identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
495DFD9197FB52459781BC4CF5F907D3.text	495DFD9197FB52459781BC4CF5F907D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grammonus robustus Smith et Radcliffe 1913	<div><p>Grammonus robustus Smith et Radcliffe, 1913</p><p>English name: humpback brotula New Vietnamese name: Cá ch ồn râu lưng gù Figs 5, 6; Tables 3, 4</p><p>Grammonus robustus Smith et Radcliffe, 1913 . — Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1913): 168, pl. 13 (Type locality: between Cebu and Leyte, 10°38'00"N, 124°13'08"E, the Philippines, Albatross station 5409, depth 189 fathoms [= 345.6 m]. Holotype: USNM 74149). — Nielsen et al. (1999): 104 (in key). — Nielsen and Cohen (2004): 85 (mentioned, compared to the new species described). — Nielsen (2007): 375 (mentioned, compared to the new species described). — Randall and Hughes (2008): 143 (mentioned, compared to the new species described). — Nielsen and Prokofiev (2010): 192 (mentioned, compared to the new species described). — Nakabo and Kai in Nakabo (2013): 530 (in key, Japan). — Kannan et al. (2014): 1 (New record from southern India). Ho and Moritz (2017): 82 (new record from Taiwan). — Ohashi in Koeda and Ho (2019): 393 (southwestern Taiwan). — Anderson and Cohen in Heemstra et al. (2022): 265 (western Indian Ocean). — Augustina et al. 2025: 9 (new record from western India).</p><p>Oligopus robustus (Smith et Radcliffe 1913) . — Cohen and Nielsen (1978): 49 (listed). Machida in Masuda et al. (1984): 101 (Japan). — Klausewitz and Uiblein (1994): 21 (new record from the Red Sea). — Uiblein et al. (1994): 18 (Red Sea). — Nielsen (1999): 1984 (western Central Pacific). — Nakabo in Nakabo (2002): 449 (Japan).</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>OIM -E.55873 (formerly ASIZP 83276), 73.4 mm SL, female, off Vĩnh Lương fishing port, north Nha Trang, Vietnam, ca. 12°20'05"N, 109°12'14"E, depth ca. 180–220 m, 5 Sep. 2025, coll. C. - H. Lin (Fig. 5).</p><p>Other material.</p><p>Four comparative otoliths from southwestern Taiwan (Fig. 6). CHLOL 36171, 231.0 mm SL. CHLOL 29456, 107.5 mm SL. NMMB-P 42545, 182.0 mm SL. NMMB-P 42312, 180.0 mm SL.</p><p>Description of OIM-E. 55873 specimen.</p><p>Meristic and morphometric characters are provided in Tables 3, 4.</p><p>A, anal-fin; D, dorsal-fin; HL, head length; P, pectoral-fin; SL, standard length; V, pelvic-fin. R indicates data taken from right side.</p><p>Dorsal-fin rays 88, originating above 6 th vertebra; pectoral-fin rays 25 / 25; pelvic-fin rays 1 / 1; anal-fin rays 59, originating below 30 th dorsal-fin ray and 17 th vertebra; caudal-fin rays 4 (upper lobe) + 4 (lower lobe). Long gill rakers on outer face of first gill arch 0 + 1 + 2 = 3; total gill rakers on first arch 4 + 1 + 16 = 21. Pseudobranchial filaments 3. Precaudal vertebrae 12; caudal vertebrae 33; total vertebrae 45.</p><p>Body compressed and rather robust, depth at dorsal- and anal-fin origins 4.5 and 4.7 in SL, respectively. Head rather large, length 3.6 in SL. Eye small, width of eye window 7.2 in HL; snout slightly rounded and not protruding before premaxilla, length 4.4 in HL; interorbital space slightly convex and narrow, width 4.2 in HL; postorbital length 1.5 in HL.</p><p>Mouth large, upper-jaw length 1.7 in HL; posterior end of maxilla straight, its end reaching far beyond vertical through posterior margin of eye. Two nostrils, with anterior one forming short tube and situated at near tip of snout; posterior one larger than anterior one, situated immediately in front of eye and slightly lower than horizontal through center of eye. Symphysis of premaxillae forming small notch and naked. Premaxilla, dentary, and vomer with villiform tooth patch. Palatine naked. Vomerine tooth patch broad and triangular, distinctly concave at all three sides. Preopercle without any spines. Opercle with one strong spine and embedded under skin; its end not exceeding beyond flap of opercle.