identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FD65E3808DA05815A4030F83FE32523B.text	FD65E3808DA05815A4030F83FE32523B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geastrum capillitiononramosum T. Wang, Q. Na & Y. P. Ge 2026	<div><p>Geastrum capillitiononramosum T. Wang, Q. Na &amp; Y. P. Ge sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2, 3, 4</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Mycelial layer encrusted with debris, pseudoparenchymatous layer lacking a collar, endoperidial body sessile without an apophysis, and peristome distinctly delimited. Differs from G. fimbriatum by distinctly delimited peristome and columnar-ornamented basidiospores.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>China • Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang City, Mudanfeng National Forest Park, 23 August 2024, leg. Tian Wang, Yupeng Ge, Qin Na, Zengcai Liu, Ruipeng Liu, Pengyu Du, and Ying Yu, 525 m asl, FFAAS 3408 (collection no. NJ 6629) .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From Latin capillitium and non-ramosus, referring to the unbranched capillitial hyphae.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Expanded basidiomata 14–32 mm in diameter, shallowly saccate to arched. Exoperidium splitting into 6–9 lobes, lobes 3–14 mm wide, mostly broad but occasionally narrow, gradually narrowing towards the apex, revolute outward under the exoperidial disc, non-hygroscopic, thin when dry. Pseudoparenchymatous layer Pale Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ f) or Ivory Yellow (XXX 21 ’’ f), smooth, persistent, lacking a collar. Fibrous layer Pale Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ f), leathery, firmly attached to pseudoparenchymatous layer. Mycelial layer * Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ d) to Deep Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ b), with fugacious debris. Endoperidial body 7–15 mm in diameter, globose to subglobose, sessile, without an apophysis. Endoperidium Deep Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ b) to Citrine-Drab (XL 21 ’’’ i) or Pale Smoke Gray (XLVI 21 ’’’’ f) to Light Grayish Olive (XLVI 21 ’’’’ b), smooth. Peristome shortly and broadly conical, fibrillose or silky fibrillose, Deep Grayish Olive (XLVI 21 ’’’’ i), the same color as or darker than endoperidium, distinctly delimited.</p><p>Basidiospores [100 / 4 / 3] 2.9– 3.1 – 3.2 × 2.9– 3.1 – 3.2 μm, [Q = 1.00–1.02, Qm = 1.01 ± 0.01] [holotype (50 / 2 / 1) 3.0– 3.1 – 3.2 × (2.8) 3.0– 3.1 – 3.2 μm, Q = 1.00–1.02, Qm = 1.01 ± 0.01], globose, yellowish brown to dark brown in 5 % KOH aqueous solution, with regularly columnar ornamentation, 0.5–0.7 μm in length (under oil). Capillitial hyphae 3.7–7.7 μm in diameter, rarely up to 9.0–11.5 μm, apically attenuated, unbranched, light brown to yellowish brown, mostly hyaline, with sparse debris, very few granular protuberances, thick-walled (0.5–0.9 μm). Pseudoparenchymatous layer made up of 35–84 × 22–64 μm cells, ellipsoid, oblong or angular, pale yellowish, hyaline, thick-walled (0.6–1.3 μm). Fibrous layer made up of hyphae measuring 5.3–7.9 μm in diameter, pale yellowish to yellowish brown, hyaline, thick-walled (0.5–0.9 μm). Mycelial layer made up of hyphae measuring 2.9–4.7 μm in diameter, yellowish brown to dark brown, thick-walled (0.6–0.8 μm), with occasionally observed clamps.</p><p>Habit and habitat.</p><p>Scattered on the ground or humus layer in secondary Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. Forest, mainly under trees of Quercus, Syringa, and Fraxinus .</p><p>Known distribution.</p><p>Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, China.