identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
DD24A2081F11FFA2FF77BAD0FE0FD777.text	DD24A2081F11FFA2FF77BAD0FE0FD777.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiperatherium frequens (VON MEYER 1846)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Amphiperatherium frequens (VON MEYER, 1846)</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 3</p>
            <p>S t u d i e d m a t e r i a l a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s. MWQ2/2003: one P3 (Pal. 3538: 1.76×0.68); one fragment of upper premolar (Pal 3542); one left M2 (Pal. 3546: 2.05×2.15); one right M4 (Pal. 3547: 1.95×2.45); one left p1 (Pal. 3511: 1.47×0.67); one left p2 (Pal. 3515: 1.83×0,85); one left p3 (Pal. 3513: 1.9×0.89); one fragment of right m4 (3512).</p>
            <p>MWQ4/2018: one fragment of left mandible with fragment of m3 and m4 (Pal. 4204: m4: 2×0.93).</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. P3. The tooth is labiolingually compressed. The main cusp is in a central position. The anterior cuspule is small. There is a well-developed crest that connects the main cusp to the posterior margin of the tooth. A posterior cingulum is present.</p>
            <p>M2. The tooth has a subtriangular outline in occlusal view. The ectoflexus is concave between the antiparacone and antimetacone; there is no anticone between both cusps (Text-fig. 3a). The parastyle is distinct and isolated from the antiparacone. The metacone is higher than the paracone, and both cusps are connected by the premetacrista and the slightly shorter postparacrista. The postmetacrista is elongated and curved. The metastyle is indicated. The paracingulum is straight. The trigon basin is wide. The protocone is connected to the base of the paracone and metacone by two almost symmetrical crests. Three roots are preserved; the lingualmost is the thickest.</p>
            <p>M4. The two-rooted tooth has a triangular outline in occlusal view and is strongly reduced in length. The paracone is conical and elongated. From it, the preparacrista runs labially to the parastyle. The parastyle is elongated lingually. The postparacrista and the premetacrista are connected. The metacone is small, protruding posteriorly. The protocone is the largest cusp (Text-fig. 3b). The preprotocrista runs labially, ending at the base of the paracone. There is a postprotocrista running towards the metacone, without reaching it. The paracingulum begins near the very base of the paracone and joins the parastyle.</p>
            <p>p1. The tooth has two roots. The main cuspid is in anterior position. The posterior cristid starting from this cuspid is labially oriented and turns posterolingually to reach the posterior talon, where a small cuspid is visible (Text-fig. 3c).</p>
            <p>p2. The posterior cingulid is large. Its lingual side is wider and concave. There is a small but distinct posterior cuspid.</p>
            <p>p3. The two-rooted tooth has a thick main cuspid and a short postcingulid. There is no anterior bulge.</p>
            <p>m3. The protoconid is the only preserved cuspid of the trigonid. The protolophid appears to be complete. The hypoconid is anterior to the entoconid. The postcristid runs slightly posteriorly.</p>
            <p>m4. In Pal. 3512, only the elongated talonid is preserved. The entconid is well-preserved, as an enlargement of the entocristid. The postentocristid is low and connects to a strong hypoconulid (Text-fig. 3d). The hypoconid is worn. The postcristid is oblique, connecting the two posterior cuspids. Pal 4204 m 4 shows a well-developed anterior cingulid. The paraconid is well-developed. The paralophid shows a moderate central notch. The talonid is much narrower than the trigonid (Text-fig. 3e). The hypoconid is in a slightly more anterior position than the entoconid. The entocristid and the oblique crista run anteriorly, the first one ending at the base of the metaconid and the second one at the meeting point of protoconid and metaconid.</p>
            <p>Fragment of mandible. Pal. 4204 preserves part of the mandible carrying m3 and m4. The ramus horizontalis is high, with flat sides. It shows a wide lingual foramen below the posterior root of the m3.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. The  Herpetotheriidae TROUESSART, 1879 is a fossil family of the infraclass  Metatheria , with no extant relatives. This family ranges from the Late Cretaceous to the Middle Miocene (for a complete literature review of the  Herpetotheriidae , see Klietmann 2013). Herpetotheriids were classically placed within the  Didelphidae GRAY, 1821 until Kirsch et al. (1997) gave them a family rank within  Marsupialia . Ladevèze et al. (2012) considered that the morphological characters that differentiate  Amphiperatherium from  Peratherium AYMARD, 1850 are very variable, and consequently not diagnostic enough, as already noted by von Koenigswald (1970). Later, Lavedèze et al. (2020) reviewed the relationship between both genera, and its phylogenetic analysis suggests a close relationship between  Amphiperatherium and  Peratherium , establishing the subfamily  Peratheriinae to include both genera. </p>
