000642 n. v. PE 00934118! (ex E) . ibid. • 25°20'N, 98°15'E, alt. 2100 m, tree 9–15 m, widely branched in deciduous forests, Oct. 1925, George Forrest 27300. E 00117068 n. v. SYS 00051642 n. v. Southern Yunnan • Szemao, alt. 1500 m, tree of 8 m, in forests, fl, Augustine Henry 11988. LE 01013052! LE 01013053 !</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>holotype (E): http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00117070</p><p>isotype (A): http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/image.php?id=304810</p><p>isotype (IBSC): http://www.docin.com/p-1050989203.html (Sima 2011: 310, photo 2–35).</p><p>isotype (K): http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681417</p><p>isotype (NY): http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/specimen_details.php?irn=667267</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; re-accessed with new URLs 17 Oct. 2022:</p><p>isotype (PE ex E) https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fdae9</p><p>paratype (PE ex E) https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fdb72</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>paratype (LE): https://en.herbariumle.ru/?t=occ&amp;id=23638</p><p>paratype (LE): https://en.herbariumle.ru/?t=occ&amp;id=23639</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>China. Western Yunnan • locality not noted, 1931, George Forrest 29747. PE 00103444! Specimen image accessed 6 Feb. 2026: (PE ex E): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08af691f</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Manglietia forrestii was made a variety of M. fordiana Oliv. in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) and noted to differ from M. fordiana on account of its larger leaves and numerous parts being brown pubescent. It was subsequently made a synonym of M. fordiana by the authors listed previously. However, M. forrestii is recognised as a distinct species in Tiê ṕ (1980: 541), Law (1996: 103), Liu et al. (2004: 140), Xia et al. (2008: 59), Xing et al. (2009: 194), Deng and Yang (2015: 35) and Yang et al. (2016: 163). The present authors are in agreement with the retention of M. forrestii as an authentic species, due to its numerous distinguishing characteristics when compared with M. fordiana, as shown in Table 10.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>In a pre-publication in 2010 and two studies published in 2011, Manglietia forrestii was confirmed as a distinct, independent species on the basis of DNA evidence (Li et al. 2010: 193–194; Xiao et al. 2011 a: 489, 2011 b: 2178), and the view that M. forrestii was a variant of M. fordiana was not supported (ibid. p. 2182). A later published study of the genetic diversity of 48 wild species of Magnoliaceae in Yunnan Province utilising ISSR molecular markers showed Manglietia forrestii not closely related to Manglietia fordiana on the accompanying UPGMA cluster map (Wang et al. 2020: 281, fig. 2). In view of the overwhelming evidence that Manglietia forrestii is a genuine species, it is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Previously recorded as occurring in southern and western Yunnan plus south-western Guangxi (Liu et al. 2004), Manglietia forrestii was subsequently recorded for Vietnam (Vũ and Xia 2010) and has been more recently recorded for Guizhou Province under its antiquated name M. fordiana var. forrestii (Li et al. 2022) .</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>According to the literature searched by the present authors in Australia and overseas for a subsequent paper, Manglietia forrestii is recorded in China for 14 nature reserves, as well as being recorded as occurring in ex situ conservation at two forest research institutions and eight botanical gardens or arboreta, including South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong, where M. fordiana also occurs.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii was noted as “ Vulnerable B 1 + 2 c ” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2026), based on a January 1998 assessment by W. Sun and hence this would have been its in situ conservation status 28 years ago. Since then, Manglietia forrestii has been assessed by Chinese authorities using IUCN criteria as VU A 2 c (Wang and Xie 2004: 327) and subsequently as VU A 2 acd (Qin et al. 2017: 725). In the intervening years, Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii was recorded as Near Threatened in The Red List of Magnoliaceae (Cicuzza et al. 2007: 17) .</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Due to the uncertainty of the conservation status of Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii ( Manglietia forrestii), as is evident above, an IUCN reassessment of the current status in the wild of Magnolia forrestii, which is unquestionably a genuine species, should be undertaken at the earliest opportunity!</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED0C543E958C58E180C8D6A793EABF24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
174AB081306C546B9FB9BAC00723B4B9.text	174AB081306C546B9FB9BAC00723B4B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia fulgens (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia fulgens (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 11, Fig. 2</p><p>Michelia fulgens Dandy, The Journal of Botany: British and Foreign 68 (7): 210–211 (Dandy 1930). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia foveolata Merr. ex Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1066 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia fulgens Dandy plus specimens F. A. McClure 712; 768 — World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 57 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Acta Botanica Yunnanica 19 (2): 134 (Li 1997), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 53 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 86 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 55 (Sima and Lu 2009), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 216 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 152 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia fulgens Dandy .</p><p>Magnolia foveolata (Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar, in Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001 (2): 32 (Sima 2001), and online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia fulgens Dandy .</p><p>Present Chinese names.</p><p>亮叶含笑 and 亮葉含笑, both meaning “bright-leaved michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>亮叶木兰 meaning “bright-leaved magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>Vietnam – Annam (= central Vietnam) • Tourane Province (now Đà N ẵng Municipality), near Tourane (now Đà N ẵng), Ba-na, alt. 1400 m, in forest, tree 12 to 15 m, 12 July 1923, Eugène Poilane 7092. holotype: P 00205338! isotypes: BM 000574774! K 000681511! P 00205339! P 00205340 !</p><p>Paratypes. Vietnam – Tourane Province (now Đà N ẵng Municipality) • near Tourane (now Đà N ẵng), Mount Ba-na, near summit, trail below hotel and Japanese garden, 17 Aug. 1927, J. &amp; M. S. Clemens 4281. P n. v. UC n. v. China. Hainan Province • Lingao County, Hung-mo-tung district, Hung-mo Shan, near Fan-ta village, wooded mountainside, tree 7 m, 5 th Hainan Expedition, 21 Aug. 1929, fr, F. A. McClure 712. B 100294232! BM n. v. IBSC 0006064 n. v. NAS 00070753! NY n. v. PE 00028342! PE 00028343! SYS sys 00051022 n. v. ibid. • Hung-mo Shan, south-west of Fan-ta village, alt. 1500 m, on forested mountainside, tree 25 m, 5 th Hainan Expedition, 22–25 Aug. 1929, fr, Floyd A. McClure &amp; Hom Fung 768. BM n. v. IBSC 0006056 n. v. NAS 00070754! PE 00934133! SYS sys 00095544 !</p><p>Vietnamese specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>holotype (P): http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p00205338</p><p>isotype (P: sheet 1): http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p00205339</p><p>isotype (P: sheet 2): http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p00205340</p><p>isotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/a7e9dff9-9585-468b-bb6f-9b0e40ad84b4</p><p>isotype (K): http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681511</p><p>Chinese (Hainan) specimen image below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>paratype (B): http://ww2.bgbm.org/Herbarium/specimen.cfm?Barcode=B100294232</p><p>Chinese (Hainan) specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; re-accessed with new URLs 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>paratype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=da7e2eb4</p><p>paratype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=da7e2f50</p><p>paratype (PE, ex- LU, sheet 1): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=0751aef6</p><p>paratype (PE, ex- LU, sheet 2): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08739e02</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fd2b8</p><p>paratype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e8dfa289</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>While Dandy viewed Michelia fulgens as distinct from M. foveolata, it is listed as a synonym of that species in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) and then by the above-noted authors, including Sima (2011), who had previously listed it as a synonym under Magnolia foveolata (Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar (Sima 2001). However, Michelia fulgens retains its species status in Law (1996: 183), Liu et al. (2004: 262), Xing et al. (2009: 206) and Yang et al. (2016: 276). The present authors consider that Michelia fulgens can be easily distinguished from M. foveolata by the differentiating morphological features compiled in Table 11.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia fulgens are from Dandy (1930: 210), supplemented by Law (1996: 183) 1 and Liu et al. (2004: 262) 2; with those of Michelia foveolata from Dandy (1928 b: 360), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1066) 3, Law (1996: 181) 4, Liu et al. (2004: 256) 5 and Xing et al. (2009: 205) 6.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Michelia fulgens with its 9–12 tepalled flowers also does not key out with the original validating descriptions for the 12 - tepalled M. longistyla Law &amp; Y. F. Wu, for the 17 - tepalled M. oblongifolia Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen, or for M. aenea Dandy with 6 tepals, all with whom it shares synonymy under M. foveolata Merr. ex Dandy in Flora of China.</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Research published five years ago in which a UPGMA cluster analysis supported the division of Magnoliaceae into the monogeneric subfamilies Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae, includes a UPGMA clustering diagram of genomic relationships between 135 species of Magnoliaceae (Li 2021: 30, fig. 3.6). This reveals the closest relative to Michelia fulgens to be M. foveolata var. xiangnanensis (authors: C. L. Peng &amp; L. H. Yan), with M. foveolata a distant relative on the opposite side of the genome map. A previously published study of the genetic diversity of 48 wild species of Magnoliaceae in Yunnan Province, utilising ISSR molecular markers, showed Michelia fulgens closest relationship with Michelia aenea (铜色含笑) on the accompanying UPGMA cluster map. However, M. aenea is erroneously translated from the Chinese as Michelia foveolata which, in fact, appears on the opposite side of the cluster map to M. fulgens and M. aenea (Wang et al. 2020: 281, fig. 2).