identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
ED592129FFEAD301BBD1FF1E91F0889D.text	ED592129FFEAD301BBD1FF1E91F0889D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus (Furconthophagus) ganalensis Gestro 1895	<div><p>Onthophagus (Furconthophagus) ganalensis Gestro, 1895</p><p>(Fig. 1)</p><p>Onthophagus ganalensis Gestro, 1895: 320, 321; d’Orbigny, 1902: 232; d’Orbigny, 1904: 307; d’Orbigny, 1905: 504; d’Orbigny, 1913a: 462, 694, 733; Ferreira, 1972: 634, 1018; Ferreira, 1972 (annex XLIV): 14; Montanaro &amp; Ziani, 2022: 421, 422, 426, 427.</p><p>Onthophagus omostigma d’Orbigny, 1902: 226 (new subjective synonymy); d’Orbigny, 1904: 307; d’Orbigny, 1905: 501; d’Orbigny, 1908: 168; d’Orbigny, 1910: 51; d’Orbigny, 1913a: 462, 694, 735; d’Orbigny, 1913b: 113–115; Ferreira, 1972: 701, 565, 1039; Ferreira, 1972 (annex XLIV): 24; Gordon &amp; Barbero, 2008: 143, 155, 159; Montanaro &amp; Ziani, 2022: 421, 422, 426, 427.</p><p>Type locality: Onthophagus ganalensis: Arussi Galla, Ganale Guddà [Ethiopia]; Onthophagus omostigma: Sambara [Tanzania].</p><p>Type material examined. Onthophagus ganalensis . Lectotype, ♂ (present designation): ARUSSI GALLA / GANALE GUDDA’ / III V.93. / V. BOTTEGO [wc, pb] // TYPUs [wc, pr] // ganalensis / Gestro [wc, hb] // Onthophagus / ganalensis / typus! Gestro [wc, hb] // SYNTYPUS / Onthophagus / ganalensis / Gestro, 1895 [rc, first line pb, other lines hb] // vidit d’Orbigny, 1904 [wc, pb] // MUseo Civico / di Genova [wc, pb] // LECTOTYPE (♂) / Onthophagus / ganalensis Gestro / G. Montanaro des. 2025 [rc, hb] . Paralectotypes (2♂♂, 3♀♀): ARUSSI GALLA / GANALE GUDDA’ / III V.93. / V. BOTTEGO [wc, pb] // Museo Civico / di Genova [wc, pb] // SYNTYPUS / Onthophagus / ganalensis / Gestro, 1895 [rc, first line pb, other lines hb] // vidit d’Orbigny, 1904 [wc, pb] // PARALECTOTYPES / OnthophagUs / ganalensis Gestro / G. Montanaro des. 2025 [rc, hb] [1♂ and 1♀ pinned together] ; ARUSSI GALLA / GANALE GUDDA’ / III V.93. / V. BOTTEGO [wc, pb] // Museo Civico / di Genova [wc, pb] // SYNTYPUS / Onthophagus / ganalensis / Gestro, 1895 [rc, first line pb, other lines hb] // vidit d’Orbigny, 1904 [wc, pb] // PARALECTOTYPE / Onthophagus / ganalensis Gestro / G. Montanaro des. 2025 [rc, hb] [1 ♀] ; ARUSSI GALLA / GANALE GUDDA’ / III V.93. / V. BOTTEGO [wc, pb] // non com. / a Orbigny [wc, hb] [“non com[unicato]. a Orbigny” translates to “not dispatched to d’Orbigny”] // SYNTYPUS / Onthophagus / ganalensis / Gestro, 1895 [rc, first line pb, other lines hb] // Museo Civico / di Genova [wc, pb] // // PARALECTOTYPE / OnthophagUs / ganalensis Gestro / G. Montanaro des. 2025 [rc, hb] [1♂, 1♀].</p><p>Onthophagus omostigma . Lectotype, ♀ (present designation): Sambara [wc, hb] // Afrique Orient. / Kilima N’djaro / R.P. Leroy / 1890 [wc, pb] // omostigma / n. sp. d’Orb. [wc, hb] // D’Orbigny / Onth.Afr.1902. [wc, pb] // LECTOTYPE / Onthophagus o / omostigma d’Orb; 1902 / G. MONTANARO des. 2023 [rc, hb] .</p><p>Types repositories: MSNG (types of O. ganalensis); MNHN (types of O. omostigma).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species belongs to d’Orbigny’s Onthophagus species-group n. 31 (d’Orbigny 1913a) and falls within the dichotomy 46(53), together with O. aethiopicus d’Orbigny, 1902, O. taboranus d’Orbigny, 1902 and —outside of the Afrotropical region— O. shaykh Montanaro &amp; Ziani, 2022 (Montanaro &amp; Ziani 2022). Large and medium males can be easily set apart from any other member of the group due to the shape of the vertex carina, which is high medially and bears two long horns laterally, and is associated with an anterior transverse tubercle even in major males. See also Montanaro &amp; Ziani (2022) and d’Orbigny (1913a) for further comparisons with similar species. Additionally, male genitalia (Fig. 1e–h) allow an easy identification even in presence of poorly developed males.