taxonID	type	description	language	source
B496754B4D2D5A248A96477F063A90AC.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Celsia orientalis L.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
951945343DFE536EAA68FE99CBC5B87D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Rhabdotosperma brevipedicellatum (Engl.) Hartl.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
951945343DFE536EAA68FE99CBC5B87D.taxon	description	Description. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs to small shrubs, simple or branched from the base or above, sometimes with woody base, from 30 to 250 cm tall. Indumentum glabrescent, glandular hairs, simple hairs, and branched stellate hairs. Stems erect, simple or many stemmed, robust, terete, or terete to angular. Basal and Cauline leaves in rosettes or rarely alternate, mostly oblong to oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, sometimes obovate, elliptic, or ovate, with entire, dentate, repand-crenulate, undulate or lobed-crenate, serrate to sinuate, crenate to denticulate, sinuate, dentate, serrate, pinnatifid-lobed margins, sessile or petiole. Inflorescence racemose forming panicle or spike; one or more accessory flowers, panicle, dichasium, or racemose. Upper and Lower bracts linear, lanceolate, oblong to lanceolate or elliptic, triangular to ovate, ovate, or ovate to lanceolate, cordate to triangular, or oblanceolate. Pedicel hairy or glabrescent, from 2 to 25 mm long. Bracteoles absent or present ovate or to oblanceolate, lanceolate, ovate to triangular or lanceolate to triangular, linear, or lanceolate to cordate. Calyx lobes linear, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-oblong, lanceolate, ovate-elliptic, or oblanceolate, apex mucronate, acute, obtuse, or apiculate, hairy, or glabrescent. Corolla yellow with or without marks in the throat, sometimes on the upper side, with or without pellucid glands, tubeless or with a tube up to 2 mm, hairy or glabrous inside and outside. Stamens 4 or 5, sometimes unstable (4 – 5). Filaments with whitish, yellowish-purple, yellowish-red, yellow, purple-violet to violet-whitish, red-purple, yellowish-white, yellowish-violet to red, violet-whitish, or creamy hairs, with all hairs up to the anthers, two anterior glabrous, or two anterior glabrous near the apex. Anthers all reniform, two anterior inserted obliquely, or two anterior inserted decurrent longitudinally. Ovary pyriform-ovoid, ellipsoid, ellipsoid to ovoid, ovoid, globose, globose to ovoid, or globose-subglobose, hairy, or glabrous. Style from 4 to 22 mm long, filiform, green, or red. Stigma spatulate, capitate, dilated, or disciform. Capsule pyriform-ovoid, ellipsoid, ellipsoid to ovoid, ovoid, globose, globose to ovoid, or globose-subglobose, hairy, or glabrous. Seeds numerous, bothrospermous, or aulacospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
951945343DFE536EAA68FE99CBC5B87D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In Asia, Africa, and Europe, but the center of diversity is in Turkey and Iran. Elsewhere, some species, such as Verbascum thapsus L. and V. blattaria L., have become widely naturalized or invasive in many other temperate regions of the world, including North America, Australia, and New Zealand.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
2712E49CD1BD5039BC93365ADCBA7304.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Staurophragma natolicum Fisch. & C. A. Mey.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
00255FF5952650D1B9CD49316A60CFE6.taxon	description	Fig. 1	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
00255FF5952650D1B9CD49316A60CFE6.taxon	description	Description. Annual or biennial herb, pale green, simple or branched from the base, up to 45 cm tall. Indumentum dense glandular hairs above and pubescent hairs below. Stems erect, terete to angular. Basal leaves rosette, obovate, 3 – 10 × 2 – 5 cm, apex rounded, base cuneate, margins crenate-dentate, lamina darkish green with sparse glandular and dense pubescent hairs; petiole 2 – 5 cm, winged with a few small lateral lobes. Cauline leaves few or leafless, oblanceolate, 0.5 – 1.6 × 0.1 – 0.4 cm, apex obtuse, base obtuse; sessile. Inflorescence racemose; flowers single in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts lanceolate-linear, 1 – 3.5 mm, acute. Lower bracts lanceolate 2 – 5.5 mm, acute. Pedicel covered with dense glandular hairs up to 25 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 2 – 3 mm, lobes ovate-oblong, mucronate, dense glandular. Corolla 8 – 10 mm across, yellow with purple-red spots around the throat, without pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, sparse papillose-ciliated hairs inside, sparse glandular hairs outside. Stamens 4, 4 – 5 mm long. Filaments yellow with yellowish-purple hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, two posteriors with hairs up to the anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary globose, sparse glandular hairs. Style up to 6 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2 – 3 × 1 – 2 mm, globose-ovoid, sparse glandular hairy. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
00255FF5952650D1B9CD49316A60CFE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to Oman, which is known from Muscat (Jabal Aswad), Ash Sharqiyah North (Jabal Abyad, Jabal Bani Jabir, and near Tiwi), Ad Dakhiliyah (Jabal Al Akhdar, Wakan Village, Wadi Kamah, and Sakhakhin), and Al Batinah South (Wadi Bani Awf, Wadi Sahtan, An Nid, Wadi Haslah, and near Rustaq), northeast Oman (Fig. 2).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
