taxonID	type	description	language	source
E94E4912FFF4A54EFFFBF93F3A5A85D8.taxon	description	Aristaria Jungh. (1840) 296. — Type: Aristaria barbata Jungh. [= Themeda arguens (L.) Hack.].	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF4A54EFFFBF93F3A5A85D8.taxon	description	Themeda Forssk. sect. Primothemedae S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang in Zhuang & Chen (1989) 55. — Type: Themeda unica S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang. [Calamagrostis Rumph. (1750) 16. — Voucher: none [? = Themeda villosa Poir.) A. Camus var. polyantha (Brongn. ex Buse) Veldk. ex descr.]. Calamina auct. non P. Beauv.: P. Beauv. (1812) 128, 157, excl. Apluda mutica L. Annuals or perennials. Culms solid. Ligule collar-shaped, membranous. Inflorescence paniculate, spatheate, decompound, spikelet-bearing axes very much reduced, clustered in capitules supported by a spatheole, usually persistent, involucre formed by 2 homogamous involucral pairs of male or sterile (sub) sessile spikelets. Rachis disarticulating at the base of the fertile spikelets. Fertile spikelets 1 – 4, bisexual, callus pungent; lower glumes flat on the back, 9 – 11 - nerved; callus hairy, acute to acuminate (absent in T. gigantea). Awns (when present) api- cal, stipitate. Pedicels free of the joints. Pedicelled spikelets variously reduced. x = 10. Distribution — c. 27 species, 10 in Malesia.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF2A548FFFBFF613AFA846F.taxon	description	Plants perennial. Culms 1 – 6 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule c. 0.5 mm long, margin glabrous. Leaves 40 – 100 cm by 5 – 25 (or more) mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 3 – 20 mm long, extremely short to c. 1 / 2 times as long as the spatheole, glabrous to golden hairy. Capitules long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, sterile to male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate, 12 – 20 by 1 – 1.8 mm wide, acuminate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved, densely brown to golden hirsute (hairs sometimes bulbous based); upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 1 – 2, 9 – 11.5 mm long (incl. callus), callus 2 – 3.5 mm long, hairs brown, 2 – 3 mm long; lower glumes yellowish to castaneous, apex truncate, surface hairy all over, hairs white to castaneous. Awn well-developed, usually perfect, 20 – 110 mm long, column 20 – 80 mm long (i. s.), straight, minutely puberulous (40 ×!) or scaberulous, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 3.5 – 5.5 mm long, purple (i. s.). Pedicel glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets 2 – 3, male, 13 – 17 mm long; lower glumes apex acuminate, pilose. 2 n = 40. Distribution — N India (Uttar Pradesh to Orissa) to S China (E to Guangxi), Thailand: (Northern: Chiang Mai, Lamphun; Northeastern: Loei; Central: Saraburi; Southeastern: Chantaburi; Peninsula: Krabi); Malesia: Sumatra (E Coast), Mal. Penins. (Kelantan, Pahang, Perak), W Java (Cikampek (Karawang), fide Backer 1928, see Beumée 1694 a in BO, L. Misidentified T. villosa var. caudata), Borneo (Sabah), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Timor), Borneo (E-, SE Kalimantan, Sabah), Philippines (Luzon). Habitat — Sunny slopes, roadsides, open forest, pine forest, river banks, edges of rice fields, 150 – 1375 m altitude. Collector’s notes — Culms 2 – 3.6 m, stramineous with tan hue, nodes blackish. Leaf 1 m long. Inflorescence pendent, axes pale tan-pinkish. ‘ Fruits’ (= capitules) brown hairy, orange hairy, green. Awns dark brown. Anthers orange. Stigmas purple. Notes — Andersson mentioned no provenance and no material for his Anthistiria vulpina. Hackel (1889: 673) cited Royle 234 or 240 (B, not clearly separated) from Nepal, while he com- mented: Cuming 1272 (W, fragm. in L) (from the Philippines) is annotated by Andersson himself and this is here accepted as the lectotype. Themeda arundinacea Ridl. (1893) is not a new combination, but a new species, but it is a nom. nud. It