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>China • Heilongjiang Province, Hegang City, Luobei County, Taipinggou National Nature Reserve, 30 August 2023, leg. Tian Wang, Yupeng Ge, Qin Na, Renxiu Wei, Menghui Han, Yawei Li, Xinyu Tong, and Jiang Bian, 588 m asl, FFAAS 3409 (collection no. GN 2439, Paratype) ; Jilin Province, Changchun City, Jingyuetan National Scenic Area, 28 July 2019, leg. Yuguang Fan and Tian Wang, 314 m asl, FFAAS 3410 (collection no. GN 2726, Paratype) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Geastrum capillitiononramosum and G. fimbriatum shared the same fugacious debris, sessile endoperidial body, and fibrillose peristome, but the latter possessed an indistinctly delimited peristome, delicately echinulate or verrucose ornamentation of the basidiospores (under oil), and branched capillitial hyphae (Tai 1979; Zhou et al. 2007; Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2009; Jeppson et al. 2013; Karun et al. 2014; Zamora et al. 2014 a). Geastrum rufescens has been reported from Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and North America (Coker 1924; Tai 1979; Pegler et al. 1995; Zhou et al. 2007). Geastrum capillitiononramosum resembled G. rufescens in the presence of an encrustation of debris, the absence of an apophysis, and a fibrillose to silky fibrillose peristome (Coker 1924; Tai 1979; Pegler et al. 1995; Zhou et al. 2007; Jeppson et al. 2013; Kuhar et al. 2013; Zamora et al. 2014 a). However, G. rufescens differed in having a collar, larger basidiospores (3.6–3.8 μm in diam., Dissing and Lange 1962; 5.0–6.0 μm in diam., Sunhede 1989), and branched capillitial hyphae (Coker 1924; Tai 1979; Pegler et al. 1995; Zhou et al. 2007; Jeppson et al. 2013; Kuhar et al. 2013; Zamora et al. 2014 a). Geastrum capillitiononramosum may be confused with G. setiferum Baseia (holotype collected from Brazil) due to its possession of a sessile endoperidial body, similarly sized basidiospores (2.5–3.0 μm in diam.), and unbranched capillitial hyphae, but G. setiferum differs from G. capillitiononramosum by its squamose mycelial layer, setose endoperidium, and habitat near Chloroleucon foliolosum (Benth.) G. P. Lewis and Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart. (Baseia et al. 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD65E3808DA05815A4030F83FE32523B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Tian;Na, Qin;Zou, Li;Zeng, Hui;Ge, Yupeng	Wang, Tian, Na, Qin, Zou, Li, Zeng, Hui, Ge, Yupeng (2026): Revisiting infrageneric concepts in Geastrum (Geastraceae, Geastrales) with three new species. MycoKeys 131: 327-359, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.181414
9C1097AFFAF357DE9DF31DBF1F9E58F9.text	9C1097AFFAF357DE9DF31DBF1F9E58F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geastrum kunyuense T. Wang, Q. Na & Y. P. Ge 2026	<div><p>Geastrum kunyuense T. Wang, Q. Na &amp; Y. P. Ge sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 8, 9, 10</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Unexpanded basidiomata with a slight protrusion, mycelial layer not encrusted with debris, pseudoparenchymatous layer lacking a collar, endoperidial body sessile without an apophysis, and peristome with distinctly delimited. Differs from G. smardae by saccate expanded basidiomata, sessile endoperidial body, and smaller basidiospores.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>China • Shandong Province, Yantai City, Kunyushan National Nature Reserve, 23 August 2019, leg. Tian Wang, Yupeng Ge, Qin Na, Menghui Han, and Renxiu Wei, 505 m asl, FFAAS 3413 (collection no. GN 0405) .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after Kunyu Mountain (Shandong Province, China), the type locality where the species was collected.