00255FF5952650D1B9CD49316A60CFE6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to Jabal Akhdar, known locally in Arabic as “ al-Akh ḍar. ”	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C27B7C6D091C512BBCF386AE7DC9DE03.taxon	description	Fig. 3	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C27B7C6D091C512BBCF386AE7DC9DE03.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, dark green to purple, simple or branched from above, woody at the base, up to 85 cm tall. Indumentum dense glandular hairs. Stems erect, robust, terete to angular. Basal leaves rosette, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4 – 15 × 1 – 5 cm, apex acute or obtuse, base subcordate-truncate, margins crenate-denticulate, lamina dark green with dense simple hairs on the veins below; petiole 2 – 6.5 cm, winged with 1 – 3 small lateral lobes. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 2 – 4.9 × 0.5 – 1 cm, apex acute, base subcordate-truncate; sessile. Inflorescence racemose; flowers single in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts lanceolate, 5 – 8 mm, acuminate. Lower bracts triangular-ovate, 14 – 45 mm, acuminate. Pedicel covered with dense glandular hairs up to 20 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 4 – 5.5 mm long, lobes oblong, mucronate, dense glandular hairs. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow with purple-red spots around the throat, without pellucid glands, tubeless, sparse papillose hairs inside, dense glandular hairs outside. Stamens 4, 7 – 8 mm long. Filaments red with yellowish-red hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, two shorter posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers two anterior inserted decurrent longitudinally on filaments, two shorter posteriors with reniform anthers. Ovary pyriform-ovoid, glabrous. Style up to 15 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma dilated. Capsule 6 – 8 × 4 – 6 mm, pyriform-ovoid, glabrous. Seeds aulacospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C27B7C6D091C512BBCF386AE7DC9DE03.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to Yemen, which is known from Ibb (Jabal Taqar, Sumara Pass, Jabal Sumara, and Jiblah town), Al Mahwit (Bait Albeshari), Sana’a (Khawlan, Jabal An Nabi Shu’ayb, and Jabal Shibam), Taizz (Turbah, Algaheli Park, and Jabal Sabr), Al-Bayda (Qarn Al-Wa’al), Hajjah (Kuslan town), and Raymah (Jabal Raymah), southwestern Yemen (Fig. 4).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C27B7C6D091C512BBCF386AE7DC9DE03.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name commemorates Paul Émile Botta (1802 – 1870), a French naturalist and archaeologist.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
63C1802268F15C3BA815B99B8D09B641.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
63C1802268F15C3BA815B99B8D09B641.taxon	description	Description. Perennial herb, brownish green, very branched from the base, many-stemmed, woody at the base, up to 60 cm tall. Indumentum dense glandular hairs above and forked hairs below. Stems erect, terete. Basal leaves rosette, oblong-lanceolate, 3 – 5 × 1.5 – 2 cm, apex acute, base attenuate, margins entire or dentate, lamina yellowish green with sparse glandular and dense forked hairs; petiole 0.5 – 1.5 cm. Cauline leaves few or leafless, linear-lanceolate, 0.5 – 0.7 × 0.1 – 0.2 cm, apex acute, base attenuate; sessile. Inflorescence racemose; flowers single in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts linear-lanceolate, 0.5 – 1.8 mm, acute. Lower bracts linear-lanceolate, 0.5 – 2 mm, acute. Pedicel covered with dense glandular and sparse forked hairs up to 10 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 1 – 3 mm, lobes lanceolate, acute, dense glandular and sparse forked. Corolla 8 – 10 mm across, yellow with a red spot around the throat, without pellucid glands, tube up to 2 mm, sparse papillose-ciliated hairs inside, sparse glandular and forked hairs outside. Stamens 4, 4 – 6 mm long. Filaments yellow with yellow hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, two posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary globose-ovoid, sparse glandular and forked hairs. Style up to 7 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2 – 3 × 1.5 – 2 mm, globose-ovoid, sparse glandular and forked hairy. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
63C1802268F15C3BA815B99B8D09B641.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Egypt (Sinai), and Saudi Arabia.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
63C1802268F15C3BA815B99B8D09B641.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is a native species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from two locations in Tabuk province (Jabal Al-Lawz and Jabal Dabbagh), northwest Saudi Arabia (Fig. 6).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
63C1802268F15C3BA815B99B8D09B641.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name commemorates Joseph Decaisne (1807 – 1882), a French botanist and plant illustrator.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
72C25418E70D5ED1B873147EF680E355.taxon	description	Fig. 7	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