is based on Haviland s. n., from the Malay Peninsula, Pahang, ‘ Pekan, open country’. Ridley later (1925: 212) cited this sub T. subsericans, based on misidentifications of T. arundinacea. The taxonomic position of T. subsericans is not quite clear. Because of its similarity to T. arundinacea it has been regarded as ‘ a hybrid between T. arundinacea and T. villosa in which the spikelets are awned’ (Bor 1960: 252). Jansen (1952: 481) retained it as a distinct variety of T. arundinacea, and Zhao (1998) and Noltie (2000: 820) as a distinct species. The latter thought it to be an ‘ upland’ form of T. arundinacea. I see no good reason to maintain it. Jansen described T. intermedia (Hack.) Bor var. intorta, but he correctly labelled the holotype as T. arundinacea (var. intorta).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF2A548FCB4FD9D3ADE8E78.taxon	description	Schoenus lithospermus auct. non L. Plants perennial. Culms 1 – 4 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule c. 1.5 mm long, margin glabrous. Leaves 30 – 100 cm by c. 4.5 mm wide. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 1 – 2 mm long, (sub) glabrous, c. 1 / 4 as long as the spatheole. Capitules falling as a whole. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate, 6.5 – 8.5 by 0.8 – 1 mm wide, acuminate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved (obscured by pubescence), densely brown to golden hirsute; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 1, 7.3 – 7.8 mm long (incl. callus), callus c. 1.5 mm long, hairs brown, 1 – 1.3 mm long; lower glumes yellowish brown, apex acute, surface dorsally, marginally, and distally hairy. Awn absent. Anthers 1.5 – 3.5 mm long, purple. Pedicel hairy. Pedicelled spikelets 2, male, 7 – 9 mm long; pedicel appressed hairy; lower glumes apex acuminate, pilose. Distribution — Moluccas (Halmahera, Fayaul), Philippines (Batanas Isl., Busuanga, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar (Suluan Isl. )). Surprisingly, Brass 3518 (A, BO, L) from Tulagi Isl., Solomon Isl., growing here and there along the foreshores, belongs here as well (Reeder 1948: 373). Habitat — Open, exposed places, secondary forest, sea shores; 0 – 2000 m altitude. Uses — PNH 72644 (Conklin & Rosario) (L) reports ‘ religious ceremony’ in Ifugao, Mt Prov., Luzon; leaves as topical medicine for chest pains (PNH 37923 (Conklin )). Collector’s notes — Stem yellow, up to 2 m. Leaves green above, pale green below. Flowers greenish turning brownish, reddish. Note — Merrill (1918: 60) thought that Anthistiria gigantea sensu Blanco (1837) would be a misidentification of Saccharum spontaneum L. From Blanco’s words, however, it is obvious that he had a Themeda before him, but which one is not clear. Sajise et al. (1974) distinguished 5 taxa in the Philippines.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF3A549FFFBFF613DA3806A.taxon	description	Themeda gigantea auct. non Hack. Themeda gigantea (Cav.) Hack. subsp. avenacea auct. non Hack. Plants perennial. Culms c. 3 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule 2 – 3 mm long, margin glabrous. Leaves at least 50 cm by 4 – 10 mm wide. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 2 – 10 mm long, extremely short to c. 1 / 3 times as long as the spatheole, glabrous or white hairy. Capitules long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate to linear, 12 – 16 by 1.2 – 3 mm, acuminate to aristate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved, glabrous; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 1, 10 – 11 mm long (incl. callus), callus 1 – 3 mm long, hairs white, turning brown, 1.5 – 5 mm long; lower glumes castaneous, apex acute to truncate, surface dorsally, marginally, and distally puberulous to hairy all over, hairs white. Awn well-developed, 32 – 58 mm long, column 16 – 33 mm long (i. s.), straight, puberulous or minutely puberulous (40 ×!) or scaberulous, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 3.7 – 7 mm long, purple i. s. Pedicel