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Unexpanded basidiomata 25–30 mm in diameter, subglobose or onion shaped, with a slight protrusion (4–6 mm high), Cream – Buff (XXX 19 ’’ d) to Chamois (XXX 19 ’’ b) when fresh, Light Cinnamon-Drab (XLVI 13 ’’’’ b) to Light Drab (XLVI 17 ’’’’ b) when dry, not encrusted with debris. Expanded basidiomata 32–61 mm in diameter, shallowly to deeply saccate. Exoperidium splitting into 5–7 lobes, lobes 6–19 mm wide, gradually narrowing towards the apex, acuminate or acute at the lobe apices, partial lobes revolute outward under the exoperidial disc, non-hygroscopic, thin when dry. Pseudoparenchymatous layer Cartridge Buff (XXX 19 ’’ f) to Ivory Yellow (XXX 21 ’’ f) when fresh, Light Drab (XLVI 17 ’’’’ b), Light Grayish Olive (XLVI 21 ’’’’ b), and Chamois (XXX 19 ’’ b) to Deep Grayish Olive (XLVI 21 ’’’’ i) when dry, smooth, persistent, lacking a collar. Fibrous layer Light Brownish Olive (XXX 19 ’’ k) to Benzo Brown (XLVI 13 ’’’’ i), firmly attached to pseudoparenchymatous layer. Mycelial layer Cartridge Buff (XXX 19 ’’ f) to Ivory Yellow (XXX 21 ’’ f) and Marguerite Yellow (XXX 23 ’’ f) to Colonial Buff (XXX 21 ’’ d) at the lobe apices, not encrusted with debris. Endoperidial body 22–27 mm in diameter, globose to subglobose, sessile, without an apophysis. Endoperidium * Pearl Gray (LII 35 ’’’’’ f), Light Olive-Gray (LI 23 ’’’’’ d) or Pale Smoke Gray (XLVI 21 ’’’’ f) to Light Grayish Olive (XLVI 21 ’’’’ b), smooth. Peristome shortly and broadly conical, fibrillose or silky fibrillose, * Pearl Gray (LII 35 ’’’’’ f), Light Olive-Gray (LI 23 ’’’’’ d) or Dark Olive-Gray (LI 23 ’’’’’ i), the same color as or darker than the endoperidium, distinctly delimited, with fine white hairs.</p><p>Basidiospores [150 / 6 / 3] 3.5– 3.8 – 4.1 (4.3) × 3.5– 3.7 – 4.0 (4.2) μm, [Q = 1.00–1.03 (1.05), Qm = 1.01 ± 0.01] [holotype (50 / 2 / 1) (3.4) 3.6– 3.8 – 4.1 (4.2) × 3.5– 3.8 – 4.0 (4.2) μm, Q = 1.00–1.03 (1.04), Qm = 1.01 ± 0.01], globose, yellowish brown to dark brown in 5 % KOH aqueous solution, with regularly columnar ornamentation, 0.4–0.8 μm in length (under oil). Capillitial hyphae 3.5–6.5 μm in diameter, apically attenuated, shortly branched, light brown to yellowish brown, mostly hyaline, with dense surface debris, densely granular protuberances, thick-walled (0.4–0.8 μm). Pseudoparenchymatous layer made up of 18–57 × 12–50 μm cells, ellipsoid, oblong or angular, pale yellowish, hyaline, thick-walled (0.5–0.8 μm). Fibrous layer made up of hyphae measuring 4.9–9.1 μm in diameter, pale yellowish to yellowish brown, hyaline, thick-walled (0.4–0.8 μm). Mycelial layer made up of hyphae measuring 3.1–7.8 μm in diameter, yellowish brown to dark brown, thick-walled (0.4–0.6 μm), occasionally observed with clamps.</p><p>Habit and habitat.</p><p>Scattered on the ground or humus layer in mixed broadleaf-conifer forests, mainly under trees of Styphnolobium, Populus, and Pinus .</p><p>Known distribution.</p><p>Shandong Province, China.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>China • Shandong Province, Tai’an City, Yaoxiang National Forest Park, 21 August 2023, leg. Tian Wang, Yupeng Ge, Qin Na, Menghui Han, and Renxiu Wei, 642 m asl, FFAAS 3414 (collection no. HK 1035, Paratype) ; Shandong Province, Yantai City, Kunyushan National Nature Reserve, 7 September 2024, leg. Tian Wang, Yupeng Ge, Qin Na, and Jingwen Guo, 528 m asl, FFAAS 3415 (collection no. GN 2696, Paratype) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Geastrum kunyuense and G. smardae shared a similar non-encrusted mycelial layer, smooth endoperidium, and fibrillose peristome, but G. smardae differed in arched, expanded basidiomata, a stalked endoperidial body, and larger basidiospores (4.2–5.0 μm in diam.) (Staněk 1958; Jeppson et al. 2013). Geastrum saccatum and G. triplex resembled G. kunyuense in unexpanded basidiomata with a slight protrusion and capillitial hyphae densely covered with debris, but G. saccatum could be distinguished by its smaller basidiomata (20–25 mm in diam., Leite et al. 2011; 27.0– 29.5 mm in diam., Kuhar et