72C25418E70D5ED1B873147EF680E355.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, yellowish or greyish green, branched from above, woody at the base, up to 65 cm tall. Indumentum dense glandular hairs above, and dense tomentose with stellate hairs below. Stems erect, terete. Basal leaves rosette, ovate-obovate to lanceolate, 3 – 15 × 1.5 – 6 cm, apex acute or mucronate, base rounded or obtuse, margins serrate to sinuate, lamina yellowish or grey green with rough tomentose with stellate hairs; petiole 1 – 6.5 cm. Cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2 – 4.9 × 0.5 – 1 cm, apex acute, base semi-amplexicaul; sessile or petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence racemose, a single flower in the axil of the bract. Upper bracts lanceolate, 1.6 – 2.8 mm, acute. Lower bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6 – 17 mm, acute or mucronate. Pedicel covered with glandular hairs, up to 8 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 1.5 – 3 mm, lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate to apiculate, glandular hairs. Corolla 8 – 10 mm across, yellow with a purple-red spot around the throat, without pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, sparse papillose-ciliated hairs inside, glandular hairs outside. Stamens 4, 5 – 8 mm long. Filaments red with purple-violet to violet-whitish hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, two posteriors with hairs up to anthers, all reniform anthers. Ovary ovoid, sparse glandular hairs. Style up to 8 mm long, filiform, green, or violet. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2.8 – 3 × 2 – 2.7 mm, ovoid-ellipsoid, glabrous. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
72C25418E70D5ED1B873147EF680E355.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from several locations in Tabuk province (Tabuk road between Duba and Shigry and near Jabal Shar), northwest Saudi Arabia, as well as from several locations in Medina province (Jabal Radwa, Road to Jabal Al-Figrah, Wadi Buwat, and between Al Wajh and Al-Ula), western Saudi Arabia (Fig. 8).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
72C25418E70D5ED1B873147EF680E355.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to its occurrence in desert habitats.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C4AD6B711DF657D280DE816C97F735F9.taxon	description	Fig. 7	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C4AD6B711DF657D280DE816C97F735F9.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, yellowish or greyish green, branched from above, woody at the base, up to 65 cm tall. Indumentum dense glandular hairs above, and dense tomentose with stellate hairs below. Basal leaves rosette, oblong-lanceolate, 3 – 10 × 1.5 – 6 cm, apex acute, base obtuse, margins deep crenate to sinuate, lamina yellowish green with dense stellate hairs; petiole 0.5 – 1.5 cm. Cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2 – 4.9 × 0.5 – 1 cm, apex acute, base semi-amplexicaul; sessile or petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence as for var. deserticola.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C4AD6B711DF657D280DE816C97F735F9.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is known from one location in Tabuk province (Wadi Al-Disah), northwest Saudi Arabia (Fig. 8).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C4AD6B711DF657D280DE816C97F735F9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name commemorates Sheila Collenette (1927 – 2017), a British botanist and plant collector who made significant contributions to the study of the flora of Saudi Arabia.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AD13AC8ADD9652EA93223A524A5A91A6.taxon	description	Fig. 9	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AD13AC8ADD9652EA93223A524A5A91A6.taxon	description	Description. Perennial herb, yellowish or greyish green, very branched from the base, woody at the base, up to 75 cm tall. Indumentum dense rough tomentose with stellate hairs. Stems erect, terete. Basal leaves rosette, obovate-oblong, 5 – 10 × 2 – 5 cm, apex obtuse, base obtuse to cuneate, margins undulate or lobed-crenate, lamina yellowish or grey green with dense yellowish or greyish green tomentose with stellate hairs; petiole 2 – 5 cm. Cauline leaves oblong-obovate to ovate, 3 – 6 × 2 – 3 cm, apex acute, base semi-amplexicaul; sessile. Inflorescence dichasium; three-flowered, or one flowered, peduncle in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts lanceolate, 2 – 3 mm, acute. Lower bracts cordate-triangular or triangular, 20 – 50 mm, acute. Pedicel covered with dense tomentose with stellate hairs up to 5 mm long. Bracteoles present, lanceolate-cordate, acute. Calyx 5 – 8 mm, lobes lanceolate, acute, dense tomentose with stellate. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow with red blotches around the throat, with pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, glabrous inside, dense tomentose with stellate hairs outside. Stamens five, 4 – 6 mm long. Filaments red with red-purple hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary globose, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Style up to 6 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 3 – 4 × 3 – 5 mm, globose-subglobose, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AD13AC8ADD9652EA93223A524A5A91A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Egypt (Sinai), and Saudi Arabia.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AD13AC8ADD9652EA93223A524A5A91A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is a native species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from several locations in Tabuk province (Jabal Thaghb, near Jabal Al-Lawz road, Jalah, near Wadi Sadrr, near Duba, and Wadi Aba Al-Hinshan), northwest Saudi Arabia (Fig. 10).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AD13AC8ADD9652EA93223A524A5A91A6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to its adaptation to desert habitats.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