glabrous to hairy. Pedicelled spikelets 2, male, 10 – 16 mm long; lower glumes apex mucronate to aristate, glabrous. Distribution — E Java (Ijen, G. Semongkrong, Tengger), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali: Gilimanuk, Klungkung, P. Menjangan). Habitat — Grass- and shrub jungle, noted by Van der Paardt (# 2, BO) as aggressive and outcompeting other vegetation, on slopes, 10 – 1500 m altitude. Collector’s notes — Forming gigantic tufts, close together. Flowering culms 3.1 m tall, brown green (Rappard # C; L). Notes — In view of the similarities with e. g. T. arundinacea and T. gigantea the plants are presumably tufted, tall, and have long leaves. The inflorescences are probably also large but collections consist of only parts of them. The lower glumes of the fertile spikelet appears variable in the colour of the pubescence. Apparently the hairs are snow white when young, and gradually turn brown, but may bleach to white again. The pedicelled spikelets are sometimes so similar to the involucral ones and inserted so close to them with very brief pedicels, that at first sight they appear to be absent, and that the 6 (!) involucral spikelets are inserted unequally. The occurrence in Klungkung (bb 12218 (Satridihardjo), BO) is surprising, as it is not so dry there as in the other localities.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF3A549FFFBF9973CA1856C.taxon	description	Plants perennial. Culms 1.5 – 3.5 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule 1 – 1.2 mm long, margin glabrous. Leaves 38 – 78 cm by 2 – 7 mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 5 – 8 mm long, c. 1 / 3 times as long as the spatheole, white hairy. Capitules long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate, 6.5 – 10 by 1 – 1.5 mm, acuminate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved, glabrous or distally with bulbous based bristles; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 1, 7 – 9 mm long (incl. callus), callus 1 – 2.5 mm long, hairs brown, 1.5 – 3 mm long; lower glumes castaneous, apex truncate, surface puberulous. Awn very short (column more or less straight) to well-developed, imperfect or perfect, 8.5 – 40 mm long, column 7.5 – 20 mm long (i. s.), straight, puberulous, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 1.7 – 4 mm long, purple i. s. Pedicel glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets 2, male, 6 – 8.5 mm long; lower glumes apex acuminate, glabrous. Distribution — Malesia: Papua New Guinea (Central Prov.). Habitat — Open grassland in stony riverine plain, Eucalypt savannah, fire resistant. 15 – 45 m altitude. Collector’s notes — Tall grass. Strong tussocks, 15 – 20 cm diam. Culms 3 – 6, erect or arching, up to more than 3.5 m tall, basal parts distichous. Inflorescence leaning. Notes — In Papua New Guinea the species is restricted to an area around Port Moresby, Central Prov. Records for Celebes (Henty 1969) and Wetar (Leach & Dunlop 1993) most likely are misidentifications (T. villosa?). Sometimes (Heyligers 1277, Schodde 2789; L) the inflorescences appear to be awnless, but it is not clear to me whether this is due to real absence, or that the awns have been shed. The epithet ‘ nova­guineensis ’ was first proposed by Ohwi on labels in BO of March 1944, but it was not published. Reeder did not know about this, but Jansen did! Vouchers for Ohwi are Brass 3589, 3710.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF3A54AFCB4FCA13DAF8576.taxon	description	Plants annual (sometimes long-living). Culms 0.1 – 2 or more m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule 1 – 3 mm long, margin glabrous to ciliolate. Leaves 15 – 35 cm by 2 – 6 mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 0.5 – 3 mm long, extremely short, glabrous. Capitule long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs inserted at the same level, sterile or male; lower glumes oblong to lanceolate, 4 – 7 by c. 1.5 mm, acute or abruptly obliquely apiculate, herbaceous, 9 - or 11 - nerved, distally