</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>In addition to the above, an earlier study utilising AFLP and ISSR markers to determine the genetic relationship of some Magnoliaceae evergreen plants occurring in China found that there was a large genetic diversity among the 21 taxa analysed, including between M. fulgens and M. foveolata, and that they were completely distinguishable as independent species (Li 2013). Since there is a general consensus on the independence of M ichelia fulgens, this species is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 5.</p><p>Michelia fulgens is recorded in ex situ conservation at Zhongshan Arboretum in Guangdong Province from test seedlings planted in March 2006 that were received from Fairy Lake Botanical Garden in Shenzhen, also in Guangdong Province. (Xiu et al. 2013). The occurrence of Michelia fulgens in China at about another 20 botanical gardens, arboreta plus college and university campuses (five of which also cultivate M. foveolata !) and at 22 nature reserves, has been noted from a search of the literature by the present authors. Also, three reports mention the wild occurrence of Michelia fulgens at specified locations of 500 m, 700–1000 m and 760–1040 m altitude, which, if it’s correctly identified, are well below that of 1300–1700 m recorded for this species in Magnolias of China. In central Vietnam, Bach Ma National Park near Hue and the 38210 ha Ba Na-Nui Chua Nature Reserve near Da Nang (Anon 2004), now encompass locations where M. fulgens was collected in the first half of last century, so it possibly still survives in this region in unsubstantiated synonymy as Magnolia foveolata .</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Magnolia foveolata, including Michelia fulgens and other taxa as synonyms, was assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species by S. Khela on 25 September 2012 as of Least Concern “ as it has a wide distribution in China ” but that “ more up to date information is needed and its distribution and status in Vietnam is unknown ” (IUCN 2026).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>While Michelia fulgens can be previously seen to be adequately protected in ex situ conservation in China and equally so in situ within nature reserves in China, its IUCN conservation status as Magnolia fulgens independent of M. foveolata and the other synonymised species at the IUCN site should be assessed as soon as practical, including any wild populations remaining in Vietnam, particularly in the Ba-na region from where it was first collected and which preceded collections later made in China.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/174AB081306C546B9FB9BAC00723B4B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
0DC8E6148D595F638A1517CC6551C145.text	0DC8E6148D595F638A1517CC6551C145.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia glaberrima (Hung T. Chang 1961) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia glaberrima (Hung T. Chang) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 12</p><p>Michelia glaberrima Hung T. Chang, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1961 (1): 56 (Chang 1961). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia chapensis Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden: 1079 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 55 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 48 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 88 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 51 (Sima and Lu 2009), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 248 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 180 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia glaberrima Hung T. Chang .</p><p>Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima, in Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001 (2): 29 (Sima 2001), and online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia glaberrima Hung T. Chang .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>秃含笑 meaning “bald michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>中国秃木兰 meaning “Chinese bald magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Kwangtung (= Guangdong) Province • Hwei-ji (= Huaiji) County, Waitsap District, Dang Shan, near Shiliu-bao village, 10 Sept. 1933, Tsang Wai-tak 22753. holotype (incorrectly labelled for Guangxi): SYS sys 00050932 n. v. ibid. • Tong Shan, along Kwangtung border, Waitsap District, near Sap-luk Po village, fairly common, silt, sandy soils, thickets, 2.74 m shrub, 10 Sept. 1933, fr, Tsang Wai-tak 22753. isotypes: A 00936592! IBSC 0053160 n. v. LE 01013056!</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>isotype (A ex- LU): https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/specimen_search.php?mode=details&amp;id=1299275</p><p>isotype (LE): https://en.herbariumle.ru/?t=occ&amp;id=23642&amp;rid=image_0052677</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia glaberrima was noted as “ essentially the same ” as M. chapensis Dandy in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) and consequently reduced as a synonym of that species, as it has since been treated by the authors recorded in the above synonymy. However, M. glaberrima may be differentiated from M. chapensis by the morphological features listed in Table 12. Also, the distribution of the two species is markedly different, Michelia glaberrima occurring only at the two known localities in Huaiji County, Guangdong, while M. chapensis is recorded as more widely distributed in S Jiangxi, N &amp; E Guangxi, W Hunan, N Guangdong and also in Vietnam, although this is inflated somewhat by the inclusion of the numerous synonyms mentioned in Note 2. Michelia glaberrima is evidently an independent species, and is discounted as a synonym of both Michelia skinneriana and M. figo in Chang’s diagnosis distinguishing it from these species due to being “ easily recognised by its absolutely glabrous branches and leaves, and longer petioles ”.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia glaberrima are from Chang (1961: 56), who records the flowers as unseen. Those of Michelia chapensis are from Dandy (1929 b: 223), supplemented by Law (1996: 170) 1, Liu et al. (2004: 232) 2 and Yang et al. (2016: 244) 3.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>The 3 metre tall Michelia glaberrima also does not key out with the original descriptions for the 26 m tall M. brachyandra B. L. Chen &amp; S. C. Yang from Yunnan with leaves to 12 × 5.3 cm, the 23 m tall M. chartacea from Yunnan with 10.5–28 cm long aggregate fruits, the Vietnamese occurring M. constricta Dandy with papery-textured leaves to 11 × 5.5 cm, the 25 m tall M. microcarpa B. L. Chen &amp; S. C. Yang from Yunnan with leaves to 13.7 × 4.2 cm, or the 10 m tall M. tsoi Dandy from Guangdong with leaves to 12 × 5.5 cm, all with whom it shares synonymy under M. chapensis Dandy in Flora of China. In view of the substantiation of Michelia glaberrima as a genuine species, it is resurrected and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>As far as can be ascertained, there were no further collections of Michelia glaberrima made in the 60 years from its initial collection in 1933 through to its being named in 1961 and subsequently subsumed as a synonym of M. chapensis in 1993, or any collections made since then. This, despite the fact that it occurs (or occurred?) only a few hours away from the world’s premier site of Magnoliaceae conservation at South China Botanical Garden founded in 1929. Perhaps M. glaberrima could not be relocated because while the type specimens were collected in Guangdong close to the Guangxi border, their labels are captioned the 3 rd Kwangsi Expedition, possibly leading to the assumption they were collected in Guangxi.</p><p>Conservation status and recommendation.</p><p>The conservation status of Michelia chapensis was noted as Rare in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants (Walter and Gillett 1998: 388), and was last assessed in 2014 as Least Concern (IUCN 2026). Being a synonym of that species for the past 33 years has resulted in there being no known independent assessments by Chinese authorities or the IUCN of how Michelia glaberrima (now Magnolia glaberrima) has fared in the wild during this period of time, or whether it even still exists in its two recorded localities in China’s most populous province, a situation which needs to be rectified at the earliest opportunity! The residents of the two villages mentioned for the type specimens that were collected on Tong Shan and Dang Shan mountains may hold the clue to its fate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0DC8E6148D595F638A1517CC6551C145	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
2D7E73CDC4095F9BB53C926903F4A995.text	2D7E73CDC4095F9BB53C926903F4A995.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia hainanensis (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia hainanensis (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 13, Figs 6, 7</p><p>Manglietia hainanensis Dandy, The Journal of Botany: British and Foreign 68 (7): 204 (Dandy 1930). [Basionym].</p><p>Manglietia fordiana Oliv., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden: 1039 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993: 1039), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 12 (Wu and Chen 2006) and Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 23 (Sima and Lu 2009), each p. p. quoad syn. Manglietia hainanensis Dandy — A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 88 (Sima 2011), p. p. quoad syns. Manglietia hainanensis Dandy, M. fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) N. H. Xia, Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) Noot. — Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 32 (Deng and Yang 2015), p. p. quoad syns. Manglietia hainanensis Dandy, Manglietia fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) N. H. Xia and Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) Noot.</p><p>Manglietia fordiana var. fordiana, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1039 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. quoad specimen F. A. McClure 9652, and online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), both p. p. quoad syn. Manglietia hainanensis Dandy .</p><p>Manglietia fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) N. H. Xia, in Flora of China Vol. 7: 58 (Xia et al. 2008), p. p. excl. syn. Manglietia albistaminea Law et al.</p><p>Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis (Dandy) Noot., in Flora of China Vol. 7: 49 (Xia et al. 2008).</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>海南木莲 meaning “ Hainan manglietia ”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>海南木兰 meaning “ Hainan magnolia ”.</p><p>Vietnamese names.</p><p>M ỡ h ải nam meaning “ Hainan manglietia ” and M ỡ Ba Vì meaning “ Ba Vi manglietia ” after its apparent occurrence in the Ba Vi Mountains west of Hanoi.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Hainan Province • Hung-mo-tung District, Hung-mo Shan, 19°12'1.82"N, 109°44'29.72"E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.741585&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.200506" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.741585/lat 19.200506)">east of Fan-ta village</a>, in mid. of mountain and ravines; tree 10 m, 8 Aug. 1929, fr, Tsang Wai-tak &amp; Fung Hom 656. holotype: BM 000946042! isotypes: A 00039035! BM 000571245! BM 000574407! IBSC 0006074 n. v. K 000681421 MO n. v. NY 00320706! SYS sys 00095529 !</p><p>Paratypes. ibid. • B 100294233! NAS 00070746! US 00432539 ! • Fan-ya to Yiktsok-mau, tree 8 m, 17 May 1922, Floyd Alonzo McClure 9652. SYS sys 00095530 !