036594E2AEE0595F96727F1352104F7A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Verbascum thapsus L.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FA3B53DA922456A2ABFFF6948D352DFC.taxon	description	Fig. 11	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FA3B53DA922456A2ABFFF6948D352DFC.taxon	description	Description. Perennial herb, yellowish green, simple, or usually branched from above, up to 2 m tall. Indumentum dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Stems erect, robust, terete. Basal leaves rosette, lanceolate, 10 – 20 × 3 – 8 cm, apex acute, base obtuse, margins crenate, lamina yellowish green with densely tomentose with stellate hairs; petiole 2 – 4 cm. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 4 – 8 × 1 – 3 cm, apex acute, base obtuse; sessile. Inflorescence panicle; with clusters of 2 – 8 flowers in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts linear, 5 – 15 mm, acute. Lower bracts linear, 30 – 50 mm, acute. Pedicel covered with densely tomentose with stellate hairs up to 6 mm long. Bracteoles present, linear, acute. Calyx 4 – 7 mm, lobes linear, acute, densely tomentose with stellate hairs. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow, without pellucid glands, tube up to 2 mm, densely tomentose with stellate hairs outside. Stamens 4 – 5 or 7 (unstable), 5 – 6 mm long. Filaments orange to yellow with yellowish-white hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary ellipsoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Style up to 8 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma spatulate. Capsule 4 – 8 × 3 – 4 mm, ellipsoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FA3B53DA922456A2ABFFF6948D352DFC.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to the Arabian Peninsula, which is known from Yemen in Abyan (Jabal Areys) and Hadhramaut (Alrail), and from Saudi Arabia in Taif (Red Mountain and near Al-Hada), Al-Baha (Al-Abna Road, Heznah Road, and near Wadi Shora), Abha (Jabal Al-Soudah, Wadi Namra, and near Tanomah), and Jizan (Jabal Al-Qahar), in southwestern Arabian Peninsula (Fig. 12).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FA3B53DA922456A2ABFFF6948D352DFC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the species’ long bracts, a distinctive characteristic.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F682FC166A2A5C1280C0EF9FAF203172.taxon	description	Fig. 13	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F682FC166A2A5C1280C0EF9FAF203172.taxon	description	Description. Perennial herb, yellowish or greyish green, simple or few short branched above, up to 1.5 m tall. Indumentum dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Stems erect, robust, terete. Basal leaves rosette, oblong-lanceolate, 10 – 25 × 3 – 6 cm, apex acute, base cuneate, margins crenate-sinuate, lamina yellowish or greyish green with dense tomentose with stellate hairs; petiole 3 – 7 cm. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 3 – 7 × 1 – 3 cm, apex acute, base cuneate; decurrent. Inflorescence panicle; one or clusters of 2 – 8 flowers in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts linear, 5 – 10 mm, obtuse. Lower bracts lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, 20 – 30 mm, acute-attenuate. Pedicel covered with dense tomentose with stellate hairs up to 2 mm. Bracteoles present, linear, acute. Calyx 5 – 6 mm, lobes linear, acute, dense tomentose with stellate. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow, with pellucid glands, tube up to 2 mm, sparse papillose-ciliated hairs inside, dense tomentose with stellate hairs outside. Stamens 4 – 5 or 6 (unstable), 4 – 6 mm long. Filaments yellow with yellow-whitish hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary ellipsoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Style up to 7 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 8 – 9 × 2 – 3 mm, ellipsoid, sparse stellate hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F682FC166A2A5C1280C0EF9FAF203172.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from three locations in Medina province (Jabal Al-Figrah, Jabal Radwa, and Jabal Odks), western Saudi Arabia (Fig. 14).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F682FC166A2A5C1280C0EF9FAF203172.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to its occurrence in Medina, the holy city in Saudi Arabia.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7DBE36F5A38B5D5D957686F6D89A6418.taxon	description	Fig. 15	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7DBE36F5A38B5D5D957686F6D89A6418.