</p><p>Comments. I examined six syntypes of O. ganalensis, all from Ethiopia (Ganale Guddà), while I have not seen the specimens from Somalia (Bardera) mentioned in the original description. For this reason, I prefer to designate a lectotype, a well-developed male bearing an old “Typus” label, most likely by Gestro’s own hands (Fig. 1a–b, 1e–h). In the material of O. omostigma present at MNHN, two specimens bearing labels with the localities indicated by d’Orbigny (1902) in the original description are present—one from southern Kenya, one from northern Tanzania (“Sambara”). I here designate the one from Tanzania as the lectotype (Fig. 1i–k).</p><p>Gestro (1985) described O. ganalensis based on several specimens, both males and females, while d’Orbigny (1902) described O. omostigma based on two females. The French author could not see Gestro’s material until 1904, when he noticed the similarity between O. ganalensis and other species, including O. omostigma . However, he still separated O. ganalensis from its allies by the anterior third of pronotum bearing granulose punctures instead of simple granules (d’Orbigny 1904). One year later, he described the males of O. omostigma and discussed the great similarity of the species with O. sugillatus (d’Orbigny, 1905) . Lastly, in the Synopsis des Onthophagides d’Afrique (d’Orbigny 1913a), he placed O. omostigma and O. ganalensis in the same terminal dichotomy, distinguishing them again by slight differences in pronotal punctuation and other details.</p><p>I examined female paralectotypes of O. ganalensis (Fig. 1c–d) and compared them to the lectotype of O. omostigma (Fig. 1i–k). I could not find any character justifying the status of the latter as a separate species. Specimens are extremely similar both in external and genital morphology (Fig. 1). Furthermore, I studied several other specimens identified as O. omostigma by d’Orbigny himself, including major males, which are with little or no doubt conspecific with Gestro’s types. The differential features mentioned by d’Orbigny to separate the two taxa seem to fall within the intraspecific variation of O. ganalensis . One of the most variable features is indeed pronotal granulation, which can be more or less coarse, with posterior ocellate punctures more or less conspicuous.</p><p>Subgeneric placement. As already mentioned by Montanaro &amp; Ziani (2022), the species belongs to the subgenus Furconthophagus Zunino, 1979, as it possesses all the defining features of the group—arched threebranched lamella copulatrix, anterior hypomeral carina reaching straightly the anterolateral hypomeral angle, general habitus, etc. (Ziani 2020).</p><p>Etymology. The adjective ganalensis refers to the type locality, Ganale Guddà. The adjective omostigma, literally “with equal markings”, may refer to the relatively homogeneous, conspicuous pronotal punctures.</p><p>Distribution. Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania (d’Orbigny 1913a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED592129FFEAD301BBD1FF1E91F0889D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Montanaro, Giulio	Montanaro, Giulio (2025): New synonymies between Afrotropical Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Onthophagini). Zootaxa 5647 (1): 85-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.6