</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; reaccessed 22 Oct. 2022 with new URLs for SYS, NAS:</p><p>holotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/3dfa59ba-509a-4db7-97b6-e7d573c0d885</p><p>isotype (A): http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/image.php?id=304811</p><p>isotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d7f0ac10-0268-44ee-a39a-ff809e2d9190</p><p>isotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/2df90242-4fa2-41b3-8a8d-a03a5e004d93</p><p>isotype (K): http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681421</p><p>isotype (NY): http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/specimen_details.php?irn=415964</p><p>isotype (SYS ex- LU): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e8b7e794</p><p>paratype (B): http://ww2.bgbm.org/Herbarium/specimen.cfm?Barcode=B100294233</p><p>paratype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=da7e2a64</p><p>paratype (US ex- LU): https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/media/?i=10093838</p><p>paratype (SYS ex- CCC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e8b1dc5a</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>An identification label dated 18 May 1990 is affixed to the isotype specimen at Kew confirming its identity as Manglietia hainanensis Dandy and another dated 15 April 1991 has its determination as M. fordiana Oliv., with both being signed by Chen Bao-liang. M. hainanensis is subsequently noted as conspecific with M. fordiana in Chen and Nooteboom (1993), because “ it differs from the latter only in the length of the pedicle ” (not pedicel, Chen and Nooteboom 1993: 999) “ and the texture of the leaves ” (Dandy mentioned two other differences). Manglietia hainanensis is also placed in synonymy under M. fordiana by Sima and Lu (2009) and in Sima (2011), having regained its species status in the intervening Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae in 1996 and Magnolias of China in 2004 but then made a variety of M. fordiana in Flora of China in 2008. The present authors have found Manglietia hainanensis to be differentiated from M. fordiana by their features compiled in Table 13.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Manglietia hainanensis are from Dandy (1930: 204), supplemented by Law (1996: 105) 1, Liu et al. (2004: 150) 2, Sang et al. (2016) 3, Tiê ṕ (1980: 539; 567) 4 and Xing et al. (2009: 195) 5. Those of Manglietia fordiana are from Oliver (1891), plus Dandy (1928 c: 127) 6, Law (1996: 105) 7, Liu et al. (2004: 138) 8, Peng (2008: 84) 9, Sang et al. (2016) 10, Sutton (2022) 11, Tiê ṕ (1980: 538; 567) 12, Xing et al. (2009: 193) 13 and Yang et al. (2016: 161) 14.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>In a study utilising SEM (scanning electron microscopy), the pollen morphology of Manglietia hainanensis was observed as oval, nearly circular at both ends, nearly circular in polar view, while the pollen of M. fordiana was noted as oblong, pointed at both ends and short oval in polar view (Sang et al. 2016). In a phylogenetic tree of 27 Magnoliaceae species which was constructed based on matK and trnH sequences (Liu et al. 2015: 4, fig. 1), M. hainanensis (as Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis) is shown to be distantly related to Manglietia fordiana (as Magnolia fordiana). Previously, in a research paper published in 2011, Manglietia hainanensis was shown to be a distinct, independent species from M. fordiana on the basis of DNA evidence (Xiao et al. 2011 a: 492, fig. 2). This, plus the features compiled in Table 13, leads the present authors to follow Law (1996: 105), Liu et al. (2004: 150), Xing et al. (2009: 195) and Yang et al. (2016: 177) in recognising Manglietia hainanensis as a genuine species which is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>According to the literature searched by the present authors in Australia and overseas for a future article, Manglietia hainanensis is recorded for six nature reserves in China and for two nature reserves and one national park in Vietnam. M. hainanensis is noted as occurring in ex situ conservation in China at three forest research institutions (at one as M. fordiana var. hainanensis), plus 11 botanical gardens or arboreta (at two as M. fordiana var. hainanensis), including South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong, and Nanyue Arboretum, on the south peak of Heng Shan, Hunan, both in which M. hainanensis and M. fordiana occur.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Manglietia hainanensis does not appear at the current IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [IUCN 2026], but was previously noted there in 2019 as “ not yet assessed ”. Manglietia hainanensis was assessed by Chinese authorities using IUCN criteria as VU A 2 c (Wang and Xie 2004: 327). It was also recorded as a fully endangered endemic species on Hainan Island (Lian et al. 2013: 34) and in China it is listed as a Level 3 National Protected Plant due to the small number of existing populations, poor reproductive capacity of its seeds and human activities (Wei et al. 2010: 91), with these authors also subsequently utilizing ISSR technique to study the genetic diversity among four ex situ populations of M. hainanensis cultivated in the subtropical localities of Xinning and Changsha, Hunan that were introduced from the tropical locality of Ledong, Hainan. (Wei et al. 2013). While apparently referencing the previously noted 2004 vulnerable assessment, another Chinese author records the alarming accelerating decline of the natural forest coverage on Hainan Island from 25.5 % in 1956 to a mere 4 % percent in 1999 (Yan 2006: i), with serious damage to the island’s forest resources being warned of as far back as 1982 (Tang 1982: 122). Despite large investments in reafforestation since at least 1999, it has been reported that the natural forests in Hainan are being mostly replaced by non-native monocultural plantations, including encroachment into protected areas in this key tropical biodiversity hotspot (Zhai et al. 2014: 611). From a Vietnamese perspective, Manglietia hainanensis was assessed for that country in 2005 as Endangered, EN D, again utilising IUCN criteria (Chien et al. 2006: 41).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Because of the bleak picture painted above, the present IUCN in situ conservation status of Magnolia hainanensis should be determined without undue delay!</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D7E73CDC4095F9BB53C926903F4A995	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
09C1D480A4995B4C8B48FB270775876D.text	09C1D480A4995B4C8B48FB270775876D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia hedyosperma (Law) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia hedyosperma (Law) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 14</p><p>Michelia hedyosperma Law, Bulletin of Botanical Research 5 (3): 123–124, 129: fig. 3 (Law 1985). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia hypolampra Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1076 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia hedyosperma Law plus specimen Y. H. Li 4262 — World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 57 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia hedyosperma Law .</p><p>Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar, online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia hedyosperma Law .</p><p>Michelia gioi (A. Chev.) Sima &amp; Hong Yu, in Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 50 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 89 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 58 (Sima and Lu 2009) and A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 208 (Sima 2011), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia hedyosperma Law .</p><p>Present Chinese names.</p><p>香子含笑 or 香籽含笑 both meaning “fragrant seed michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>香子木兰 meaning “fragrant seed magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region • Longzhou County, Daqing Shan, date (?), Chia Liang-chih &amp; Feng Xue-lin 6054. holotype: IBSC 0053839 n. v.</p><p>Paratypes. China. Hainan Province • East Bawang, northern slope, Highway No. 2, Jan. 1976, Forestry Bureau 463. IBSC 0053834 n. v. – Yunnan Province • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.2/lat 21.983334)">Xishuang-banna Prefecture</a>, 21°59'N, 101°12'E, alt. 960 m, dense forest in damp valley, 32 m tree, 29 May 1962, Li Yan-hui 4262. IBK 00000591! HITBC 001666! HITBC 001667! HITBC 001668! KUN 41820 n. v.</p><p>holotype (IBSC) and paratypes (IBSC, KUN): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; re-accessed with new URLs 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c007dcbd</p><p>paratype (HITBC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e9543695</p><p>paratype (HITBC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e95442de</p><p>paratype (HITBC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e95441a1</p><p>Additional specimen.</p><p>China. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region • Longzhou County, alt. 600 m, tree 25 m, 26 Sept. 1973, fr, Vegetation Survey Team 055. PE 00934086! Specimen image below accessed 2 Dec. 2022:</p><p>(PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fec56</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia hedyosperma Law is noted as conspecific with M. hypolampra Dandy in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) on the basis of Law’s description and figure and then listed as a synonym of M. gioi (A. Chev.) Sima &amp; Hong Yu. The IAPT Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants, on the information provided by R. Govaerts, voted 15 to 2, with one abstention, to recommend that Talauma gioi A. Chev. not be considered a validly published name because “ the descriptive material does not constitute a description or diagnosis ” (Govaerts and Nooteboom 2010). This recommendation was approved in its 11 th report by the General Committee in 2011 and ratified at the International Botanical Congress in Melbourne, Australia, that same year.</p><p>(The above was noted as a Flora of China post-publication correction at: http://www.eflora.cn/foc/pdf/FOCV1/FOC-01-06-Corrigenda.pdf which is now not accessible).</p><p>As a consequence of its invalidation, this taxon described from Vietnam and its later combination Michelia gioi (A. Chev.) Sima &amp; Hong Yu is not considered here in relation to the other two taxa. Michelia hedyosperma may be seen to be an independent species from M. hypolampra by their presently known differentiating features recorded in Table 14.