al. 2013), a mycelial layer with fine hair, and smaller basidiospores (2.63–3.16 μm in diam., Kuhar et al. 2013) (Fries 1829; Teng 1963; Sunhede 1989; Leite et al. 2011; Kuhar et al. 2013). The pseudoparenchymatous layer forming a collar and unbranched capillitial hyphae could be used to distinguish G. triplex from G. kunyuense (Sunhede 1989). Geastrum pseudosaccatum T. Bau &amp; Xin Wang and G. kunyuense were reported in China, and these two species could be easily confused on account of their similar growth habit, basidiomata coloration, non-encrusted mycelial layer, distinctly delimited peristome, and sessile endoperidial body (Wang et al. 2023). However, G. pseudosaccatum differed in its smaller unexpanded basidiomata (12–19 mm in diam.), clustered villi on the unexpanded basidiomata surface, smaller basidiospores (2.6–3.0 μm in diam.), and unbranched capillitial hyphae covered with sparse debris (Wang et al. 2023). Geastrum fimbriatum and G. kunyuense shared a sessile endoperidial body, a pseudoparenchymatous layer lacking a collar, and similarly sized basidiospores, but G. fimbriatum differed from G. kunyuense by its mycelial layer encrusted with debris and an indistinctly delimited peristome (Tai 1979; Zhou et al. 2007; Jeppson et al. 2013; Zamora et al. 2014 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C1097AFFAF357DE9DF31DBF1F9E58F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Tian;Na, Qin;Zou, Li;Zeng, Hui;Ge, Yupeng	Wang, Tian, Na, Qin, Zou, Li, Zeng, Hui, Ge, Yupeng (2026): Revisiting infrageneric concepts in Geastrum (Geastraceae, Geastrales) with three new species. MycoKeys 131: 327-359, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.181414
6D64ABB2906953E29634734293B7EC53.text	6D64ABB2906953E29634734293B7EC53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geastrum villopannosum T. Wang, Q. Na & Y. P. Ge 2026	<div><p>Geastrum villopannosum T. Wang, Q. Na &amp; Y. P. Ge sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 5, 6, 7</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Mycelial layer felted villus, encrusted with debris; pseudoparenchymatous layer lacking a collar; endoperidial body sessile without an apophysis; and peristome distinctly delimited. Differs from G. rubropusillum J. O. Sousa, Accioly, M. P. Martín &amp; Baseia by larger expanded basidiomata and smaller basidiospores.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>China • Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang City, Mudanfeng National Forest Park, 24 August 2024, leg. Tian Wang, Yupeng Ge, Qin Na, Zengcai Liu, Ruipeng Liu, Pengyu Du, and Ying Yu, 367 m asl, FFAAS 3411 (collection no. NJ 6699) .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From Latin villus (hairy) and pannosus (felted), referring to the felted villose exoperidium.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Expanded basidiomata 26–38 mm in diameter, shallowly saccate. Exoperidium splitting into 6–8 lobes, lobes 8–11 mm wide, gradually narrowing towards the apex, acuminate or acute at the lobe apices, revolute outward under the exoperidial disc, non-hygroscopic, thin and brittle when dry. Pseudoparenchymatous layer Pallid Mouse Gray (LI 15 ’’’’’ f), Pallid Quaker Drab (LI 1 ’’’’’ f) to Pale Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ f), smooth, persistent, lacking a collar. Fibrous layer Pallid Quaker Drab (LI 1 ’’’’’ f) to Pale Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ f), firmly attached to pseudoparenchymatous layer. Mycelial layer Pale Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ f) to * Olive-Buff (XL 21 ’’’ d), finely felted villus, encrusted with debris. Endoperidial body 12–21 mm in diameter, globose to subglobose, sessile, without an apophysis. Endoperidium Light Mineral Gray (XLVII 25 ’’’’ f), Mineral Gray (XLVII 25 ’’’’ d) to Tea Gray (XLVII 25 ’’’’ b), smooth. Peristome shortly and broadly conical, fibrillose, * Olive-Gray (LI 23 ’’’’’ b) to Deep Grayish Olive (XLVI 21 ’’’’ i), darker than the endoperidium, distinctly delimited.