ED592129FFECD303BBD1FC8396FA88A1.text	ED592129FFECD303BBD1FC8396FA88A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus guttatus Boheman 1860	<div><p>Onthophagus (sensu lato) guttatus Boheman, 1860 valid species</p><p>(Fig. 2)</p><p>Onthophagus guttatus Boheman, 1860: 114; Péringuey, 1901: 226; d’Orbigny, 1913a: 606; Ferreira, 1972: 641; Davis et al., 2020: 693.</p><p>Type locality: “juxta lacum N’Gami” [near lake Ngami, Botswana] .</p><p>Type material examined. Syntype, ♀: N’Gami / Africae [wc, pb] // J. Wahlb [wc, pb] // Type [wc, pb] // guttatus Bhm [wc, hb] // Typus [rc, pb] // 55 / 71 [rc, first line pb, second line handwritten in blue] // 9046 / E92 + [light blue cardboard, pb] // NHRS-JLKB / 000073786 [wc, pb] .</p><p>Type repository: NHRS .</p><p>Diagnosis. The species belongs to d’Orbigny’s (1913a) species-group 2, and keys out within the section 78(83) together with at least O. quadrimaculatus Raffray, 1877, O. quadrinotatus d’Orbigny, 1905, O. crucenotatus d’Orbigny, 1905, and O. witteianus Krell, 2009 (d’Orbigny 1913a; Frey 1958; Krell 2009). It appears most closely related to O. quadrinotatus due to the transverse tubercles on the vertex, but further comparisons are difficult without a thorough revision of the group (Davis et al. 2020).</p><p>Comments. Onthophagus guttatus was described by Boheman (1860) from the surroundings of Lake Ngami (Botswana), most likely based on a single female judging from the single body size measurement and the lack of described variation provided by Boheman, as well as the absence of additional specimens in NHRS. However, the existence of other specimens cannot be ruled out with certainty, so the one studied here should be considered a syntype rather than a holotype (ICZN §73.2, see Rossini &amp; Forshage (2023)).</p><p>Péringuey (1901) listed O. guttatus as a synonym of O. talpa Fåhraeus in Boheman, 1857 and redescribed it. The synonymy was not considered by d’Orbigny (1913a), who could not see the type of neither O. guttatus nor O. talpa . The taxonomy of the two species were never discussed by any subsequent author.</p><p>After examining the syntype of O. guttatus, I can definitely rule out the possibility of a synonymy with O. talpa . Due to its simple (instead of raspish or granulose) pronotal punctuation, straight (instead of sinuous) elytral stria VII, incomplete (instead of complete) sulcus along the posterior pronotal margin, head tubercles placed between (instead of behind) the eyes, anterolateral pronotal angles rounded and directed forward (instead or sharp and curved laterally), O. guttatus does not belong to d’Orbigny’s (1913a) group n. 31. Instead, it finds its closest relatives in species-group 2, section 78(83) (see above).</p><p>It is also worth to notice that Péringuey (1901) largely mixed up O. talpa and O. guttatus, probably because he did not examine their types de visu. His redescription of “ O. talpa ” (pp. 226–227) is a mixture of characters belonging to both species and even contradicting each other. For example: “there is no frontal carina” versus “on the vertex are two tuberculiform horns nearly equidistant from the frontal carina and from the apex” (p. 226, lines 30–33), while a frontal carina is present in both species; “on the vertex are two tuberculiform horns” (p. 226, line 32), which is a feature of O. guttatus but not of O. talpa; “in the large development the anterior part [of pronotum] is slightly bi-sinuate at apex” (p. 226, lines 37–38), feature of O. talpa but not of O. guttatus .</p><p>Subgeneric placement. Onthophagus guttatus, similarly to Furconthophagus species, has the anterior hypomeral carina reaching straightly the anterior pronotal angle. This character, albeit relatively uncommon in Onthophagini, is present in several other (sub)genera, for example Onthophagus (Indachorius) Balthasar, 1941, Onthophagus (Micronthophagus) Balthasar, 1963 (Ziani 2020), Onthophagus (Pseudophanaeomorphus) Ochi, 2007 (Ochi 2007), Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 (Génier &amp; Moretto 2015), etc. However, other features set this species apart from Furconthophagus, for example the entirely simple pronotal punctuation, the shape of the elytral carina VII, the shape of the anterolateral pronotal angles, as well as the very different female genitalia (see Fig. 2) (Ziani 2020; Zunino 1979). O. guttatus probably belongs to an unnamed lineage within Onthophagus, together with other members of d’Orbigny’s (1913a) group 2. A systematic revision of the species-group, currently the most diverse in the Afrotropical fauna, is highly needed.