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia hedyosperma are cited from Law (1985: 123), supplemented by Liu et al. (2004: 274) 1; those of Michelia hypolampra are from Dandy (1928 a: 321), to whom only immature fruit was available, Sima and Lu (2009) 2, Xia et al. 2008) 3. Photos at Vietnam Plant Database show max. 2 mature seeds per carpel 4: https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&amp;v=~~~PROTECTED_TN_664~~~%20hypolampra&amp;list=species&amp;lg=en [acc: 30 Oct. 2022]</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>As shown in the illustration in Magnolias of China, the mature long-stalked, 2–4.5 cm ellipsoid carpels of the fruit aggregates of Michelia hedyosperma are subtended by a long scale-leaf appendage extending beyond the carpels that is not, to our knowledge, known for other Michelia species, including M. hypolampra . Michelia hedyosperma is native to China in the provinces of Hainan, SW Guangxi and southern Yunnan, while M. hypolampra apparently occurs only in Vietnam’s northern-central Ngh ệ An Province, where the type was collected, and possibly in the more northern Tuyên Quang Province. Therefore, the present authors follow the treatment in Fu and Jin (1992: 442), Law (1996: 173), Liu et al. (2004: 274) and Yang et al. (2016: 282) in recognising Michelia hedyosperma as a distinct species which is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Inexplicably, the flowering of Michelia gioi, under which M. hedyosperma and M. hypolampra are listed in synonymy in Xia et al. (2008: 89) and Sima and Lu (2009: 58), is recorded in the first publication for Mar. – Apr. and in the second for Oct. – Dec., when the flowering of M. hedyosperma (sensu stricto) is noted for Oct. – Feb. in Fu and Jin (1992), yet noted for Mar. – Apr. in both Law (1996) and Liu et al. (2004). Also in the same year, Guan and Zhang (2004), record the flowering period for cultivated plants studied at Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture located in southwestern Yunnan Province as November to February of the next year.</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>According to the literature searched by the present authors in Australia and overseas, Michelia hedyosperma is recorded in China for 15 nature reserves, as well as being recorded as occurring in ex situ conservation at five forest research institutions, 11 botanical gardens or arboreta plus other places, indicating it to be well-established in cultivation and an accepted species by the botanical authorities at these gardens and arboreta.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The Michelia hedyosperma of Hainan Island were found to be in dire need of prioritisation for conservation due to their small population size and lack of suitable habitats (Chen et al. 2014). M. hedyosperma is also recorded as an endangered species under State (i. e. National) Protection Category II (Liu et al. 2004), having been previously listed as a level 3 provincial key protected plant on the Yunnan Key Protected Wild Plants List published in 1989 (Li and Li 1999: 4), yet is not mentioned in a 2003 paper concerning the 90 species of national priority protected wild plants in Yunnan (Li et al. 2003: 184). The 2003 authors mention that during a comprehensive four-year survey by the Yunnan Forestry Department, researchers could only find 87 of the total 90 species listed in their Table of Priority Protection Plants in Yunnan, so it may be that Michelia hedyosperma was already extinct in the wild in at least some of its Yunnan habitats by 2003 (?). A 2012 report of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation listing 307 of the major Chinese rare and endangered plant species that were included in previous Chinese government publications, indicates that Michelia hedyosperma was assessed with a medium threat level due to unsustainable logging and habitat fragmentation (Anon 2012: appendix 28, 33). However, M. hedyosperma had been previously recorded early this century as endangered in Hainan, southwest Guangxi and southern Yunnan due to overcutting, general habitat destruction and / or competitive effect (Wang and Jiang 2001: 45).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Subsequent to Michelia hedyosperma being listed as a level 3 provincial key protected plant on the Yunnan Key Protected Wild Plants List (Li and Li 1999), it has been assessed by Chinese authorities using IUCN criteria as Endangered EN A 2 c (Wang and Xie 2004: 328). Therefore, it is highly desirable that an evaluation of its present situation in the wild as Magnolia hedyosperma (syn. Michelia hedyosperma) is undertaken for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species where, as Michelia hedyosperma, it is currently noted as one of a number of synonyms of Magnolia hypolampra which was last assessed as far back as April 2007 as “ Data Deficient ” (IUCN 2026). Coincidentally, that same year Magnolia hypolampra was assessed by the China Expert Workshop as Vulnerable VU C 1, as is recorded in The Red List of Magnoliaceae (Cicuzza et al. 2007: 26).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/09C1D480A4995B4C8B48FB270775876D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
63B06D44F4365802907265B1790D51B2.text	63B06D44F4365802907265B1790D51B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia kerrii (Craib) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia kerrii (Craib) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 15</p><p>Michelia kerrii Craib, Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 1922: 166 (Craib 1922). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia floribunda Finet &amp; Gagnep., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1064 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 57 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Acta Botanica Yunnanica 19 (2): 135 (Li 1997), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 43 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 81 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 54 (Sima and Lu 2009), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 198 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 133 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia kerrii Craib .</p><p>Magnolia floribunda (Finet &amp; Gagnep.) Figlar, in Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001 (2): 31 (Sima 2001), online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), and in Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 37: 123 (Nooteboom and Chalermglin 2009), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia kerrii Craib .</p><p>Type.</p><p>Northern Thailand – Chiang Mai Province • Doi Suthep (mountain 15 km northwest of Chiang Mai city), alt. ca. 1650 m, tree ca. 10 m, evergreen jungle, 22 Dec. 1920, fl, fr, Arthur Francis G. Kerr 4679. holotype: K 000681513! isotypes: BM 000574773! K 000681512! P 00205306! TCD 0009723! (via JSTOR), UC n. v.</p><p>Topotype.</p><p>Chiang Mai Province • Doi Suthep, alt. ca. 1676 m, no date, Rodolphe Meyer d’Schauensee s. n. PH 00017355! (via JSTOR) .</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>holotype (K): http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681513</p><p>isotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/8647a147-d1a2-4fca-a71d-3ab841a40736</p><p>isotype (K): http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681512</p><p>isotype (P): http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p00205306</p><p>isotype (TCD): http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.tcd0009723</p><p>topotype (PH): http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ph00017355</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Both holotype specimen sheets of Michelia kerrii Craib at Kew have labels affixed by Dandy in 1926 determining them to be M. floribunda Finet &amp; Gagnep. under which M. kerrii is recorded as a synonym by the authors previously listed. However, M. kerrii can be readily distinguished from M. floribunda by the known differentiating features compiled in Table 15.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia kerrii are cited from Craib (1922: 166); with those of Michelia floribunda from Fin et and Gagnepain (1906 a: 46), supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1065) 1, Law (1996: 60) 2, Lee (1935) 3. Liu et al. (2004: 254) 4, Nooteboom and Chalermglin (2009: 123) 5 and Xia et al. (2008: 81) 6.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Interestingly, apart from the initial collection, the only other record found for Michelia kerrii is a specimen collected at ca. 1676 m from the summit of Doi Suthep either between 11 December 1928 and January 1929 or from late December 1932 to early January 1933 by Rodolphe M. de Schauensee. This specimen includes an apparent detached flower bud bract, which would indicate that its flowering in December, a little over a decade earlier for the previous specimens, was not an isolated occurrence.</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Michelia kerrii also does not key out with the original validating description for Michelia microtricha Hand. - Mazz. (Handel-Mazzetti 1921: 145) from western Yunnan, with which it shares synonymy under M. floribunda Dunn in Flora of China. Since Michelia kerrii and M. floribunda are obviously two distinct species, M. kerrii is resurrected and transferred to Magnolia, as has previously occurred for Michelia floribunda .</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Michelia kerrii was originally found in December 1920 at ca. 1650 m near the summit of Doi Suthep in Siam (Thailand), where it may be (or have been) endemic. As previously mentioned, the only other recorded collection for this species was by de Schauensee in the late 1920 ' s or early 1930 ' s from Doi Suthep’s summit. Hopefully, it still survives there or somewhere in the surrounding region after the passing of almost 100 years since it was last recorded and has not become one of several species mentioned by Elliott (1994), as being lost from Doi Suthep’s diverse flora and fauna due to the destruction of the mountain’s forest and wildlife in the rush to profit from tourism. This may be a forlorn hope in view of the statement by Putiyanan and Maxwell (2006: 175) that plant species listed for the summit in 1908 have now been “ completely and shamefully removed ”. Therefore, the conservation status of Michelia kerrii is unfortunately likely to be either critically endangered or extinct in the wild, with none known to be in ex situ cultivation.</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>A field survey of the surrounding regions of Doi Suthep, the only recorded locality for Magnolia kerrii (syn. Michelia kerrii) in Thailand, should be undertaken as soon as possible to determine the fate of this species since its last known collection.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/63B06D44F4365802907265B1790D51B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