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, dark green to purple, simple or branched from above, up to 90 cm tall. Indumentum sparse glandular hairs. Stems erect, terete to angular. Basal leaves rosette, oblong-ovate, 4 – 15 × 2 – 5 cm, apex obtuse, base cordate-truncate, margins crenate-serrate, lamina shiny green with sparse simple hairs on the veins below; petiole 2 – 6 cm, winged with a few lateral lobes. Cauline leaves oblong-ovate, 2 – 6 × 1 – 3 cm, apex obtuse, base cordate-truncate; sessile or petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence racemose; flowers single in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts lanceolate or triangular-ovate, 3 – 5.2 mm, acute. Lower bracts triangular-ovate, 10 – 25 mm, acute-attenuate. Pedicel covered with sparse glandular hairs up to 20 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 4 – 5 mm, lobes oblong, mucronate, sparse glandular. Corolla 20 – 25 mm across, yellow with dark-red streaks on the upper side, without pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, sparse papillose hairs inside, sparse glandular hairs outside. Stamens 4, 10 – 12 mm long. Filaments yellow to red with yellowish-violet to red hairs, two anterior glabrous, two shorter posteriors with hairs up to the anthers. Anthers two anterior inserted decurrent longitudinally on filaments, two shorter posteriors with reniform anthers. Ovary pyriform-ovoid, sparse glandular hairs. Style up to 22 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 5 – 8 × 4 – 6 mm, pyriform-ovoid, sparse glandular hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7DBE36F5A38B5D5D957686F6D89A6418.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to the Arabian Peninsula, which is known from Saudi Arabia in Al-Baha (King Khalid Road between Qilwah and Al-Baha, Heznah Road between Al-Makhwah and Baljurashi, and Wadi Turbah), Abha (Jabal Mna’a Tanomah, Al-Samma Road, Sinan Road between Al-Namas and Al-Majaradah, Raidah Sanctuary, Near Mahyar Park Tanomah, and Borma’a Road between Tanomah and Bariq), and Jizan (Jabal Fayfa, Jabal Habbes, and Jabal Al-Hasher), and from Yemen in Saada (Jabal Razih and Jabal Marran), Amran (Shaharah), Al-Mahwit (Jabal Melhan), Sana’a (Jabal Masar), and Hajjah (Jabal Nasira), southwestern Arabian Peninsula (Fig. 16).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7DBE36F5A38B5D5D957686F6D89A6418.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to Jabal Melhan, known locally in Arabic as “ Mel ḥan. ”	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C52935EA5F2851F899A569D5924569C5.taxon	description	Fig. 17	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C52935EA5F2851F899A569D5924569C5.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, yellowish green, simple, or usually branched from above, up to 1.5 m tall. Indumentum sparse glandular and stellate hairs above, and dense tomentose with stellate hairs below. Stems erect, robust, terete. Basal leaves rosette, oblong to obovate-oblong, 10 – 20 × 2 – 6 cm, apex acute or obtuse, base obtuse, margins undulate or lobed-crenate, lamina darkish or yellowish green with sparse stellate hairs above and dense tomentose with stellate hairs below; petiole 1.5 – 6 cm. Cauline leaves obovate-oblong, 3 – 6 × 1 – 3 cm, apex acute, base cordate; sessile or petiole up to 0.5 cm. Inflorescence panicle; one or clusters of 2 – 4 flowers in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts ovate, 2 – 3 mm, acute or acuminate. Lower bracts ovate-triangular to lanceolate-triangular, 10 – 40 mm, acute or mucronate. Pedicel covered with sparse glandular and stellate hairs up to 5 mm long. Bracteoles present, ovate-triangular to lanceolate-triangular, acute. Calyx 3 – 4 mm, lobes ovate-oblong, acute, sparse glandular and stellate. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow, with pellucid glands, tubeless, glabrous inside, sparse glandular and stellate hairs outside. Stamens five, 4 – 6 mm long. Filaments orange with violet-whitish hairs, with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary globose-ovoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Style up to 7 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4 – 5 × 2 – 3 mm, globose-ovoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C52935EA5F2851F899A569D5924569C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to the Arabian Peninsula, which is known from Oman in Muscat (Wadi Al Khawd), Al Batinah South (Al Khadra, Hibra, Nakhl, Wadi Abyad, and Wadi Beni Auf), Ash Sharqiyah North (Wadi Dawqah), Ad Dakhiliyah (Jabal Al Halla, Wadi Al Mahil, and Wadi Samail), Al Buraymi (Wadi Rayy), Al Batinah North (Wadi Fizh), and from the United Arab Emirates in Hatta (Wadi Jeema), northeast Oman, and the UAE (Fig. 18).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
C52935EA5F2851F899A569D5924569C5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to its occurrence in Oman.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FAF17B56A6025799BAD7B31D4610F30C.taxon	description	Figs 19, 20	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FAF17B56A6025799BAD7B31D4610F30C.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, yellowish green, simple, or very branched from the base, up to 1 m tall. Indumentum glabrescent or sparse stellate hairs above and dense stellate hairs below. Stems erect, terete. Basal leaves rosette, elliptic-lanceolate, 2 – 15 × 1.5 – 6 cm, apex obtuse, base obtuse or cuneate, margins crenate-repand, lamina whitish green with dense stellate hairs; petiole 2 – 5 cm. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 1.5 – 2 × 0.5 – 1 cm, apex acute, base cuneate; sessile. Inflorescence racemose forming panicle; one or clusters of 2 – 3 flowers in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts linear, 2 – 3 mm, mucronate. Lower bracts lanceolate, 10 – 15 mm, acute. Pedicel glabrescent or sparse stellate hairs up to 3 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 3 – 4 mm, lobes oblong, mucronate, sparse stellate hairs. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow with red marks in the throat, with pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, sparse ciliated hairs inside, sparse stellate hairs outside. Stamens five, 3 – 5 mm long. Filaments orange with whitish hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary ovoid, dense stellate hairs. Style up to 7 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma spatulate. Capsule 4 – 6 × 2 – 4 mm, ovoid, sparse stellate hairs. Seeds 0.7 – 0.8 × 0.4 – 0.5 mm, brownish, oblong, bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FAF17B56A6025799BAD7B31D4610F30C.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from Al-Baha (Red Mountain in Baljurashi) and Taif (near Al-Hada palm, Al-Hada), southwestern Saudi Arabia (Fig. 21).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FAF17B56A6025799BAD7B31D4610F30C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the Sarawat Mountains, known locally in Arabic as “ Sarawat. ”	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F623302EF0925977BD7F1C4DCDEB1D71.taxon	description	Fig. 22	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F623302EF0925977BD7F1C4DCDEB1D71.taxon	description	Description. Perennial herb, yellowish green, very branched from the base, woody at the base, up to 80 cm tall. Indumentum dense rough yellowish tomentose with stellate hairs. Stems erect, terete. Basal leaves rosette, oblong to obovate-oblong, 3 – 10 × 2 – 5 cm, apex obtuse, base obtuse, margins sinuate to lobed-crenate, lamina yellowish green with dense yellow-grey tomentose with stellate hairs; petiole 0.5 – 2 cm. Cauline leaves oblong-ovate, 3 – 5 × 1 – 2 cm, apex obtuse, base cordate, sessile or petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence racemose; flowers single in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts ovate, 2 – 3 mm long, acute. Lower bracts ovate-triangular, 20 – 50 mm long, acute. Pedicel covered with dense tomentose with stellate hairs up to 3 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 3 – 4 mm, lobes ovate-elliptic, acute, dense tomentose with stellate. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow, with pellucid glands, tubeless, sparse ciliated hairs inside, dense tomentose with stellate hairs outside. Stamens five, 3 – 6 mm long. Filaments yellow with yellow hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary ellipsoid-ovoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Style up to 6 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4 – 5 × 2 – 3 mm, ellipsoid-ovoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F623302EF0925977BD7F1C4DCDEB1D71.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Jordan, Palestine, Egypt (Sinai), and Saudi Arabia.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F623302EF0925977BD7F1C4DCDEB1D71.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is a native species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from two locations in Tabuk province (Wadi Sawawin, Ain Al-Shayatei, and surrounding areas), northwest Saudi Arabia (Fig. 23).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
F623302EF0925977BD7F1C4DCDEB1D71.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name commemorates Georg Wilhelm Schimper (1804 – 1878), a German botanist and plant collector.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
E34196041FC95FE3B4719B507884D583.taxon	description	Fig. 24	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
E34196041FC95FE3B4719B507884D583.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, yellowish green, simple, or usually branched from the base, up to 1 m tall. Indumentum glabrescent or sparse stellate hairs above and dense tomentose with stellate hairs below. Stems erect, robust, terete. Basal leaves rosette, obovate-elliptic to ovate, 5 – 15 × 2 – 10 cm, apex acute, base obtuse to cuneate, margins crenate-sinuate, lamina white or grey greenish with dense white-grey tomentose with stellate hairs; petiole 2 – 10 cm. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 3 – 5 × 1.5 – 2 cm, apex acuminate, base obtuse-cuneate, sessile or petiole up to 2 cm. Inflorescence racemose forming panicle; one or clusters of 2 – 6 flowers in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts linear, 5 – 10 mm, acute. Lower bracts oblong-elliptic, 15 – 20 mm, acuminate. Pedicel glabrescent or sparse stellate hairs up to 3 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 5 – 6 mm, lobes linear, acute, glabrescent, or sparse stellate. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow with red marks in the throat, with pellucid glands, tube up to 2 mm, sparse ciliated hairs inside, sparse stellate hairs outside. Stamens five, 4 – 5 mm long. Filaments orange with whitish hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to the anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary ellipsoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Style up to 8 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 5 – 6 × 3 – 4 mm, ellipsoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
E34196041FC95FE3B4719B507884D583.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from several locations in Tabuk province (Alaqan near the Jordan borders, between Duba and Shiqri near Shiqri, and Jabal Qaraqir) and in Medina province (Harrat Khaybar near Jabal Abyad, Al-Ula near Bir Al-Qurr, and Harrat Uwayrid), northwest to western Saudi Arabia (Fig. 25).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
E34196041FC95FE3B4719B507884D583.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the type locality, Shiqri.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
98E28A82364F53BC8274B3565139809C.taxon	description	Fig. 26	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