</p><p>Etymology. The Latin adjective guttatus means “spotted”, likely referring to the orange spots presents on the beetle’s elytra.</p><p>Distribution. Angola (Ferreira 1972; source of record unclear), Botswana (Boheman 1860).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED592129FFECD303BBD1FC8396FA88A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Montanaro, Giulio	Montanaro, Giulio (2025): New synonymies between Afrotropical Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Onthophagini). Zootaxa 5647 (1): 85-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.6
ED592129FFEED30DBBD1FCDF917E8EA9.text	ED592129FFEED30DBBD1FCDF917E8EA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus mactatus Klug 1855	<div><p>Onthophagus (sensu lato) mactatus Klug, 1855 valid species</p><p>(Fig. 3)</p><p>Onthophagus mactatus Klug, 1855: 654; d’Orbigny, 1902: 222; d’Orbigny, 1913a: 692, 694; Ferreira, 1972: 753; Davis et al., 2020: 696.</p><p>Onthophagus talpa Fåhraeus in Boheman, 1857: 300 (new subjective synonymy); Wallengren, 1881: 21; Péringuey, 1901: 177, 226–227; d’Orbigny, 1913a: 605; Ferreira, 1958: 514; Ferreira, 1972: 756; Daniel &amp; Génier, 2019: 28; Davis et al., 2020: 696.</p><p>Onthophagus lamelliger Gerstaecker, 1871: 52 (new subjective synonymy); Gerstaecker, 1873: 137; Quedenfeldt, 1884: 272; d’Orbigny, 1902: 218; d’Orbigny, 1905: 497, 499; Kolbe, 1908: 128; d’Orbigny, 1913a: 445, 690, 735; d’Orbigny, 1913b: 109; Ferreira, 1972: 668; Stronkhorst &amp; Stronkhorst, 1997: 10, etc.; Daniel &amp; Génier, 2019: 28; Davis et al., 2020: 489, etc.</p><p>Type locality: Onthophagus mactatus: Inhambane [southern Mozambique]; Onthophagus talpa: juxta fluvium Limpopo [South Africa]; Onthophagus lamelliger: not specified in the original description, fixed here as Arusha [Tanzania].</p><p>Type material examined. Onthophagus mactatus . Syntype, ♀: 27152 [wc, pb] // mactatus / Kl.* / Mosſamb. [wc, hb] // Hist.-Coll. ( Coleoptera) / Nr. 27152 / Onthophagus mactatus / Klug* / Mosamb., Peters / Zool. Mus. Berlin [blue cardboard, pb] // SYNTYPE / Onthophagus / mactatus Klug, 1855 / labelled by MFNB 2024 [rc, pb] . Onthophagus talpa . Syntype, ♂: Caffra / ria. [wc, pb] // J. Wahlb [wc, pb] // Type. [wc, pb] // Talpa Fåhr [wc, hb] // Typus [rc, pb] // 75 / 68 [rc, first line pb, second line handwritten in blue] // Onthophagus talpa / FAHR. / M.C. Ferreira det.,195 [wc, first two lines hb, third line pb] // 9532 / E92 + [light blue cardboard, pb] // NHRS-JLKB / 000073787 . Onthophagus lamelliger . Syntype, ♂: 56417 [wc, pb] // lamelliger / Gerst.* ♂ / ArUscha v.d. / Dech. [light blue cardboard, hb] // SYNTYPE / Onthophagus / lamelliger / Gerstaecker, 1871 / labelled by MFNB 2024 [rc, pb].</p><p>Types repositories: ZMHB (types of O. mactatus and O. lamelliger); NHRS (type of O. talpa).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species belongs to d’Orbigny’s Onthophagus species-group 31 (d’Orbigny 1913a) and falls within the dichotomy 2(7), together with O. excisiceps d’Orbigny, 1902, O. ochropygus d’Orbigny, 1902 and O. okahandjanus Balthasar, 1974 . All these species share a carina of vertex placed between the eyes or their posterior edges, while in all remaining species of group 31 the carina is placed behind the posterior ocular edges. Details on the differences between these species can be found in Balthasar (1974) and d’Orbigny (1913a). Male genitalia (Figs. 3e–f, 3i–j) are also highly species-specific.