            <p> Of all the  Herpetotheriidae ,  Amphiperatherium is the only genus that occurs in Early Miocene European localities.  Amphiperatherium was first recorded in Europe during the Eocene, a period when the genus reached its highest specific diversity (Crochet 1980). After that, the genus gradually lost diversity, finally becoming extinct during the Middle Miocene (Furió et al. 2012). The presumed last occurrence of this genus was reported from Ergeten (MN 7+8, Switzerland; Kälin and Kempf 2009). However, as discussed by Prieto and Rummel (2015), the faunal lists provided by Kälin and Kempf (2009: 124) “do not reflect reality”. Therefore, Prieto and Rummel (2015) consider that the last occurrence of Amphiperaterium in Swiss territory belongs to the  Megacricetodon gersii -  M. similis interval zone, between 14 and 14.2 Ma ago, which is in agreement with the German findings. </p>
            <p> Amphiperatherium frequens has been recorded in many Central European localities from the Miocene, when environmental conditions were rather humid, although remains of the species have also been found in humid Spanish localities (Furió et al. 2012). However, based on Crespo et al. (2020),  Amphiperatherium might also have survived in rather dry environments. </p>
            <p> Regarding MN 4 sites in Central Europe, remains of  Amphiperatherium frequens have been found in several localities (Ziegler and Fahlbusch 1986, Ziegler 1998a). In Czech sites,  A. frequens has been found in Tuchořice and Ahníkov I, both MN 3 sites (Fejfar et al. 2003) and Dolnice 1–3 (MN 4; Fejfar and Roček 1988). However, no detailed descriptions of the species in these assemblages have been ever published. Therefore, the  Amphiperatherium remains from Mokrá-Quarry constitutes the first detailed description of the genus in the Czech Republic. </p>
            <p> ThemarsupialspeciesfromMWQ2/2003andMWQ4/2018 clearly belong to  Amphiperatherium frequens , which can be distinguished by the presence of a slender cristid in the talonid basin only interrupted by a small notch between entoconid and hypoconulid (Text-fig. 3d, e), among other traits. The measurements fit well within the material from other Central European localities, such as Erkersthofen, Wintershof-West and Petersbuch 2 (all Germany; see Klietmann 2013: fig 5). Based on the size differences and morphological variability of  A. frequens during the Early Miocene, von Koenigswald (1970) erected three subspecies, which were not followed by Crochet (1980). Furthermore, Ziegler and Falhbusch (1986) pointed out several dental characters, which together with size reduction indicate evolutionary degrees in  A. frequens . Later, Ziegler (1990) used these subspecies as chronosubspecies. The omnipresence of a conical antimetacone on the M2, as observed in Pal. 3546 (Text-fig. 3a) in the entire population instead of only a bicuspid one, is a tendency observed in the population sequence of Wintershof-West – Petersbuch 2 – Erkersthofen 1. Moreover, the M2 from MWQ2/2003 resembles morphologically, as in size, the single M2 recovered from Oberdorf 4 (Ziegler 1998a: pl. 3, fig. 6). However, the scarcity of the remains found in the assemblage MWQ2/2003 hampers any inference of its evolutionary stage. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD24A2081F11FFA2FF77BAD0FE0FD777	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac;Cailleux, Florentin;Joniak, Peter;Ivanov, Martin;Sabol, Martin	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac, Cailleux, Florentin, Joniak, Peter, Ivanov, Martin, Sabol, Martin (2024): Herpetotheriidae, Talpidae, And Erinaceidae From The Early Miocene Fissures Of Mokrá-Quarry (South Moravia, The Czech Republic). Fossil Imprint 80 (2): 269-284, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.021
DD24A2081F16FFA0FC7DBB60F95DD754.text	DD24A2081F16FFA0FC7DBB60F95DD754.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphechinus baudeloti GIBERT 1974	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Amphechinus cf. baudeloti GIBERT, 1974</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 4</p>