2A403022222D522D8BB6978EDB72EB07.text	2A403022222D522D8BB6978EDB72EB07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia linyaoensis (D. C. Zhang & S. B. Zhou) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia linyaoensis (D. C. Zhang &amp; S. B. Zhou) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Tables 16, 17</p><p>Michelia linyaoensis D. C. Zhang &amp; S. B. Zhou, Bulletin of Botanical Research 22 (2): 129, fig. 1 (Zhou and Zhang 2002). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia skinneriana Dunn, in Flora of China Vol. 7: 87 (Xia et al. 2008), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia linyaoensis D. C. Zhang &amp; S. B. Zhou .</p><p>Michelia figo (Lour.) Spreng., in A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 233 (Sima 2011), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia linyaoensis D. C. Zhang &amp; S. B. Zhou .</p><p>Magnolia figo var. skinneriana (Dunn) Noot., online at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (Govaerts 2022), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia linyaoensis D. C. Zhang &amp; S. B. Zhou .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>鳞药含笑 meaning “Linyao michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>鳞药木兰 meaning “Linyao magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Fujian Province • Nanping County, Laizhou town, alt. 800 m, in forest, 11 May 1998, Zhou Shou-Biao 95544. holotype: ANUB n. v.</p><p>Holotype specimen not found on the internet up to 22 Nov. 2022 and requests to ANUB have gone unanswered.</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>The present authors were unable to ascertain the location of Linyao, in the region of Laizhou of Fujian Province, after which this species is named. Also, Linyao was not recorded in the location information for the type specimen, which is unusual, as is the fact that nobody apparently returned during the autumn to collect specimens in fruit and seed for descriptive purposes and also ex situ conservation.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Despite Zhang and Zhou noting six features in their diagnosis distinguishing Michelia linyaoensis from M. skinneriana, it is listed as a synonym of that species in Flora of China (Xia et al. 2008) and is made a new synonym of Michelia figo in Sima (2011). From these species it is readily distinguished by their differentiating morphological features compiled in Tables 16, 17. Michelia linyaoensis also does not key out with the original validating description for M. amoena Q. F. Zheng &amp; M. M. Lin, with which it shares synonymy under M. skinneriana Dunn in Flora of China. As an obviously distinct species, Michelia linyaoensis is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia linyaoensis are cited from Zhou and Zhang (2002: 129), who record the fruit as unknown. Those of Michelia skinneriana are from Dunn (1908: 354), supplemented by Law (1996: 165) 1, Liu et al. (2004: 316) 2 and Xia et al. (2008: 87) 3.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia linyaoensis are cited from Zhou and Zhang (2002: 129), Those of Michelia figo are from Liu et al. (2004: 250) 1, supplemented by Bean (1973: 738) 2, Krüssmann (1985: 307) 3, Law (1996: 165) 4, Lee (1935: 484) 5, Nooteboom (1985: 121) 6, Spongberg (1998: 134) 7 and Xia et al. (2008: 87) 8.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Presently unknown, but may be critically endangered if still surviving (?). Apart from its initial publication in 2002, the only other reference to this species found by the present authors is Liu et al. (2008), wherein these Chinese authors briefly note Michelia linyaoensis as an endemic occurring in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (s) that occur in the northern subtropical mountainous area of China’s Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces.</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Michelia linyaoensis, which was collected 28 years ago and has no recorded subsequent collections, is therefore apparently known only from the type locality in Nanping County, Fujian Province, where it hopefully still survives (?). Now resurrected and disengaged from M. skinneriana and M. figo, an opportunity arises for an evaluation of its IUCN conservation status in the wild as Magnolia linyaoensis, which ideally should be undertaken in the not-too-distant future!</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A403022222D522D8BB6978EDB72EB07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
089DF381CE3C5024BC8673EE6F43E86E.text	089DF381CE3C5024BC8673EE6F43E86E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia longistamina (Law) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia longistamina (Law) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 18</p><p>Michelia longistamina Law, Bulletin of Botanical Research (Harbin) 5 (3): 122, 128: fig. 2 (Law 1985). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia martini (H. Lév.) Finet &amp; Gagnep. ex H. Lév., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1083 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia longistaminata [sic] Law plus specimen Ko S. P. 52762 (meant as 53762) — World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 58 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 47 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 88 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 62 (Sima and Lu 2009), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 242 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 172 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia longistamina Law .</p><p>Magnolia martini H. Lév., online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia longistamina Law .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>长蕊含笑 meaning “long-stamened michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>乳源木兰 meaning “Ruyuan magnolia’. (长蕊 exists in magnolia).</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Guangdong Province • Ruyuan County, Xi Shan, Qingjidong, alt. 1300 m, tree 8 m, in woodlands, 1 May 1934, S. P. Ko (Gao Xi-peng) 80358. holotype: IBSC 0017474 n. v. isotype: BM 000574755!</p><p>Paratypes. China. Guangdong Province • Ruyuan County, Apr. 1934, S. P. Ko (Gao Xi-peng) 54122. IBSC 0053869 n. v. ibid. • Nov. 1933; Gao Xi-peng 53762. IBSC 0053867 n. v. IBSC 0053870 n. v.</p><p>holotype and paratypes (IBSC): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>isotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/14302c91-2f98-4d41-b2a5-0d40edb0077b</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Y. W. Law, in describing his new species Michelia longistamina, recorded in his diagnosis a number of features differentiating it from Michelia martini (H. Lév.) Finet &amp; Gagnep. ex H. Lév. under which the new species (misspelt as M. longistaminata) was however subsequently reduced in Chen and Nooteboom (1993), where its type specimen and the type specimen of M. bodinieri were both noted to “ strikingly resemble those of Michelia martinii ” [sic]. Subsequent to Chen &amp; Nooteboom, Michelia longistamina is recognised in Law (1996: 170) and in Liu et al. (2004: 282), but is again listed as a synonym of M. martini by the authors in the previously listed synonymy. However, the present authors feel that Michelia longistamina can be easily distinguished from M. martini by their presently known differentiating features compiled in Table 18.</p><p>Note: The listed features of Michelia longistamina are cited from Law (1985: 122), supplemented by Liu et al. (2004: 282) 1; with those of Michelia martini from Liu et al. (2004: 288) 2, supplemented by Chen (1987: 89) 3, Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1083) 4, Deng and Yang (2015: 172) 5, Law (1996: 168) 6, Nguy ễn et al. (2015: 134) 7, and from its description as M. bodinieri in Finet and Gagnepain (1906 b: 574) 9.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Due to the differentiating features compiled in Table 18 which show Michelia longistamina as an irrefutable, unambiguous species, as is also undeniably obvious from a comparison of the illustrations of the various morphological features of Michelia longistamina with the equivalent illustrations of Michelia martini in Magnolias of China (Liu et al. 2004: 282; 288), Michelia longistamina is here reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Accompanying the figure of a flowering branch of Michelia martini (H. Lév.) Finet &amp; Gagnep. ex H. Lév. on page 103 of Flora of China Illustrations Vol. 7 (Deng 2009; fig. 103), is the obviously different flower and aggregate fruit that previously accompanied the original description of Michelia longistamina (Law 1985: 128, fig. 2). Both are in the 2009 publication captioned to represent M. martini under which M. longistamina is a synonym in the text volume of Flora of China.</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>A 3–4 cm long stamen, from whose length Michelia longistamina derives its name, is illustrated in Magnolias of China (Liu et al. 2004: 282 fig. 5). This is in stark contrast to the much shorter 1.3–1.8 cm long stamens of Michelia martini illustrated in Magnolias of China (Liu et al. 2004: 288 fig. 4 [stamen length for M. martini is from Law 1996: 168].</p><p>Note 5.</p><p>A UPGMA cluster map of genetic relationships between 48 species of Michelia (Li J. J. et al. 2020: 416, fig. 2), shows the closest relative of Michelia longistamina to be M. xanthantha in a sub-branch of branch V, with M. martini a distant relative in a sub-branch of branch I on the opposite side of the cluster map.</p><p>Note 6.</p><p>According to the literature searched by the present authors in Australia and overseas in relation to a future paper, Michelia longistamina is recorded in China for two nature reserves, as well as being noted as occurring in ex situ conservation at four research institutions and three botanical gardens, including South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong, where M. martini * is also cultivated. [* correct ending for this Latin derived name: ICN Madrid Code, Recommendation 60 C 1 (Turland et al. 2025)].</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The conservation status of Magnolia martini H. Lév., including Michelia longistamina in synonymy, is noted as “ Least Concern with a decreasing population trend ” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2026), based on an August 2012 assessment by S. Khela. Vietnamese researchers subsequently recommended that Michelia martini, occurring in at least 10 locations in China and Vietnam, should be classified as endangered EN B 2 b (i – v) (Nguy ễn et al. 2015: 135). Two years later, Chinese authorities, utilising IUCN criteria, determined Michelia martini as Vulnerable, VU B 1 ab (i, iii) (Qin et al. 2017: 725). Obviously, the IUCN conservation status of Magnolia longistamina (syn. Michelia longistamina), recorded for only two localities as mentioned in the previous note, would be at a higher level of endangerment than was recommended by the Vietnamese researchers, but an IUCN assessment of its true situation has been obscured through being hidden as a synonym of Magnolia martini .</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Since it has been found that Michelia longistamina was assessed more than two decades ago by Chinese authorities using IUCN criteria as Critically Endangered, CR B 1 ab (ii, iv) + 2 ab (ii, iv) (Wang and Xie 2004: 328), a re-evaluation of the current IUCN conservation status in the wild of both Michelia longistamina and M. martini independent of each other is recommended to be undertaken as soon as possible!</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/089DF381CE3C5024BC8673EE6F43E86E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