98E28A82364F53BC8274B3565139809C.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, yellowish green, usually simple large or branched above, up to 2 m tall. Indumentum dense rough tomentose with stellate hairs. Stems erect, robust, terete. Basal leaves rosette, oblong to oblong-ovate, 10 – 30 × 3 – 10 cm, apex acute, base obtuse to cuneate, margins crenate-dentate, lamina yellowish green with dense yellow-grey tomentose with stellate hairs; petiole 2 – 13 cm. Cauline leaves oblong-ovate, 4 – 10 × 3 – 5 cm, apex acute-acuminate, base obtuse; sessile or petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence panicle; clusters of several flowers in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts ovate, 5 – 8 mm, acute or acuminate. Lower bracts ovate to ovate-triangular, 15 – 40 mm, acuminate. Pedicel covered with dense tomentose with stellate hairs up to 8 mm long. Bracteoles present, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. Calyx 4 – 5 mm, lobes lanceolate, acute, dense tomentose with stellate. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow, with pellucid glands, tube up to 2 mm, glabrous or sparse ciliated hairs inside, dense tomentose with stellate hairs outside. Stamens 4 – 5 or 7 (unstable), 4 – 6 mm long. Filaments orange with violet-whitish hairs, with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary ellipsoid-ovoid, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Style up to 8 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4.5 – 7.5 × 4 – 6 mm, ellipsoid-ovoid to globose, dense tomentose with stellate hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
98E28A82364F53BC8274B3565139809C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Niger, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and the Arabian Peninsula.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
98E28A82364F53BC8274B3565139809C.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is a native species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from Tabuk province (Jabal Al-Lawz, Wadi Al-Disah, Harrat Raha) northwest Saudi Arabia, but it is an introduced species from Yemen, where it is known from Sana’a (Haima Al Kharajia and between Sayyan and Qaidun), Raymah (Jibal Raymah), and Ibb (near Dhi Sufal and Sumara Pass) southwestern Yemen (Fig. 27).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
98E28A82364F53BC8274B3565139809C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to its occurrence in Sinai, Egypt.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FCBE29A93ED55C97A0E06F0471D5147E.taxon	description	Fig. 28	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FCBE29A93ED55C97A0E06F0471D5147E.taxon	description	Description. Annual or biennial herb, pale green, usually branched, many-stemmed from the base, up to 70 cm tall. Indumentum dense glandular hairs with sparse simple and forked hairs above, and dense tomentose with stellate hairs below. Stems erect, robust, terete to angular. Basal leaves rosette, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5 – 12 × 1 – 3.5 cm, apex acute, base obtuse, margins crenate to pinnatifid-lobed, lamina darkish green with sparse stellate hairs above and dense white-grey tomentose with stellate hairs below; petiole 1 – 4 cm. Cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1.6 – 5 × 1 – 2 cm, apex acute, base obtuse; sessile. Inflorescence racemose; flowers single in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts ovate-triangular, 1 – 4 mm, acute. Lower bracts oblong-lanceolate, 4 – 8 mm, acute. Pedicel covered with dense glandular hairs up to 20 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 3.4 – 4.4 mm, lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute, dense glandular. Corolla 20 – 30 mm across, yellow with dark purple-red hairy blotches around the throat, without pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, dense papillose hairs inside, spare glandular, simple, and forked hairs outside. Stamens five, 3 – 5 mm long. Filaments yellow with creamy hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary globose-ovoid, sparse glandular hairs. Style up to 7 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4 – 6 × 3 – 4 mm, globose-ovoid, sparse glandular hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FCBE29A93ED55C97A0E06F0471D5147E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Jordan and Saudi Arabia.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FCBE29A93ED55C97A0E06F0471D5147E.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is a native species to Saudi Arabia, which is known from Turaif province (near Harrat Al-Harrat Reserve), northern Saudi Arabia (Fig. 29).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