or dorsally with bulbous based bristles; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 1, 4 – 6 mm long (incl. callus), callus 0.5 – 1 mm long, hairs brown, 1.7 – 2.5 mm long; lower glumes brown to castaneous, apex truncate, surface smooth, puberulous or distally hispidulous. Awn well-developed, perfect, 30 – 50 mm long, column 13 – 21 mm long (i. s.), geniculate, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 1.3 – 3 mm long, purple, orange, or yellow i. s. Pedicel glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets 2, sterile or male, 4 – 7 mm long, lower glumes apex acuminate to aristate, glabrous. 2 n = c. 40. Distribution — Sikkim, CE India (East from Madhya Pradesh) to S China; Thailand (Northern: Kamphaeng Phet). In view of the large disjunction in distribution, I suspect introduction also in Malesia: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Sumba, Timor). Reported for Papua New Guinea (Lazarides 1980, but no specimens seen, not in Henty 1969). Sometimes introduced at an early date elsewhere in pasture seed, birdseed, hay, etc. Argentine, N Australia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Fiji, Iraq, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mauritius (Île de France, e. g. Sieber 1821 – 1823,? Joseph Martin for Thouin 1788), New Caledonia, Réunion (‘ Bourbon’, e. g. Boivin 1846 – 1852), Seychelles, Socotra, USA (e. g. California, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana), etc. Reported for Pakistan, but not there (Cope 1982: 316). Habitat — Savannah, grasslands (where it can form dense monocultures), roadsides, gardens, sugarcane fields, orchards, fire resistant, from dry (375 mm / a) to wet (4500 mm / a) areas, favouring soils with medium-textured surfaces (sandy), 200 – 600 m altitude. Uses — Used as a minor fodder grass, in birdseed mixtures (Towne & Barnard 2000). Regarded as a noxious weed in e. g. Australia, as it can outcompete native species, decrease animal productivity (vigorous and low palatability), and increase fire hazards (Keir & Vogler 2006). Collector’s notes — Orange red or golden when mature. Panicles reddish, brownish. Spatheoles green, often reddish brown. Vernacular name — Grader grass, also Habana grass, Kangaroo grass, Oatgrass. Notes — In some places, e. g. the Levant and possibly elsewhere, confused with T. triandra, whereby the delimitation and distribution is uncertain and needs special attention. Because T. triandra is so common in Malesia, this species is easily overlooked. The differences are few, but clear and appear to be constant. One would be tempted to regard this as a subspecies or variety of it. I have refrained from doing so here, also because of the economic importance of T. quadrivalvis.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF0A54AFFFBFCA73BB98116.taxon	description	Anthistiria punctata Hochst. ex A. Rich. (1850) 448. — Themeda triandra Forssk. var. punctata (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf (1919) 419. — Lectotype: Schimper I, 73 (P; iso K, L), designated by Chase & Niles (1962: 397).	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF0A54AFFFBFCA73BB98116.taxon	description	Anthistiria ciliata auct., non L. f. Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze Plants perennial. Culms 0.3 – 2 m long, solitary or tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule 0.5 – 1.5 mm long, margin glabrous. Leaves 8 – 65 cm by 1.5 – 4 (– 10) mm wide. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous or with some bulbous based bristles. Peduncle 1 – 5 mm long, extremely short, glabrous or apically white setose. Capitule long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs inserted at the same level, sterile or male; lower glumes lanceolate, 7 – 14 (– 20) by 1 – 2 mm wide, acuminate, charta- ceous, (9 –) 11 - nerved, glabrous or densely white hirsute; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 1, (5 –) 7 – 8 mm long (incl. callus), callus 0.7 – 3 mm long, hairs brown, 3 – 4.5 mm long; lower glumes castaneous, apex truncate, distally hispidulous. Awn well-developed, perfect, 30 – 60 mm long, column 16 – 30 mm long (i. s.), straight or geniculate, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 2 – 3 (– 5.25) mm long, purple i. s. or yellow i. s. Pedicel glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets 0 – 2, sterile or male, 6 – 9 (– 11) mm long. Lower glumes acuminate to aristate, glabrous or rarely distally with some bulbous based bristles. 