770F650E1EF651A2BDBF016564710D69.text	770F650E1EF651A2BDBF016564710D69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia polyneura (Law & Y. F. Wu) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia polyneura (C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Tables 19, 20</p><p>Michelia polyneura C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 10 (3): 340; 339 fig. 5: 1–8 (Liu &amp; Wu [Law &amp; Wu] 1988). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia coriacea Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen, Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1060, 1062 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia polyneura C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu plus specimens C. W. Wang 86915; 88023 — World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 56 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 51 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 86 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 52 (Sima and Lu 2009) and A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 244 (Sima 2011), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia polyneura C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu .</p><p>Magnolia coriacea (Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen) Figlar, online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), and Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001 (2): 30 (Sima 2001), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia polyneura C. Y. Wu ex Law &amp; Y. F. Wu .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>多脉含笑 meaning “many-nerved michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>多脉木兰 meaning “many-nerved magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Yunnan Province • Xichou County, Fadou, alt. 1500 m, in mixed forests on rocky hill, 6 m tree, 25 Sept. 1947, fr, K. M. Feng (Feng Kuo-mei) 12030. holotype: KUN 41501 n. v. isotypes: A 0003 9060! PE 00126380! PE 00126728 !</p><p>holotype (KUN): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>isotype (A): http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/image.php?id=304834</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; reaccessed with new URLs 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>isotype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=0073b2e4</p><p>isotype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=007307f9</p><p>Paratypes (superscript numbers at barcodes indicate appropriate URL in the subsequent list):</p><p>Yunnan Province • Sichour (= Xichou) County, Ma-Chia, common, alt. 1300–1500 m, 9 m tree, in mixed forests, 14 Oct. 1947, K. M. Feng 12464. KUN 41502 n. v. PE 00934138! 2 PE 00126379! 3 • Guangnan County, 15 m tree, on rocky hill, 21 Mar. 1940, fl, C. W. Wang, Chang &amp; Y. Liu 88023. IBK 00358058! 1 IBSC 0054436 n. v. KUN 41504 n. v. PE 00126383! 4 WUK 0268239! 9 • Malipo County, Kwan-kao, alt. 1000 m, 12 m tree, dense woods and open slopes, 14 Feb. 1940, C. W. Wang 86800. KUN 41510 n. v. PE 00126382! 5 PE 00934137! 6 • Malipo County, Guan-gaw, alt. 1200 m, small 10 m tree, occasionally amongst dense woods, 15 Feb. 1940, fl, C. W. Wang 86915. IBSC 0054437 n. v. KUN 41505 n. v. PE 00126385! 7 PE 00126386! 8 WUK 0268744! 10 .</p><p>Superscript numbers against URLs of paratypes match the equivalent barcodes listed previously:</p><p>paratype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f1d89f28 1</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fcf6a 2</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=0073b36f 3</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=0073b1cf 4</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=0073b13d 5</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fd08c 6</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=0073b022 7</p><p>paratype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=0073af96 8</p><p>paratype (WUK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=bfa411ad 9</p><p>paratype (WUK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=bfa41249 10</p><p>paratypes (IBSC, KUN): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>Specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Yunnan Province • alt. 1600 m; 9 Sept. 1986; B. L. Chen GS 9036; [SYS sys 00051220] n. v.</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia polyneura is noted without any given reason as a synonym of Michelia coriacea in Chen and Nooteboom (1993), then by the authors listed above, and as a synonym under Magnolia coriacea Figlar by Sima (2001). Michelia polyneura is a recognised species in Law (1996: 175) and Liu et al. (2004: 309) where it and M. coriacea are listed in different sections of subgenus Metamichelia Law et Y. F. Wu, with M. polyneura in section Anisochlamys Dandy and M. coriacea in section Dichlamys Dandy (Liu et al. 2004: 386; 387). According to their original descriptions, Michelia polyneura may be distinguished from M. coriacea by the presently known differentiating features compiled in Table 19 and is consequently reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note: Michelia polyneura features are from Liu and Wu (1988: 340) supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom 1993: 1063) 1 and Liu et al. (2004: 309) 2. Those of Michelia coriacea are from Chen (1987: 89), who records the flowers as then unknown, supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1063) 3, Hà et al. (2020) 4 and Liu et al. (2004: flowers in photo 238; mature carpels in photo 239) 5.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>The description of Michelia polyneura replaces the entire validating description of the earlier-named Michelia coriacea in Flora of China, under which it is inappropriately listed as a synonym (see Table 20).</p><p>Note: As shown in the above table, many of the morphological features of Michelia polyneura have been transposed in Flora of China (Xia et al. 2008: 86) under M. coriacea, with none of the validating description of M. coriacea retained. The circumscription of M. coriacea in Flora of China should have been expanded by inclusion of the features of M. polyneura as a supposed synonym, although both have been determined as genuine independent species in the present 2 - part research monograph.</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>The confused status of Michelia polyneura is as a result of the following statement by H. P. Nooteboom (Chen and Nooteboom 1993: 1063): “ The type of Michelia coriacea bears fruit. In the absence of flowers, we misrepresented the tepals as 6–7 in number based on the faint scars of the perianth on the torus. The collections with flowers collected from the same tree one year later showed that the flower has 9 tepals ”. Chen Bao-liang &amp; Li Biao Gs 9035, the type of M. coriacea without flowers, was collected at 1600 metres at Xiaoshishan in Xichou County, SE Yunnan, on 30 September 1986, with the following holotype and two isotype specimens accessed at the CVH website on 25 Mar. 2026:</p><p>holotype SYS sys 00050910! https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=7bb32632</p><p>isotype SYS: sys 00095542! https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f40b00</p><p>isotype SYS: sys 00095543! https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f40bfc</p><p>Another six specimens of Michelia coriacea collected the following year in October 1987 with the collection details Chen Bao-liang 87 F- 177 and Chen Bao-liang 87 F- 178 (5 specimen sheets) are held at the SYS herbarium, but their images are not yet posted to CVH. However, none of these would be in flower during October and they were collected from tree (s) at 1450 metres and therefore NOT from the type tree of Michelia coriacea located at 1600 metres. A final specimen, Chen Bao-liang s. n., without collection date or image, SYS: sys 00050916, is noted in Chinese at CVH “ without flower or fruit ”. Since there are no specimens of M. coriacea posted to CVH for the flowering season of 1987, the question that needs to be asked is why didn’t Nooteboom give the collection details and the herbarium for these later “ collections with flowers collected from the same tree ” as for the type of M. coriacea, to rule out the distinct possibility that these 1987 specimens with 9 - tepalled flowers are actually from M. polyneura trees which also occurs in Xichou County of Yunnan. In any case, the following three specimen sheets of M. coriacea that were collected on 20 February 2003 by Li Qiao-ming and Li Da-xiao from a tree in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, each display flowers with 6–7 tepals:</p><p>SZG 00009104! https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=fbbf95c0</p><p>SZG 00009105! https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=fbbf965e</p><p>SZG 00009106! https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=fbbf96fa [accessed 26 Mar. 2026].</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>It is highly probable that the Michelia coriacea mentioned as “ a big tree up to 30 m high in the primitive patched forest in Malipo ” (Sun et al. 2007: 4–5), and possibly at least some of the populations of smaller trees of ‘ Michelia coriacea ’ that are noted by these authors as occurring in the surrounding districts, are in fact M. polyneura, since they are considered one and the same as a result of unsubstantiated synonymy. It is evident from Table 19 that these are definitely two distinct species!</p><p>Note 5.</p><p>Michelia coriacea was noted 14 years ago as a critically endangered species occurring as scattered individuals “ distributed across only three extant populations: Daping and Shipen, Dongma and Tiechang, and Yang-Kai-Ping ” in SE Yunnan, with all individuals in these populations existing in degraded and fragmented habitats as a result of heavy logging and vegetation destruction (Zhao et al. 2012). Since none of the localities noted for these three remaining populations of Michelia coriacea are the same as the five locations where the type specimens of Michelia polyneura were collected in February / March 1940 and September / October 1947, this is further evidence that these are two different species.</p><p>Note 6.</p><p>Michelia polyneura is recorded under its Chinese name for the 26867 ha Wenshan National Nature Reserve, southeastern Yunnan, in two scientific surveys, but with the Latin name Michelia coriacea (Lu and Shui 2002: 113; Yang et al. 2008: 483), so it is not certain which of these species occurs there. (The Chinese name for Michelia coriacea is applied to Michelia nitida in both surveys).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>From an April 2007 assessment by the Global Tree Specialist Group, the conservation status of Magnolia coriacea, including Michelia coriacea and Michelia polyneura in synonymy, is recorded for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as “ Endangered B 1 ab (iii, v) ver. 3.1 with a decreasing population trend ” and as occurring in southeast Yunnan and northern Vietnam (IUCN 2026). It is therefore obvious that an independent Magnolia polyneura (syn. Michelia polyneura), which is known only to occur in nature in the three neighbouring Xichou, Guangnan and Malipo counties of SE Yunnan, would be at least as endangered. In fact, M. polyneura was assessed more than two decades ago by Chinese authorities using IUCN criteria as Endangered, EN B 1 ab (ii, iv) compared to their assessment of Endangered EN B 2 ab (ii, iii) for M. coriacea (Wang and Xie 2004: 328) ., the latter assessment upgraded within 3 years to Critically Endangered CR B 2 ab (i, ii, iii, v) according to Sun et al. (2007). One can only guess at what their current status is now when they are no longer synonymous with each other, but it is obviously going to be much worse.</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>In view of the above endangered assessments, a later assessment of Michelia coriacea as Vulnerable VU A 2 acd, B 1 ab (i, iii, v) by Qin et al. (2017: 725), apparently with M. polyneura in synonymy, is debatable. Hence an IUCN re-evaluation of the current conservation status in the wild of Magnolia polyneura and M. coriacea independent from each other should be undertaken expeditiously!</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/770F650E1EF651A2BDBF016564710D69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
