identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F08A4E965C425139B69E05E0542903D1.text	F08A4E965C425139B69E05E0542903D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Genus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Trochus maculatus Linnaeus, 1758; Recent, Indo-Pacific region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F08A4E965C425139B69E05E0542903D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhu, Peng-Jin;Yan, Cheng-Rui;Yang, Hong-Qiang;Hu, Li-Sha;Dong, Yun-Wei	Zhu, Peng-Jin, Yan, Cheng-Rui, Yang, Hong-Qiang, Hu, Li-Sha, Dong, Yun-Wei (2025): Description of two new species of the genus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda, Trochidae) from the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1264: 265-280, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1264.167854
178CD295891C50CA99B0484F44A39B6F.text	178CD295891C50CA99B0484F44A39B6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochus nanhai Zhu & Yan & Yang & Hu & Dong 2025	<div><p>Trochus nanhai sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name “ nanhai ” is derived from the Chinese designation for the South China Sea, the only region where this species has been documented to date.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: LINE-SCSLH-20240601005, Complete specimen, deposited in the Laboratory of Intertidal Ecophysiology, Ocean University of China (OUC), Qingdao, China (Suppl. material 1) . Paratype: LINE-SCSZQ-20240531001, LINE-SCSYSZ-20240521002, LINE-SCSMJ-20240501004 and LINE-SCSAL-20240601001, Complete specimen, same location as holotype (Suppl. material 1) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: medium size, elate-conic and low-conic, solid and heavy, and falsely umbilicate. Spire composed of 7–8 planulate whorls, with 4–5 regular closely spaced spiral rows of uniform granules on each whorl (Fig. 4 A – K). These granules are rounded, bead-like, or slightly compressed. Each whorl periphery bears prominent, evenly spaced pustules; these may be inconspicuous in small subadults (Fig. 4 L). In elate-conic specimens, the whorl pustules gradually fuse during growth, resulting in smoother and more continuous beaded spiral ridges (Fig. 4 A – E). The periphery of the body whorl exhibits 12–15 distinct longitudinal folds forming oblong nodules. The base of the shell is a little concave, sculptured with 11–12 concentric granulose lirae (Fig. 4 F, I). The upper surface bears distinct, broad reddish-brown longitudinal stripes, approximately equal in width to the alternating whitish bands. The base bears a narrow row of spots corresponding to the outer colour pattern. The inner lip is thickened with 3–4 folds. The columella bears 4–5 plicate dentates (Fig. 4 A, E, F, I, J). Internally, the shell displays a pearly luster accompanied by distinct spiral lirae.</p><p>Radula. Radula rhipidoglossate, radular formula n × 5 × 1 × 5 × n (Fig. 6 A). The central tooth with U-shaped cusp, broad triangular shaft, symmetrically flanked by eight denticles (Fig. 6 B). Five lateral teeth are present on each side, each with a fold on the shaft that tightly interlocks with the shaft of the adjacent tooth, and bears 3–5 denticles on one side only. The fifth lateral tooth bears a distinct paddle-shaped cusp. Marginal teeth are narrow and sickle-shaped; the innermost 10–11 marginal teeth each bear 2–3 denticles (Fig. 6 C). From the 11 th to 12 th marginal teeth onwards, tooth size gradually decreases, while the number of denticles increases, forming comb or feather-like structures (Fig. 6 D).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Neritic zone of the South China Sea; Coral reef.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>Shell height 12.9–27.8 mm, shell width 14.0– 24.9 mm, ellipticity 1.56 E + 08– 4.45 E + 10, Normalized Avg Curvature 0.055–0.46, sphericity 0.69–0.79, (N = 17). (Details are shown in Suppl. material 1: table S 3).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The genus Trochus is widely distributed across coral reef habitats throughout the Indo-West Pacific. Based on its conical shell, falsely umbilicate and radula morphology, T. nanhai sp. nov. is assigned to the genus Trochus . Due to its coral reef habitat, the shell surface is often encrusted with crustose coralline algae, which obscures key morphological features and makes species identification more difficult. Upon laboratory examination, the elate-conic specimens, characterized by beaded spiral ridges, were found to resemble T. calcaratus . Although the morphological descriptions and illustrations are outdated, the species can still be distinguished based on the original descriptions, illustrations, and figures provided by Tryon et al. (1898) and Herbert (1996). Trochus nanhai sp. nov. differs from T. calcaratus in having fewer whorls (6–7 vs. 9), a base bearing densely granose lirae (11–12 vs. 6–7), and fewer peripheral pustules (12–15 vs. up to 28 on the body whorl). Comparisons with available image resources further reveal that T. nanhai sp. nov. possesses fewer but more pronounced and sharply defined pustules along the whorl periphery (Suppl. material 1: fig. S 1 A – C). Similar characters, particularly the number and prominence of knob-like structures on the shell base, have also been used as reliable diagnostic features for distinguishing Trochus species (Sawayama et al. 2022). Notably, T. nanhai sp. nov. lacks the fistulous or perforated peripheral tubercles and spiniform tubulose structures that are present in T. calcaratus . The subadult shell of the new species resembles that of the type species, T. maculatus . However, in T. maculatus, bears 6–8 spiral beaded liræ on each whorl, in contrast to the 4 regular spiral rows of uniform granules on each whorl observed in the new species. The radula of Trochus species has also been poorly described in previous studies (Fasila and Vinod 2024). In the present study, however, the marginal teeth of T. nanhai sp. nov. are more clearly defined: the first 10–11 marginal teeth are sickle-shaped, each bearing 2–3 denticles. Detailed morphological differences between T. nanhai sp. nov., T. sacellum, T. calcaratus, and the phylogenetically related T. stellatus are provided in Suppl. material 1: table S 2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/178CD295891C50CA99B0484F44A39B6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhu, Peng-Jin;Yan, Cheng-Rui;Yang, Hong-Qiang;Hu, Li-Sha;Dong, Yun-Wei	Zhu, Peng-Jin, Yan, Cheng-Rui, Yang, Hong-Qiang, Hu, Li-Sha, Dong, Yun-Wei (2025): Description of two new species of the genus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda, Trochidae) from the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1264: 265-280, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1264.167854