2 n = usually 20, but many other numbers have been counted, up to 110. Distribution — Widespread, S Africa to Australia (incl. Tas- mania); Thailand (Northern: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang; Northeastern: Nakhon Phanom; Southwestern: Kanchanaburi, Rachaburi; Central: Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Saraburi); Malesia: Sumatra (W Coast: Padanglawas), Java (W: only around Cikadal, here and there in Central and East), Madura, Lesser Sunda Isl. (Flores, Sumba, Timor, Wetar), Celebes (Manado, Makassar), Philippines (Batanes Isl., Busuanga Isl., Golo Isl., Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Semirara Isl.), Moluccas (Buru), New Guinea (throughout, fide Henty 1969, but very few specimens seen, e. g. Morobe Prov.). Habitat — Open grassy areas, roadsides, e. g. with Imperata, shrubby jungle, in deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest, Eucalypt and Casuarina savannahs, often on less fertile soil with a strong dry monsoon, locally dominant, fire resistant, 0 – 2200 m altitude. Collector’s notes — Densely tufted, stramineous, reddish brown. Culms erect, yellowish-green or - brown, pale purple, waxy underneath the nodes. Leaves glaucous or dull green above, pale green below. Inflorescences nodding. Spathas glaucous, often with purple base. ‘ Flowers’ brown, reddish. Involucral spikelets glaucous, pale green, apex sometimes purplish. Awns maroon, glossy black. Uses — In Java only when young regarded as a moderate fodder, yet esteemed in Australia and South Africa. Grain edible. Not very suitable for paper making. Because of the various colours of the leaves, some cultivars are used as ornamentals, from where they may escape. Vernacular names — Kangaroo grass, Red oat grass, Rooi- gras. Notes — Hackel created an impressive confusion by the use of the epithet ‘ forskalii ’ with 10 varieties and 7 subvarieties. Camus (1920 a) recognised even 13 and 7, respectively. These are mainly based on pubescence. The involucral spikelets may bear bulbous based bristles in the upper part, but a special status for the bristled (‘ vulgaris ’) and non-bristled (‘ imberbis ’) forms does not seem warranted (‘ idle’, Bor 1960: 254; ‘ of little value’, Clayton & Renvoize 1982: 831) as both seem to occur over the whole range. The pedicelled spikelets are often absent, even in the same specimen. Clayton & Renvoize (1982) twice depict only a single pedicelled spikelet. This I have never seen.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF1A54BFFFBFDA13AF987B8.taxon	description	Plants perennial. Culms 1.5 – 3.5 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule c. 1.5 mm long, margin glabrous to ciliolate. Leaves 100 – 250 cm by 6.5 – 20 mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 8 – 15 mm long, usually c. 1 / 2 times as long as the spatheole, rarely less, white hairy. Capitule long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate, (6 –) 8 – 21 by 1 – 2 mm, acuminate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved, scaberulous or dorsally with some long hairs; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 2 – 3 (rarely 1 or 4), 9.5 – 12.5 mm long (incl. callus); callus 1.5 – 3 mm long, pilose, hairs brown, 1.5 – 2 mm long; lower glumes castaneous or brown or yellowish, apex truncate, hairs castaneous. Awn (careful: sometimes early deciduous!) or very short (column more or less straight) or well-developed (exceptionally well-developed with a contorted column), imperfect to perfect, absent or very short, column more or less straight, usually imperfect, rarely well-developed and column contorted, 0 (– 32) mm long, column 0 – 14 mm long (i. s.), scaberulous, hairs white or rufous (i. s.). Anthers 2.5 – 3.2 (– 7) mm long, purple i. s. Pedicel appressed hairy. Pedicelled spikelets 3 – 4, male, 11 – 19 mm long; lower glumes apex acuminate, glabrous to minutely puberulous. 