7F8E59BE326D592CB302526F4DD9EAB0.text	7F8E59BE326D592CB302526F4DD9EAB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia skinneriana (Dunn) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia skinneriana (Dunn) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Michelia skinneriana Dunn, Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Botany) 38 (267): 354 (Dunn 1908). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia figo (Lour.) Spreng., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1084 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia skinneriana Dunn .</p><p>Michelia figo (Lour.) Spreng. var. figo, in World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 56 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia skinneriana Dunn .</p><p>Michelia skinneriana Dunn, in Flora of China Vol. 7: 87 (Xia et al. 2008), p. p. excl. syns. Michelia amoena Q. F. Zheng &amp; M. M. Lin and M. linyaoensis D. C. Zhang &amp; S. B. Zhao .</p><p>Magnolia figo var. skinneriana (Dunn) Noot., in Flora of China Vol. 7: 49 (Xia et al. 2008).</p><p>Michelia skinneriana Dunn, in A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 231 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: (Deng and Yang 2015), both p. p. excl. syn. Michelia amoena Q. F. Zheng &amp; M. M. Lin .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>野含笑 meaning “wild michelia”, alluding to the related M. figo being a cultivated plant, whereas M. skinneriana was found in the wild subsequent to its initial collection and botanical naming from a cultivated plant.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>野木兰 meaning “wild magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Fukien (= Fujian) Province • Yenping (= Yanping District), large tree, cultivated, garden of Chinese Literary Mandarin, either May or June 1905, fl, Stephan Troyte Dunn 2448. holotype: HK 0000844! isotype: K 000681447! A 00039061!</p><p>The following specimen images were accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>holotype (HK): https://www.herbarium.gov.hk/en/type-specimens/search-result/index.html?quick_search=michelia_skinneriana</p><p>isotype (K: ex HK): http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681447</p><p>isotype (A: ex HK): http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/image.php?id=304835</p><p>unspecified type (SYS sys 00051222): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia skinneriana is listed as a synonym of Michelia figo without any given reason in Chen and Nooteboom (1993), but subsequently is an accepted species in Law (1996: 165), Xia et al. (2008: 87), Xing et al. (2009: 211), Deng and Yang (2015: 163), Yang et al. (2016: 315) and has also been accorded specific status by Sima (2011: 231) in his dissertation revising the Chinese Magnoliaceae .</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>In a thesis utilising randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to analyse the genetic diversity and relationships of 20 Magnoliaceae species, the independence of M. skinneriana and M. figo was determined, as illustrated in RAPD and ISSR fingerprint dendrograms (Huang 2007: 35, 51; figs 14, 24).</p><p>Also, in a study which utilised AFLP and ISSR markers to determine the genetic relationship of some Magnoliaceae evergreen plants occurring in China, it was found that there was a large genetic diversity among the 21 taxa analysed, including between M. skinneriana and M. figo, and that they were completely distinguishable as independent species (Li 2013). An earlier phylogenetic analysis had also determined that M. skinneriana and M. figo could not be combined (Wang et al. 2003: 247). Michelia skinneriana is therefore reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>According to the literature searched by the present authors in Australia and overseas, Michelia skinneriana is recorded in China for 57 nature reserves in nine provinces, including Anhui, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces for which this species is not mentioned as occurring in Flora of China. Michelia skinneriana is recorded as occurring in ex situ conservation at eight research institutions plus 11 botanical gardens / arboreta in China.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>From the above Michelia skinneriana would appear to be adequately protected in its area of distribution, with its conservation status having been listed as of Least Concern (LC) by Chinese researchers (Ministry of Environmental Protection &amp; Chinese Academy of Sciences 2014). The present authors agree with this assessment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F8E59BE326D592CB302526F4DD9EAB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
A036027157105B85B92D447AD1330D85.text	A036027157105B85B92D447AD1330D85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia sublanea (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia sublanea (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. et stat. nov.</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Michelia macclurei var. sublanea Dandy, The Journal of Botany: British and Foreign 68 (7): 212 (Dandy 1930). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia macclurei Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1071 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 58 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 50 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 85 (Xia et al. 2008), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 210 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 140 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia macclurei var. sublanea Dandy .</p><p>Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar, online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), p. p. quoad syn. Michelia macclurei var. sublanea Dandy .</p><p>Present Chinese name.</p><p>展毛含笑 meaning “fair-haired michelia”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>展毛木兰 meaning “fair-haired magnolia”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Kwangtung (= Guangdong) Province • Sunyi (= Xinyi County), Kyingtung (= Jindong), alt. 900 m, in the open, ground sloping west, 15 m tree, 27 July 1929, fr, Y. Tsiang (Tsiang Ying) 2609. holotyp e: NY 00320712! isotypes: A 00039052! (ex SYS), BM 000554539! BM 000554540! IBK 00190087! IBSC 0006059 n. v. IBSC 0006060 n. v. IBSC 0006067 n. v. P 00205392! PE 00934136! SYS sys 00051047 n. v.</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>holotype (NY ex SYS): http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/specimen_details.php?irn=528467</p><p>isotype (A): https://s3.amazonaws.com/huhwebimages/78D742B75A914A7/type/full/39052.jpg</p><p>isotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/57422918-eeb6-4472-8faf-5057ebb73929</p><p>isotype (BM): http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/69435a3d-d4b2-4581-919d-e63fa7e08c3d</p><p>isotype (P): http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p00205392</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019, re-accessed with new URLs 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>isotype (IBK): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c1cdd346</p><p>isotype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fd119</p><p>isotypes (IBSC, SYS): specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia macclurei var. sublanea was reduced to M. macclurei in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) on the basis that the “ indument varies in this species ”. This treatment was followed by the authors listed above, but the variety was retained in Law (1996), Liu et al. (2004), Xing et al. (2009) and Yang et al. (2016). The present authors agree with these authors in not recognising the above synonymy. However, M. macclurei var. sublanea Dandy is raised to specific rank in recognition of the points outlined in Notes 2 and 3 below and subsequently transferred to Magnolia as Magnolia sublanea (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. et stat. nov.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>A UPGMA cluster map of genetic relationships between 48 species of Michelia (Li J. J. et al. 2020: 416, fig. 2), shows the closest relative of Michelia macclurei var. sublanea to be M. balansae in a sub-branch of branch IV, with M. macclurei a distant relative in a sub-branch of branch I on the opposite side of the cluster map and consequently not a variety of the earlier-named species.</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>According to its brief description in Magnolias of China (Liu et al. 2004: 286), Michelia macclurei var. sublanea is noted to differ from Michelia macclurei in its young twigs, petioles, stipules, bracts and peduncles being densely patulous (not appressed) tomentellous or villose and with is leaves and flowers slightly larger. Overlooked in these differences is the variety’s 10–14 tepals shown at fig. 1 on page 286 of Magnolias of China (13 tepals at Fig. 8, page 52 of this paper), its white stamens with red pollen sacs shown at Figs 8, 9 on the same page (which apparently turn brown after pollen release) and its pendulous fruit aggregates shown in the lower L-H photo on page 287. These are in stark contrast to the 9 tepals mentioned in the text and shown at fig. 1 on page 284 for Michelia macclurei, as well as its red stamens with red pollen sacs shown at figs 6, 7 on the same page, plus the upright fruit aggregates shown in the upper R-H photo on page 285 of Magnolias of China. Also not mentioned are the 5–6 ovules in respect of M. macclurei var. sublanea (Dandy 1928 b: 360) and the 6–9 ovules in respect M. macclurei (Dandy 1930: 212) . Specimens posted to the CVH website show the flowering months of the variety to range from February to April and its fruiting months to range from June to November compared to February to March and October to November for the flowering and fruiting months noted in Magnolias of China for M. macclurei .</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The conservation status of Magnolia macclurei, including Michelia macclurei var. sublanea as a synonym, is presently noted as “ Least Concern with an unknown population trend ” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, based on an August 2012 assessment (IUCN 2026).</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>A field survey at the type locality of Michelia macclurei var. sublanea, plus the nature reserves in which it occurs, plus any other confirmed wild locations for this now former variety, such as Maoming, Guangdong and Yulin, Guangxi (Law 1996), should be undertaken to ascertain its current IUCN Red List status as Magnolia sublanea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A036027157105B85B92D447AD1330D85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