03F4DC9CAE6E5DA5AB52C58DAE6E6757.text	03F4DC9CAE6E5DA5AB52C58DAE6E6757.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trochus parvus Zhu & Yan & Yang & Hu & Dong 2025	<div><p>Trochus parvus sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet “ parvus ” is derived from the Latin, meaning “small”, and refers to the relatively diminutive shell size of the new species, which is a remarkable difference from other species in this genus.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: LINE-SCSZQ-20240531002, Complete specimen, deposited in the Laboratory of Intertidal Ecophysiology, Ocean University of China (OUC), Qingdao, China (Suppl. material 1) . Paratype: LINE-SCSMJ-20240501007, Complete specimen, same location as holotype (Suppl. material 1) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: Small in size, conical, with an acute apex. The shell surface bears prominent reddish-brown longitudinal stripes that taper into spots toward the base; the apex is typically red. Composed of 6 planulate whorls, with 3–4 spiral rows of closely arranged granules (Fig. 5 A – D, F – H). These granules are rounded, bead-like, or slightly compressed, and the upper whorls are smaller than those on the lower whorls. The periphery of the whorls bears a spiral ridge composed of prominent, evenly spaced pustules. The body whorl is sculptured with compact, nearly quadrate, flattened beads, forming a rounded profile. The base is slightly concave, with 7–8 concentric granulose lirae, separated by interstices as wide as the ridges (Fig. 5 E). The columella is oblique, bearing 3–4 closely packed plicate-dentate, forming a false umbilicus. The inner lip contains 4 folds (Fig. 5 A, E, F). The inner shell surface is nacreous with fine spiral lirae.</p><p>Radula. Radula rhipidoglossate, radular formula n × 5 × 1 × 5 × n (Fig. 6 E). Central tooth with V-shaped cusp, broad trapezoid shaft, symmetrically flanked by eight denticles (Fig. 6 F). Five lateral teeth are present on each side, each with a fold on the shaft that tightly interlocks with the shaft of the adjacent tooth, bears 3–5 denticles on one side only. The fifth lateral tooth bears a distinct paddle-shaped cusp. Marginal teeth are narrow and sickle-shaped; innermost 9–12 marginal teeth each bear 2–3 denticles (Fig. 6 G). From the 10 th to 13 th marginal teeth onwards, tooth size gradually decreases, while the number of denticles increases, forming a comb (Fig. 6 H) or feather-like structures (Fig. 6 I).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Currently, the Neritic zone of the South China Sea; Coral reef.</p><p>Measurements.</p><p>Shell height 11.0–13.0 mm, shell width 10.4–14.0 mm, ellipticity 1.77 E + 08– 1.88 E + 08, Normalized Avg Curvature 0.087–0.19, sphericity 0.72–0.80, (N = 2). Details in Suppl. material 1: table S 3.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Morphological characteristics support the validity of T. parvus sp. nov. as a species distinct from the type species T. maculatus (Fig. 5; Suppl. material 1: fig. S 1 D, E). The shells of T. parvus sp. nov. are relatively small compared with other Trochus species. Like T. nanhai sp. nov., T. parvus sp. nov. exhibits a conical shell, falsely umbilicate and radula morphology, which are in accord with the key characteristics of Trochus . However, the small size of T. parvus sp. nov. may indicate a subadult stage, possibly due to a shorter lifespan, and its shell shows minimal encrustation by crustose coralline algae. In T. maculatus, the shell consists of 7–8 whorls, each whorl bearing 6–8 spiral beaded lirae, and the body whorl distinctly angulated periphery. The base of the shell is radiately marked with discontinuous black lines forming a maculated or finely tessellated pattern, and is concentrically sculptured with about 10 fine, slightly beaded lirae (Suppl. material 1: fig. S 1 D, E). In contrast, T. parvus sp. nov. has fewer whorls (6 vs. 7–8) and the base of the shell is concentrically sculptured (7–8 vs. 10), has a rounded body whorl (rounded vs. carinated), and the base bears a radiating series of reddish-brown dots forming irregular, interrupted lines.</p><p>Molecular data further support the distinctiveness of T. parvus sp. nov. from T. maculatus . The two species form well-supported, separate clades (A and B), and the mean K 2 P genetic distance between them reaches 18 %, thereby confirming their separation at the species level (Figs 2, 3). Despite being genetically close to T. histrio, T. parvus sp. nov. is clearly separable by its carinated body whorl and other morphological differences (Sawayama et al. 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4DC9CAE6E5DA5AB52C58DAE6E6757	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhu, Peng-Jin;Yan, Cheng-Rui;Yang, Hong-Qiang;Hu, Li-Sha;Dong, Yun-Wei	Zhu, Peng-Jin, Yan, Cheng-Rui, Yang, Hong-Qiang, Hu, Li-Sha, Dong, Yun-Wei (2025): Description of two new species of the genus Trochus Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda, Trochidae) from the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1264: 265-280, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1264.167854