</p><p>Gill rakers forming bumps on all four arches, except for 3 rod-shaped arches on outer face of first arch. Oval tooth patch on second pharyngobranchial; large and somewhat triangular tooth patch on third pharyngobranchial. Basibranchials absent.</p><p>Scales and scale pockets on body mostly abraded. Lateral line single and indistinct, situated at upper one-fourth of body; originating above upper end of gill opening and its anterior portion slightly curved; its posterior portion indistinct.</p><p>Dorsa-fin origin posterior to vertical through upper pectoral-fin origin. Upper pectoral-fin origin below horizontal through ventral margin of eye; its length rather long, 1.3 in HL; its tip pointed and not reaching vertical through anus. Pelvic-fin origin just below posterior margin of preopercle; its length 1.3 in HL; its tip not reaching anterior to anus when adpressed. Caudal fin pointed. Last dorsal- and anal-fin rays connected to caudal fin via membrane.</p><p>Osteology.</p><p>Neural spines well developed on all precaudal vertebrae. Length of first neural spine short, about one-third of second; bases of second and third neural spines not thickened. Parapophysis developed on 8 th to 12 th vertebra. Pleural ribs present on 8 th to 12 th vertebra. Epineurals present; epipleurals absent. Anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to first haemal spine 0.</p><p>Otolith.</p><p>Thick, elongate otoliths (Fig. 6) with flat inner face and convex outer faces (OL: OH = 1.71–2.07 and OH: OT = 2.35–2.88). Dorsal rim domed-shaped and ventral rim gently curved. Both anterior and posterior rims pointed to obtuse. All margins smooth, besides crenated or lobate dorsal margin. Sulcus shallow, wide, slightly inclined toward ventral part, not divided into ostium and cauda, and filled with single colliculum. Small channel or depression opening to anterior. Cristae poorly developed. Dorsal area larger than ventral area.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>When fresh (Fig. 5 A), body and head slightly pinkish or purplish, with snout, interorbital, posterior margins of opercle and preopercle, both jaws, infraorbital, and temporal canal black. Bases of dorsal, pectoral anal, and caudal fins black and transparent distally. Pelvic fin uniformly black. When preserved (Fig. 5 B), body similar to fresh but paler, with black pigments remaining. Mouth roof behind vomer dusky. Inner face of operculum, gill arches, rakers, and filaments, and underside of tongue pale. Peritoneum black.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, including Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Queensland, Australia, India, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden (Machida 1984; Klausewitz and Uiblein 1994; Nielsen et al. 1999; Nakabo 2002; Kannan et al. 2014; Ho and Moritz 2017; Anderson and Cohen 2022; Augustina et al. 2025; Bray 2025). Inhabits at depth between 45 and 345 m (Nielsen et al. 1999; Anderson and Cohen 2022). Our specimen represents the first record from Vietnam and fills the distribution gap between Queensland, Australia and the Philippines.</p><p>COI and 12 S sequences.</p><p>The results demonstrate that the most closely related bythitid species to the query COI sequence of our specimen is Diplacanthopoma brachysoma Günther, 1887 (NC 004376), with an ID value of 86.21 % on Genbank. However, the results from BOLD show the closest species to our COI sequence is Grammonus diagrammus (Heller et Snodgrass, 1903) (LIDM 1367-08), with ID value of 85.05 %.</p><p>On the other hand, the GenBank blasting result of the query 12 S sequence is G. robustus (LC 278079) with 99.41 % Percent Identity value and 100 % query coverage.</p><p>Additionally, we found a COI sequence identified as Liparis tessellatus (MK 182380) shows 99.49 % Percent Identity value and 100 % query coverage.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/495DFD9197FB52459781BC4CF5F907D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Su, Yo;Chang, Chia-Hao;Ho, Hsuan-Ching;Vo, Van Quang;Lin, Chien-Hsiang	Su, Yo, Chang, Chia-Hao, Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Vo, Van Quang, Lin, Chien-Hsiang (2026): Records of cusk eels from Vietnam, with comments on the original description of Neobythites nanhaiensis (Actinopterygii, Ophidiiformes, Ophidiidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 287-298, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.197399