</p><p>Basidiospores [75 / 3 / 2] 2.6– 2.7 – 2.9 (3.1) × 2.6– 2.7 – 2.9 μm, [Q = 1.00–1.02 (1.06), Qm = 1.01 ± 0.01] [holotype (50 / 2 / 1) 2.6– 2.7 – 2.9 × 2.6– 2.7 – 2.9 μm, Q = 1.00–1.02, Qm = 1.01 ± 0.01], globose to subglobose, yellowish brown to dark brown in 5 % KOH aqueous solution, with regularly columnar ornamentation, 0.3–0.5 μm in length (under oil). Capillitial hyphae 4.1–11.7 μm in diameter, apically attenuated, unbranched, yellowish brown to dark brown, mostly hyaline, with sparse debris, very few granular protuberances, thick-walled (0.4–0.7 μm). Pseudoparenchymatous layer made up of 16–50 × 15–38 μm cells, ellipsoid, oblong or angular, pale yellowish, hyaline, thick – walled (0.5–0.7 μm). Fibrous layer composed of hyphae measuring 4.9–9.3 μm in diameter, pale yellowish to yellowish brown, hyaline, thick-walled (0.5–0.7 μm). Mycelial layer made up of hyphae measuring 4.1–6.5 μm in diameter, yellowish brown to dark brown, thick-walled (0.5–0.8 μm), with occasionally observed clamps.</p><p>Habit and habitat.</p><p>Scattered on the ground or humus layer in secondary Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. Forest, mainly under trees of Quercus, Syringa, Fraxinus, Betula, and Tilia .</p><p>Known distribution.</p><p>Heilongjiang Province, China.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>China • Heilongjiang Province, Hegang City, Luobei County, Taipinggou National Nature Reserve, 29 August 2023, leg. Tian Wang, Yupeng Ge, Qin Na, Renxiu Wei, Menghui Han, Yawei Li, Xinyu Tong, and Jiang Bian, 633 m asl, FFAAS 3412 (collection no. GN 2317, Paratype) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Geastrum villopannosum was similar to G. rubropusillum macroscopically. Both had the same basidiomata coloration, a sessile endoperidial body, and a distinctly delimited peristome, but G. rubropusillum could be distinguished by its smaller mature basidiomata (2.9–7.0 × 7.0– 9.5 mm), larger basidiospores (3.8–5.9 × 3.7–5.3 μm), and branched capillitial hyphae (Accioly et al. 2019). Geastrum courtecuissei P. - A. Moreau &amp; Lécuru, which was found in Guadeloupe, also resembled G. villopannosum in the color of the pseudoparenchymatous layer, number of exoperidium lobes (4–8 lobes), and sessile endoperidial body (Accioly et al. 2019). However, G. courtecuissei differed in having a white tomentum endoperidium and larger basidiospores (3.8–5.0 × 3.7–4.9 μm) (Accioly et al. 2019). Geastrum javanicum Lév. and G. villopannosum were well characterized by the felted mycelial layer and unbranched capillitial hyphae, but G. javanicum differed from G. villopannosum by its deeply saccate expanded basidiomata, an indistinctly delimited peristome, and capillitial hyphae with densely granular protuberances (Teng 1963; Dring 1964; Zhou et al. 2007; Leite et al. 2011). Geastrum villopannosum and G. yunnanense, reported from China, shared similarly sized basidiomata (20–40 mm in diam.), a pseudoparenchymatous layer lacking a collar, and a distinctly delimited peristome (Yang et al. 2024). However, G. yunnanense could be easily distinguished based on the mycelial layer without debris, smaller basidiospores (2.0–2.5 × 1.9–2.5 μm), and rarely branched capillitial hyphae (Yang et al. 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D64ABB2906953E29634734293B7EC53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Tian;Na, Qin;Zou, Li;Zeng, Hui;Ge, Yupeng	Wang, Tian, Na, Qin, Zou, Li, Zeng, Hui, Ge, Yupeng (2026): Revisiting infrageneric concepts in Geastrum (Geastraceae, Geastrales) with three new species. MycoKeys 131: 327-359, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.181414