2 n = 20, 32. Distribution — NE India (E from Bihar), Nepal to Tibet and S China (E to Hubei), Nicobars, Thailand (Northern: Chiang Mai; Southwestern: Rachaburi; Peninsular: Nakhon Si Thammarat, Narathiwat, Songkhla, Trang); Malesia: Malay Peninsula (widespread), Singapore, Sumatra (Aceh, E-, W Coast, Lampong, Palembang, Riau), Lingga, Bangka, Java (mainly in the West), Madura, Borneo (widespread, rare), Celebes (widespread, rare), Philippines (Cebu, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, rare), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, Flores, Komodo, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor), Moluccas (Buru), Papua New Guinea (Vogelkop: Kaimana). Introduced elsewhere as an ornamental, e. g. Hawaii, Sri Lanka. Habitat — Sunny roadsides, sandbanks, river banks, grass jungles, abandoned fields, sometimes dominant, Eucalypt savannah, 0 – 1700 m altitude. Lörzing (6630, BO) noted that it did not occur on peat but was plentiful on volcanic rock, whereby one might tell the geological formation from its occurrence. Vernacular name — Silky kangaroo grass. Uses — Young shoots produce a sweet vegetable; used against cough; young marrow used to prevent infection of fresh ear holes; internodes formerly used as shafts for dip pens; leaves for roofing; clumps used as living hedges. Ash used as fertiliser. Occasionally planted as an ornamental, but because it is fertile, it may spread and become weedy. Collector’s notes — Tufts 2 – 3.5 m tall, nodding. Culms with c. 15 nodes 30 cm apart, yellow green, mauve. Leaves to 1.8 m long, glaucous, with very pale midrib. Inflorescences mauve. Lemma (i. e. involucre) green. Flowers brown. Stigmas purple. Notes — Usually the fertile spikelets are quite muticous (mutica, sundaica), but occasionally some or all may be awned, with awns as long as 30 mm (e. g. Backer 17436; BO, L) (armata, villosa) sometimes even within the same capitules. A taxonomic distinction therefore seems impossible. Rarely some lower glumes have long hairs as in T. arundinacea and T. villosa var. polyantha, but for other features the collections are best placed here. The use by Gilliland (1971) was based on mixed collections. The illustration depicts T. villosa var. caudata. Note the disjunction between W-, C Malesia and New Guinea.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFF1A54BFCB4FDE93CA18E59.taxon	description	Themeda gigantea auct. non Hack. Plants perennial. Culms 1 – 6 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous or pilose. Ligule 0.7 – 2 mm long, margin ciliolate to setose, sometimes fimbriate. Leaves 20 – 150 cm by 2.5 – 16 mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 11 – 35 mm long, c. 1 / 3 to c. 1 / 2 times as long as the spatheole, glabrous or white hairy. Capitule long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, unequally inserted, male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate to linear, 11 – 15 (– 21) by 1.5 – 2 mm, acuminate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved, glabrous, scaberulous, minutely puberulous, or dorsally with some long hairs; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 2 – 3, 6 – 11.5 mm long (incl. callus); callus 1 – 2 (– 3) mm long, pilose, hairs white, gold, or brown, 1 – 2 mm long; lower glumes yellowish, apex obtuse to truncate, surface hairy all over, spikelets hairs white, golden, or castaneous. Awn well-developed (column contorted), perfect, 23 – 60 mm long, column 12 – 37 mm long (i. s.), straight, puberulous, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 2 – 6 (– 7.5) mm long, purple or orange i. s. Pedicel glabrous or hairy. Pedicelled spikelets 