FCBE29A93ED55C97A0E06F0471D5147E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to its occurrence in the Transjordan region, meaning “ across ” or “ beyond ” Jordan.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AF4D9E10E20B5EB380738B76CF9F4ED4.taxon	description	Fig. 30	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AF4D9E10E20B5EB380738B76CF9F4ED4.taxon	description	Description. Biennial herb, yellowish to reddish green, simple, or branched from above, up to 1.5 m tall. Indumentum glabrescent or densely glandular hairy. Stems erect, terete. Basal leaves rosette, oblanceolate, 8 – 20 × 3 – 6 cm, apex acute, base cuneate or attenuate, margins crenate to dentate, lamina darkish green with glabrescent or dense glandular hairs and sparse simple hairs; petiole 1 – 4 cm. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, 3 – 8 × 1 – 3 cm, apex acute, base cordate; sessile or petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence in spiciform racemes; single flowers or I clusters of 2 – 3 in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts triangular-ovate, 3 – 6 mm, acuminate. Lower bracts oblanceolate, 15 – 20 mm, acute to acuminate. Pedicel glabrescent or dense glandular hairs up to 3 mm long. Bracteoles present, ovate to oblanceolate, acuminate. Calyx 4 – 8 mm, lobes oblanceolate, acute or mucronate, glabrescent or densely glandular hairy. Corolla 20 – 25 mm across, yellow with a purple-red spot around the throat, with pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, sparse ciliated hairs inside, sparse, or dense glandular hairs outside. Stamens five, 3 – 6 mm long. Filaments red with purple-violet to violet-whitish hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers two anterior inserted obliquely on filaments, three posteriors with reniform anthers. Ovary globose, glabrescent, or dense glandular hairs. Style up to 6 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma capitate. Capsule 6 – 9 × 5 – 8 mm, globose, glabrescent, or dense glandular hairs. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AF4D9E10E20B5EB380738B76CF9F4ED4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Native to Europe and introduced elsewhere.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AF4D9E10E20B5EB380738B76CF9F4ED4.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an introduced species to Oman, which is known from Dhofar (Jabal Qamar) (Fig. 31).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
AF4D9E10E20B5EB380738B76CF9F4ED4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the species’ twiggy habit, characterized by upright, slender twigs.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7B52CA0F46E75B27ADF3DC61C494BA1F.taxon	description	Fig. 32	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7B52CA0F46E75B27ADF3DC61C494BA1F.taxon	description	Description. Pedicel up to 15 mm long.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7B52CA0F46E75B27ADF3DC61C494BA1F.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic variety to Saudi Arabia, which is known from Abha (Dalagan areas, near Souk Al-Ithnayn, and near Tamniah village), southwestern Saudi Arabia (Fig. 33).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
7B52CA0F46E75B27ADF3DC61C494BA1F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to Asir, the local Arabic name of the Asir Mountains, Saudi Arabia.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
78568B41A298519898964872314CC574.taxon	description	Fig. 32	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
78568B41A298519898964872314CC574.taxon	description	Description. Perennial herb, yellowish green, simple, or branched from above, up to 80 cm tall. Indumentum glabrescent or sparse stellate hairs above and dense stellate hairs below. Stems erect, terete. Basal leaves rosette, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2 – 11 × 3 – 5 cm, apex acute, base obtuse or truncate, margins repand-crenulate, lamina yellowish green with dense stellate hairs; petiole 2 – 6 cm. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 1.5 – 4 × 0.5 – 1 cm, apex acute-attenuate, base cuneate; sessile or petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence racemose forming panicle; one or clusters of 2 – 4 flowers in the axil of bracts. Upper bracts linear, 5 – 7 mm, acute. Lower bracts linear-lanceolate, 10 – 15 mm, acute. Pedicel glabrescent or sparse stellate hairs up to 5 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Calyx 3 – 4 mm, lobes linear, acute, glabrescent, or sparse stellate. Corolla 15 – 20 mm across, yellow, without pellucid glands, tube up to 1 mm, glabrous inside, sparse stellate hairs outside. Stamens 4 – 5 or 6 (unstable), 3 – 5 mm long. Filaments orange with yellowish hairs, two anterior glabrous near the apex, three posteriors with hairs up to anthers. Anthers all reniform. Ovary ellipsoid-ovoid, sparse stellate hairy. Style up to 6 mm long, filiform, green. Stigma spatulate. Capsule 3 – 4 × 1 – 3 mm, ellipsoid-ovoid, sparse stellate hairy. Seeds bothrospermous.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
78568B41A298519898964872314CC574.taxon	distribution	Distribution in the Arabian Peninsula. It is an endemic species to the Arabian Peninsula, which is known from Yemen in Sana’a (Shibam, Jabal An Nabi Shu’ayb, between Sana’a and Walan, Dhamar Road, Beit El-Ghofr, and North Haz), Hajjah (Jabal Jabar), Ibb (Yarim), and Amran (south of Khamr), and from Saudi Arabia in Abha (near Al-Jarrah National Park, north of Alaya, Al-Namas, Tanomah, between Tatlith and Khamis Mushayt, Najran Road, Al-Soudah Road, Al-Soudah, Jabal Mna’a, and King Faisal Road between Bani Amr and Al-Namas), Taif (near Bani Saad, Wadi Thi Ghazal, and Ash Shafa), and Jizan (Jabal Al-Aswad), southwestern the Arabian Peninsula (Fig. 33).	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
78568B41A298519898964872314CC574.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the species’ occurrence in Yemen.	en	Alzahrani, Ali Mohammed, Magos Brehm, Joana, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Maxted, Nigel (2025): Taxonomic revision of genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in the Arabian Peninsula. PhytoKeys 268: 129-181, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.268.168267