</p><p>Comments. Klug (1855) described Onthophagus mactatus from Inhambane (Mozambique), probably based on a single female, and compared it to O. sugillatus, described immediately before based on male specimens also from Inhambane.The German author excluded the possibility that the types of the two taxa were the opposite sexes of a single species by observing that O. mactatus was twice as big as the previous species, the head less deeply notched anteriorly, and the vertex carina straight instead of rounded, evenly high everywhere and “cut” laterally to eyes [Klug, 1855: p. 654, “ Nur das Weibchen bekannt, welches doppelt so groſs wie die vorige Art ist, das Kopfschild weniger tief ausgerandet und die Scheitelleiste nicht gebogen sondern gerade, überall gleich hoch und an den Seiten vor den Augen ausgeschnitten ”]. Apparently not trusting Klug’s conclusions, d’Orbigny (1902, 1913a) suggested that the type of O. mactatus could have been just a big female of O. sugillatus . Yet, he refrained from formally proposing the synonymy, as he could not examine the type of the former species.</p><p>I have studied several specimens from Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia and South Africa, that I confidently attribute to O. mactatus . Males are clearly different from those of O. sugillatus —which, for example, have two horns toothed proximo-medially instead of a laterally toothed carina (Klug 1855; d’Orbigny 1913a). Instead, they perfectly correspond with the syntypes of O. talpa and O. lamelliger, which share with the O. mactatus syntype all external features (integument punctuation, colour, etc.) other than sexually dimorphic ones. Therefore, O. talpa Fåhraeus in Boheman, 1857 and O. lamelliger Gerstaecker, 1871 must be treated as junior subjective synonyms of O. mactatus Klug, 1855 .</p><p>Neither Klug (1855), nor Fåhraeus in Boheman (1857), nor Gerstaecker (1871) explicitly mentioned the number of specimens on which they based their descriptions. However, it is very likely that all three taxa were based on unique specimens, as in all descriptions there is a single body size measurement value and no documented variation, and no other specimens are known in respective collections or elsewhere. Therefore, all three specimens shall be considered as syntypes rather than holotypes (ICZN §73.2, see Rossini &amp; Forshage (2023)).</p><p>Péringuey (1901) considered Onthophagus guttatus Boheman, 1860 also a synonym of O. talpa . However, such synonymy is incorrect (see above).</p><p>Subgeneric placement. Onthophagus mactatus has many characters of the subgenus Furconthophagus Zunino, 1979 (Ziani 2020): the anterior hypomeral carina reaching straightly the anterolateral pronotal angles, the shape of aedeagus, the general habitus, etc. However, the lamella copulatrix is somehow divergent from the ordinary “furconthophagine” one, since it lacks three well developed branches. For this reason, for now I refrain from assigning O. mactatus to the subgenus, pending further investigations.</p><p>Etymology. The Latin adjective mactatus, literally “killed, slaughtered”, may refer to the reddish spots on the beetle’s elytra, that recall blood. Talpa is the Latin for “mole”, while lamelliger means “bearing a lamella”, probably referring to the conspicuous vertex carina of males.</p><p>Distribution. O. mactatus is a common and widespread species found, according to records of O. lamelliger, from Kenya to South Africa to Angola (Schoolmeesters 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED592129FFEED30DBBD1FCDF917E8EA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Montanaro, Giulio	Montanaro, Giulio (2025): New synonymies between Afrotropical Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Onthophagini). Zootaxa 5647 (1): 85-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5647.1.6