835E3475A9875ADEBFD312CD440FD2B4.text	835E3475A9875ADEBFD312CD440FD2B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neobythites nanhaiensis Chen, Zhao, Yang, Zhang, He, Zhang, Wang et Zhong 2026	<div><p>Neobythites nanhaiensis Chen, Zhao, Yang, Zhang, He, Zhang, Wang et Zhong, 2026</p><p>English name: South China Sea cusk eel New Vietnamese name: Cá ch ồn râu h ải nam Figs 1, 2, 3, 4. Tables 1, 2.</p><p>Neobythites nanhaiensis Chen, Zhao, Yang, Zhang, He, Zhang, Wang et Zhong, 2026 . — Chen et al. (2026): 111, figs. 1–6 (Type locality: Near Nan’an Reef, South China Sea, 5°23'05"N, 112°11'25"E, depth 400 m).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>ASIZP 83239, 119.1 mm SL, ASIZP 83238, 122.5 + mm SL (tail damaged and regenerated), OIM -E. 55871, 122.5 mm SL, off Vĩnh Lương fishing port, north Nha Trang, Vietnam, ca 12°20'05"N, 109°12'14"E, depth ca 180–220 m, 5 Sep. 2025, coll. C. - H. Lin (Figs 1, 2).</p><p>Sagittal otoliths.</p><p>CHLOL 36777 –36780, 36782, 36784, 36786–36789, all collected from Nha Trang, Vietnam, specimens not retained.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Meristic and morphometric characters are provided in Tables 1, 2. Dorsal-fin rays 106–111, originating above 5 th – 6 th vertebra; pectoral-fin rays 26–27 / 26 – 27; pelvic-fin rays 2 / 2; anal-fin rays 90–94, originating below 18 th – 19 th dorsal-fin ray and 14 th vertebra; caudal-fin rays 4 (upper lobe) + 4 (lower lobe). Preopercular spines 2. Long rakers on outer face of first gill arch 3 + 1 + 7 = 11. Pseudobranchial filaments 3–4. Precaudal vertebrae 13; caudal vertebrae 49–50; total vertebrae 62–63. Body compressed and elongated, depth at dorsal- and anal-fin origins 5.4–5.9 and 6.6–6.9 in SL, respectively. Head small, length 5.1 in SL. Eye moderate, width of eye window 4.3–5.3 in HL; snout slightly rounded and protruding before premaxilla, length 4.9–5.3 in HL; interorbital space slightly concave and narrow, width 5.3 in HL; postorbital length 1.6 in HL. Mouth large, upper-jaw length 2.1–2.2 in HL; posterior end of maxilla straight, its end reaching beyond vertical through posterior margin of eye. Supramaxilla present and small, with its posterior margin covering ca. 1 / 6 of posterior maxilla. Two nostrils, with anterior one forming short tube and situated at about middle of snout; posterior one larger than anterior one, situated in front of eye and slightly lower than horizontal through center of eye. Symphysis of premaxillae forming small notch and naked. Premaxillary and dentary teeth villiform, with some slightly longer forming needle shape. Vomerine and palatine teeth villiform. Vomerine tooth patch triangular (Fig. 3 A), its anterior margins concave; posterior margin straight. Palatine tooth patch broad, gradually thinner posteriorly. Opercle with one strong spine, its end not exceeding beyond flap of opercle. Gill rakers rod-shaped and laterally compressed; its mesial face covered with small teeth; rakers on outer face of first arch longer than rest; inner face of first arch and both inner and outer faces of second to fourth arches short; rakers on fifth ceratobranchail present and forming bumps. Small, oval tooth patch on upper ends of second and third epibranchials. Large, oval tooth patches on second and third pharyngobranchials. Two basibranchials (Fig. 3 B), with anterior one rod shape, elongated, and slightly thinner posteriorly; posterior one oval. Scales cycloid and deciduous, present on body, head, and both dorsal- and anal-fin bases; all scales embedded under skin. Lateral line single, situated at upper