3 – 4, male, 8.5 – 15 (– 19) mm long, lower glumes apex acuminate to caudate, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Distribution — Sikkim, Bhutan, N India (E from Madhya Pradesh) to E China (E to Zhejiang), Taiwan, to New Caledonia, Thailand: Northern: Chiang Mai; Northeastern: Loei; Southwestern: Kanchanaburi; Peninsular: Pattani; Malesia: Malay Peninsula (Kelantan, Pahang), Singapore, Sumatra (E Coast, Riau), Bangka, Borneo (S. Kalimantan, Sabah), Celebes (Central: Singkalong; Southeast: Kendari). Habitat — Roadsides, grassy slopes, locally dominant on better soils, 10 – 1950 m altitude. Collector’s notes — Very tall grass, 1.5 – 6 m tall, tufted. Inflorescences secund, pendulous, green. Awns brown. Anthers yellow. Note — This is a puzzling taxon rather rare in the herbarium, but widely distributed. The floral dimensions are very variable. The type specimens have exceptional larger parts. It would seem that the variety is merely the awned form of T. villosa s. str., but the overall aspect of the spikelets, hard to bring under words, is different.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFFEA544FCB4FF193AFA83A4.taxon	description	9981; iso in K, L), Sikkim, Choongtang, designated here. Anthistiria gigantea auct. non Cav. Anthistiria gigantea (Cav.) Hack. subsp. caudata auct. non. Hack. Themeda caudata auct. non A. Camus. Themeda gigantea auct. non Hack. Plants perennial. Culms 0.2 – 0.6 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule 0.5 – 1 mm long, glabrous to setose. Leaves 3 – 13 cm by 2 – 6 mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 7 – 14 mm long, c. 1 / 2 times as long as the spatheole, glabrous or white hairy. Involucre persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, with 2 glumes and 1 lemma, male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate to linear, 9 – 14 by 1 – 2 mm, acuminate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved, glabrous; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 2, 4.5 – 8.5 mm long (incl. callus), callus 1 – 1.5 mm long, hairs white, 1 – 2 mm long; lower glumes yellowish brown, apex obtuse, surface smooth and distally hispidulous to white hairy all over. Awn perfect, 20 – 40 mm long, column 12 – 20 mm long (i. s.), straight, puberulous, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 3 – 4 mm long, purple or orange. Pedicelled spikelets 3, male, 8 – 12 mm long; pedicel glabrous to laterally appressed hairy; lower glumes apex acuminate, glabrous. Distribution — Sikkim, Nepal, NE India (Khasia. Not in Shukla 1996), Thailand (Northern: Chiang Mai), S China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan). Ecology — Mountain slopes, rocky places, fire prone grassy area in mixed primary evergreen hardwood and pine forest; 1100 – 3400 m altitude. Collector’s notes — Culms tufted, dull violet reddish. Blades green on both sides. Glumes green to violet reddish. Notes — The collection from Chiang Mai (Maxwell 92 ­ 568, CMU, L) is a new record for Thailand. Two forms apparently appear to be present differing mainly in the pubescence of some inflorescence parts, which have been merged above: –. Peduncle of raceme glabrous. Fertile spikelets 4.5 – 6.5 mm long (incl. callus), callus hairs c. 1 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets pedicel glabrous ............ T. hookeri – Thailand –. Peduncle of raceme white hairy. Fertile spikelets c. 8.5 mm long (incl. callus), callus hairs c. 2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets pedicel appressed hairy ........ T. hookeri – Sikkim	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFFEA544FFFBFF613DA08182.taxon	description	Plants perennial. Culms 2 – 5 m long, tufted. Nodes glabrous. Ligule 0.5 – 1.5 mm long, margin glabrous to ciliolate. Leaves up to 100 cm by 3 – 15 mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 10 – 14 mm long, c. 1 / 3 to c. 1 / 2 times as long as the spatheole, white to golden hairy. Capitules long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, sterile or male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate, 8 – 15 by 1 – 1.5 mm, acuminate, herbaceous, 11 - nerved, more or less densely brown to golden hirsute (hairs sometimes bulbous based); upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 2 – 3, 8 – 11.5 mm long (incl. callus), callus 1.5 – 2.5 mm long, hairs brown, c. 2 mm long; lower glumes castaneous, apex truncate, surface laterally hairy to hairy all over, hairs castaneous. Awn absent to short, imperfect, 0 – 30 mm long, column straight or geniculate, puberulous, hairs rufous (i. s.). Anthers 3 – 6 mm long, purple (i. s.). Pedicel appressed hairy. Pedicelled spikelets 3 – 4, male, 11 – 14 mm long, lower glumes apex acuminate to aristate, minutely puberulous and pilose. 2 n = 20. Distribution — NE India (E from Assam) to N Queensland (Moa Isl., Torres Str.), Solomon Isl., Vanuatu; Thailand: Northern (Chiang Mai), Malesia: Sumatra (Riau), Malay Peninsula (Pahang), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Alor, Flores, Sumbawa, Timor, Wetar), Borneo (Pontianak, Sabah, Sarawak), N Celebes, Talaud Isl., Philippines (Bohol, Mindanao, Palawan), Moluccas (Ambon, Halmahera), New Guinea (widespread). Habitat — (Eucalypt) savannah, gravel bars in river, grass jungles, fire resistant, 0 – 1450 m altitude. Uses — Sometimes grown as an ornamental. Collector’s notes — Culms 3 – 3.5 m long. Internodes 35 cm long. Leaf sheath 13 cm long; blade 1 m long. Lemma (= lower glumes of involucre) with orange hairs. Palea (? = upper glumes of involucre) glabrous. Anthers orange, pendulous. Stigma purple, pilose. Notes — Thought by Bor to be a hybrid between T. arundinacea and T. villosa in which the awn is missing (Bor 1960: 251), but many specimens, incl. the type have at least some awns up to 30 mm long. Perhaps the notion that this would be a hybrid was possibly prompted by its morphologically intermediate position. I have found no reports on hybridisations in Themeda. Noltie (2000: 822) has suggested that it might be a form of T. subsericans, here regarded as a synonym of T. arundinacea. The difference with var. villosa is slight, but apparently constant.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
E94E4912FFFEA545FCB4F9D53D0587F3.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Poilane 28428 (holo L; E, K, P). Plants perennial. Culms c. 2 m long, solitary. Nodes glabrous. Ligule 1 – 1.7 mm long, margin ciliolate. Leaves 42 – 65 cm by 7 – 10 mm. Uppermost spatheoles glabrous. Peduncle 7 – 10 mm long, c. 1 / 2 times as long as the spatheole, white hairy. Capitules bi- or ternate, reflexed, long-persistent. Involucral spikelets conspicuous, pairs unequally inserted, male; lower glumes linear-lanceolate, 6 – 9 by 1 – 1.4 mm, acutish, herbaceous, 9 - nerved, glabrous, keels distally setose; upper glumes 3 - nerved. Fertile spikelets 2, 6.5 – 7 mm long (incl. callus), callus 1.5 – 2 mm long, pilose, hairs whitish, c. 2 mm long; lower glumes yellowish, apex truncate, glabrous, keels distally setose. Awn well-developed, perfect, 35 – 42 mm long, column 21 – 23 mm long (i. s.), geniculate, setulose, hairs white (i. s.). Anthers 2 – 3 mm long, purple i. s. Pedicel laterally setose. Pedicelled spikelets 4, male, 6.5 – 7 mm long, lower glumes apex acute to aristulate (arista up to 2 mm long), glabrous, keels distally setulose. Distribution — Only known from the type: Laos, Champassak Prov., 55 km from Pakson (g), at Tateng, Plateau des Boloven (s), 13 Nov. 1938. Habitat — Not recorded. The plateau is at 1000 – 1200 m altitude. Note — This is a most curious species, especially because of the paired to ternate, reflexed spikelets at the end of the peduncle, unique in the genus. Also, the distally setose keels of the glumes have not been seen elsewhere.	en	Veldkamp, J. F. (2016): A revision of Themeda (Gramineae) in Malesia with a new species from Laos. Blumea 61 (1): 29-40, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X691349, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x691349