50B019A6B656530DA90FC427B90B6435.text	50B019A6B656530DA90FC427B90B6435.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia tenuipes (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia tenuipes (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Tables 21, 22</p><p>Manglietia tenuipes Dandy, The Journal of Botany: British and Foreign 69 (9): 232 (Dandy 1931). [Basionym].</p><p>Manglietia conifera Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1034 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 50 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), in Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 6 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 60 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 20 (Sima and Lu 2009), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 78 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 19 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Manglietia tenuipes Dandy .</p><p>Manglietia chingii Dandy, in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 30 (1): 92 (Law 1996), p. p. quoad syn. Manglietia tenuipes Dandy .</p><p>Manglietia conifera subsp. chingii (Dandy) J. Li, in Acta Botanica Yunnanica 19 (2): 131 (Li 1997), p. p. quoad syn. Manglietia tenuipes Dandy .</p><p>Present Chinese names.</p><p>广西木莲 meaning “ Guangxi manglietia ” and 细柄木莲 meaning “ thin-stalked manglietia ”.</p><p>Proposed Chinese name.</p><p>细柄木兰 meaning “ thin-stalked magnolia ”.</p><p>Type.</p><p>China. Kwangsi (= Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) • Yeo Mar Shan (= Yaoma Shan), north of Lin Yen (= Lingyun), alt. ca. 1460 m, in woods, common, tree 12.2 m high, 25 Aug. 1928, fr, Ching Ren-chang 7117. holotype: BM 000946043! isotypes: IBSC 0006058! (incorrectly noted as Nov. 3, 1928 on annotation label), NY 00320705! NAS 00319372! NAS 00070747! PE 00934127! SYS sys 00051814 n. v.</p><p>Note.</p><p>Yaoma Shan (瑶马山) is about 7.5 km west of the current day county seat of Lingyun.</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 1 Apr. 2020:</p><p>holotype (BM): http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.bm000946043</p><p>Specimen image below accessed 20 Mar. 2019:</p><p>isotype (NY): http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/specimen_details.php?irn=403451</p><p>Specimen images below accessed 20 Mar. 2019; re-accessed with new URLs 22 Oct. 2022:</p><p>isotype (IBSC): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=c7677f91</p><p>isotype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=dbe4a4ba</p><p>isotype (NAS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=da7e2b07</p><p>isotype (PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=f00fd5fc</p><p>isotype (SYS): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 18 Mar. 2026.</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>An identification label attached to the isotype specimen at the New York Botanical Garden herbarium by Chen Bao-liang in 1990 makes the determination as Manglietia conifera Dandy. Manglietia tenuipes is listed as a synonym of M. conifera in Chen and Nooteboom (1993), being subsequently recorded as such by the authors noted above. It is also recorded as a synonym of M. chingii in Law (1996) and of M. conifera subsp. chingii by Li (1997). M. tenuipes is, however, recognisable as a distinct species when taking into account all the presently known differentiating features of these three species compiled in Tables 21, 22. Manglietia tenuipes also does not key out with the original validating descriptions of M. glaucifolia Law &amp; Y. F. Wu, or M. ovoidea Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen with which it shares synonymy under M. conifera in Chen &amp; Nooteboom, and with the exception of M. glaucifolia, also in Flora of China.</p><p>Note: The morphological features of Manglietia tenuipes are cited from Dandy (1931: 232), supplemented by Lee (1935: 479) 1 and Tiê ṕ (1980: 557) 2, with those of Manglietia conifera cited from Dandy (1930: 205), supplemented by Hao et al. (2019: 3) 3, Tiê ṕ (1980: 559–560) 4 and Vu (2017: 1190) 5.</p><p>Note: The morphological features of Manglietia tenuipes are cited from Dandy (1931: 232), supplemented by Lee (1935: 479) 1 and Tiê ṕ (1980: 557) 2. Those of Manglietia chingii are from Dandy (1931), supplemented by Law (1996: 92) 3, Liu et al. (2004: 130) 4 and Tiê ṕ (1980: 559) 5.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>In research published five years ago in which a UPGMA cluster analysis supported the division of Magnoliaceae into the two monogeneric subfamilies Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae, there is a UPGMA clustering diagram of genomic relationships between 135 species of Magnoliaceae (Li 2021: 30, fig. 3.6). This diagram reveals the closest relative to Manglietia tenuipes to be M. ovoidea, with M. conifera and M. chingii distant relatives on the genome map. Previously published research utilising ISSR molecular markers to investigate the genetic diversity of 48 wild species of Magnoliaceae in Yunnan Province showed Manglietia tenuipes to be not closely related to Manglietia chingii on the accompanying UPGMA cluster map (Wang et al. 2020: 281, fig. 2). Recognised as a genuine species, Manglietia tenuipes is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>While there are cultivated plants of Manglietia conifera growing in the Magnolia Garden at South China Botanical Garden (from which herbarium specimens are noted but not uploaded at the Chinese Virtual Herbarium website) and planted elsewhere in China, this species does not occur in the wild in China, but is confined to Vietnam (Hao et al. 2019: 1; 2 fig. 1), where for example it was recorded in 1997 for the Na Hang Nature Reserve in northeastern Tuyen Quang Province (Hill and Hallam 1997: appendix 1 Plants), whose establishment and area of 41930 ha was first proposed in October 1993 (Anon 2004). The majority of the specimens presently at the CVH website bearing the name Manglietia conifera have the Chinese name for M. chingii under which they were presumably posted and some are neither. Also, research of the genetic diversity of the germplasm resources of M. conifera required 12 wild provenances of this species being introduced to China from Vietnam (Wen 2017). The naming of the superficially similar but different species M. sinoconifera (Wei 1993), would appear to be further evidence that M. conifera, which is conspicuous for its absence in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and Magnolias of China, is not native to China, whereas M. tenuipes and perhaps also M. chingii apparently occur only in China.</p><p>Note 4.</p><p>According to the literature searched by the present authors in Australia and overseas for a future paper, Manglietia tenuipes is recorded in China for 18 nature reserves, two at least in which one of its supposed synonyms M. chingii is also noted to occur. M. tenuipes is also recorded as occurring in ex situ conservation at two research institutions plus eight botanical gardens and arboreta, four in which M. chingii is also noted to occur, including South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong, where in addition to these two species, M. conifera is also cultivated.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Manglietia tenuipes is noted on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as a synonym of Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V. S. Kumar which has a September 2012 assessment of “ Least Concern ” (IUCN 2026). However, Manglietia tenuipes is recorded by Li and Li (1999: 33) as being listed as a level 3 provincial key protected plant on the Yunnan Key Protected Wild Plants List published in 1989, and in Li et al. (2015: 72) it is noted as a national level 3 protected rare and endangered plant.</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>In view of the above, an IUCN assessment of the present conservation status in the wild of Magnolia tenuipes (syn. Manglietia tenuipes) independent of Magnolia conifera and Magnolia conifera var. chingii (Dandy) V. S. Kumar (syn. Manglietia chingii), needs to be undertaken at the earliest opportunity! Included in the IUCN assessment should be populations in Funing and Malipo counties of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan (from where unsighted specimens of M. tenuipes were collected by Chen Bao-liang), plus at Leigong Shan and elsewhere in Guizhou, as well as a number of isolated Guangxi populations, including at the type locality of Yaoma Shan in Lingyun County.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/50B019A6B656530DA90FC427B90B6435	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
9915F2F740005CFA972A05B47D1B3102.text	9915F2F740005CFA972A05B47D1B3102.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magnolia wardii (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan & S. K. Png 2026	<div><p>Magnolia wardii (Dandy) C. B. Callaghan &amp; S. K. Png comb. nov.</p><p>Table 23</p><p>Michelia wardii Dandy, Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 1929 (7): 222–223 (Dandy 1929 a). [Basionym].</p><p>Michelia doltsopa Buch. - Ham. ex DC., in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80 (4): 1063 (Chen and Nooteboom 1993), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 56 (Frodin and Govaerts 1996), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 41 (Wu and Chen 2006), Flora of China Vol. 7: 81 (Xia et al. 2008), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 53 (Sima and Lu 2009), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 197 (Sima 2011) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 131 (Deng and Yang 2015), each p. p. quoad syn. Michelia wardii Dandy .</p><p>Magnolia doltsopa (Buch. - Ham. ex DC) Figlar, online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003), and in Phytotaxonomy 15: 109 (Khuraijam and Goel 2015), both p. p. quoad syn. Michelia wardii Dandy .</p><p>Type.</p><p>Ne India – Arunachal Pradesh • Chibaon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=96.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 96.5/lat 28.166666)">Delei Valley</a>, 28°10'N, 96°30'E, alt. 2100–2400 m, 12 Apr. 1928, fl, Francis Kingdon-Ward 8060. holotype: K 000681496! isotypes: BM n. v. E n. v. NY n. v.</p><p>holotype specimen below accessed 20 March 2019:</p><p>holotype (K): http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000681496</p><p>Note 1.</p><p>Michelia wardii Dandy is noted as a synonym of Michelia doltsopa Buch. - Ham. ex DC. in Chen and Nooteboom (1993) and then by the other authors listed above. However, it can be distinguished from that species by the presently known differentiating features compiled in Table 23.</p><p>Note: The differentiating morphological features of Michelia wardii are cited from Dandy (1929 a: 222) and those of Michelia doltsopa from de Candolle (1818: 448) 1, supplemented by Chen and Nooteboom (1993: 1063) 2; Dandy (1929 a: 222) 3, Law (1996: 159) 4, Lee (1935) 5, Liu et al. (2004: 242) 6, Mitchell and Coombes (1998: 181) 7, Polunin and Stainton (1999: 19) 8, Spencer (1997: 23) 9 and Spongberg (1998: 135) 10.</p><p>Note 2.</p><p>Michelia wardii also does not key out with the original validating descriptions for M. opipara Hung T. Chang &amp; B. L. Chen or the at least semi-deciduous M. excelsa (Wall.) Blume, occurring in the Himalayas from Nepal eastward (Brandis 1906: 7), with which it shares synonymy under M. doltsopa in Chen &amp; Nooteboom and in Flora of China. Michelia wardii is therefore resurrected and transferred to Magnolia .</p><p>Note 3.</p><p>Michelia wardii Dandy is native to the northeast Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and also adjacent Xizang (Tibet) in far-western China. No records of it in any nature reserve in these regions or in cultivation have been located.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Due to being regarded as a synonym of Magnolia doltsopa since 1993, no information on the conservation status of M. wardii has been found in the literature.</p><p>Recommendation.</p><p>Utilising the co-ordinates noted by Kingdon-Ward as a starting point, an IUCN assessment of any existing wild populations of Magnolia wardii (syn. Michelia wardii) surviving in the Delai Valley, Mishmi Hills region, Chibaon, Arunachal Pradesh, India should be undertaken to ascertain its conservation status now that is has been shown to be independent of Magnolia doltsopa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9915F2F740005CFA972A05B47D1B3102	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Callaghan, Christopher B.;Png, Siak K.	Callaghan, Christopher B., Png, Siak K. (2026): If these aren’t genuine species, what are? An analysis of heterotypic synonyms contributes to 19 new names and 20 new combinations in Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). Part 2: New combinations. PhytoKeys 277: 77-151, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.277.195893