one-fifth of body; originating above upper end of gill opening and its anterior portion slightly curved; its posterior portion indistinct. Dorsal-fin origin slightly behind vertical through upper pectoral-fin origin. Upper pectoral-fin origin at horizontal through ventral margin of eye; its length 1.5–1.7 in HL, its tip pointed and reaching anterior to vertical through anus. Pelvic-fin origin below preopercle; its length short, 1.9–2.4 in HL; its tip not reaching anterior to anus when adpressed along abdominal edge. Caudal fin slightly pointed. Last dorsal- and anal-fin rays connected to caudal fin via membrane.</p><p>A, anal-fin; D, dorsal-fin; HL, head length; HT, holotype; P, pectoral-fin; PT, paratype; SL, standard length; V, pelvic-fin. R indicates data taken from right side.</p><p>Osteology.</p><p>Neural spines well developed on all precaudal vertebrae. Length of first neural spine short, about half of second; bases of second and third neural spines not thickened. Parapophysis developed on 8 th to 13 th vertebra. Pleural ribs present on fourth to 13 th vertebra. Epineurals present; epipleurals absent. Anal-fin pterygiophores anterior to first haemal spine 6.</p><p>Otolith.</p><p>Thick, oblong otoliths (Fig. 4) ranging from 4.35 to 7.97 mm OL with OL: OH = 1.59–1.70 and OH: OT = 2.91–3.51. Inner and outer faces convex, thickest anteriorly. Dorsal rim flat, slightly sloped towards posterior before ending with inconspicuous posterodorsal angle, and highest anteriorly (inclination angle against otolith axis = 56–67 °). Ventral rim gently curved; deepest at central. Posterior rim blunt, slightly extended. Anterior rim obtuse in lower part. All margins smooth, besides crenated dorsal margin in smallest specimen (Fig. 4 B). Sulcus long (SuL: OL = 0.80–0.88), shallow, wide, horizontal and well-divided into ostium and cauda with ventral constriction at collum. Ostium elongate (OsL: CaL = 1.95–2.50), filled with colliculum, with small channel opening to anterior. Cauda sub-rectangular, also filled with colliculum. Cristae poorly developed. Dorsal depression large but shallow. No sexual dimorphism on otolith observed.</p><p>Coloration.</p><p>When fresh (Fig. 1), body somewhat pinkish, with abdomen paler. Two black blotches on upper half of body, with anterior one slightly anterior to vertical through anus and posterior one about middle of anal-fin origin and caudal fin. Distal margins of dorsal and anal fins black. Pectoral fin black. When preserved (Fig. 2), body similar to fresh but paler. Pelvic-fin tip, mouth roof behind vomer, inner face of operculum, gill arches and peritoneum black. Underside of tongue, gill rakers and filaments pale.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Originally described from Nan’an Reef in the South China Sea (5°23'05"N, 112°11'25"E). Our specimens represent the northern-most record of this species.</p><p>COI and 12 S sequences.</p><p>Our molecular results confirmed our specimens as N. nanhaiensis based on COI sequences on GenBank, with Percent Identity values ranging from 100.0 % to 99.12 % and 100 % query coverage. On the other hand, the results from BOLD show that the closest species to the query COI sequences is N. soelae (GU 673108), with ID values ranging from 86.44 % to 86.78 %.</p><p>Similarly, the 12 S sequences of our specimens share a 100 % Percent Identity value and 100 % query coverage results with those of N. nanhaiensis from GenBank.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/835E3475A9875ADEBFD312CD440FD2B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Su, Yo;Chang, Chia-Hao;Ho, Hsuan-Ching;Vo, Van Quang;Lin, Chien-Hsiang	Su, Yo, Chang, Chia-Hao, Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Vo, Van Quang, Lin, Chien-Hsiang (2026): Records of cusk eels from Vietnam, with comments on the original description of Neobythites nanhaiensis (Actinopterygii, Ophidiiformes, Ophidiidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 56: 287-298, DOI: 10.3897/aiep.56.197399