            <p>S t u d i e d m a t e r i a l a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s. MWQ2/2003: one I1 (Pal. 3398: 1.60×1.18); one P2 (Pal. 3544: 1.64×1.13); one left M1 (Pal. 3504: 3.32×3.46×3.65); one fragment of right M1 (Pal. 3505); two left M2 (Pal. 3396: 2.65×3.24×2.40; Pal. 3507: 2.45×3.19×2.43); one right M2 (Pal. 3506: 2.60×3.20×2.46).</p>
            <p>MCQ3/2005: one left M2 (Pal. 3932: 2.74×3.37×2.50).</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. I1. The incisor is large and robust, with a slightly caniniform morphology. The root is curved posteriorly.</p>
            <p>P2. The tooth has two roots. The main cusp is placed in an anterolabial position (Text-fig. 4a). There is a short, central, posterior crest reaching the posterolabial edge of the tooth.</p>
            <p>M1. Pal. 3504 is complete (Text-fig. 4b), whereas in Pal. 3505 only the lingual half of the tooth is preserved (Text-fig. 4c). The tooth has a quadrangular shape; all the cingulums are well-developed. The protocone is conical; the preprotocrista is thicker than the other crests and ends at the base of the paracone, without fusing with it. The protoconule is not distinguishable. The paracone is somewhat wider than the protocone. There is a small parastyle anterior to the paracone (Pal. 3504; Text-fig. 4b). The postprotocrista joins the prehypocrista and runs towards the metaconule, which is rounder in Pal. 3505 (Text-fig. 4c). There is a well-marked groove that separates the metaconule from the base of the high metacone. There is a well-developed postmetacrista, but a metastyle is absent. The posthypocrista is weak and short.</p>
            <p>M2. These teeth are characterized by a shortening of the postmetacrista and an enlargement of the parastyle compared to M1 (Text-fig. 4d–g). Both the anterior and posterior cingulum are well-developed. There is a very large parastyle in Pal. 3506, whereas in Pal. 3507 it is much smaller. A low preprotocrista starts from the protocone, joining the base of the high paracone. The postprotocrista leads directly to the metacone. The metaconule is fused into the postprotocrista. There is a short prehypocrista and an incipient posthypocrista. The former ends below the postprotocrista.</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s.  Erinaceinae remains in the fossil record are usually very rare and fragmented. Their phylogeny is poorly known (Ziegler 2005, Engesser 2009, van Dam et al. 2020, Cailleux et al. 2023). According to van Dam et al. (2020), the scarcity of  Erinaceinae remains is due to a combination of their overall rarity in the ecosystems compared to other small mammals and their lesser abundance in the diet of birds of prey (Corbet 1988). </p>
            <p> Only three  Erinaceinae genera are recorded from the Early Miocene of Europe. These include the genus  Dimylechinus HÜRZELER, 1944 , last recorded in MN 2 (Hugueney 1997, Hugueney and Maridet 2022), and the advanced genus  Mioechinus BUTLER, 1948 , first recorded in MN 4 of Spain (Crusafont et al. 1955). Many Early Miocene assemblages are attributed to several species of the genus  Amphechinus , recorded in Europe from the late Oligocene to the Middle Miocene (e.g., Baudelot 1972, Gibert 1974, Ziegler 1990, 2005, Hugueney and Maridet 2022). The earliest Miocene species of  Amphechinus (e.g.,  A. arvernensis BLAINVILLE, 1839 ,  A. edwardsi FILHOL, 1879 ) were small, with typically insectivorous antemolars bearing many small sharp cusps and ridges (van Dam et al. 2020), together with rectangular M1 and uncompressed M2 (see Viret 1938, Ziegler 1998b, Ziegler et al. 2007). These characteristics are not consistent with those found in the assemblage from Mokrá-Quarry. </p>
            <p> Amphechinus is not recorded in Europe during the MN 3. The European forms identified in MN 4 sites show cranial and morphological characteristics that reflect a broadening of the dietary spectrum and are characterized by a more squared M1 and a greater posterior reduction of the M2. In the Miocene of Spain,  Amphechinus has been recovered from several sites (see van den Hoek Ostende and Furió 2005). Notably,  Amphechinus baudeloti from MN 4 assemblages shares morphological similarities with the sample from Mokrá-Quarry, despite its slightly larger size. Moreover, this species often shows a distinct metaconule and a hypocone connected to the postprotocrista, which is indicative of already modern  Amphechinus species (Baudelot 1972, Gibert 1974, van Dam et al. 2020). This is also observed in the M1s from Mokrá-Quarry. </p>
            <p> Concerning MN 4 sites from Central Europe, remains of  Amphechinus have been identified in the German localities of Petersbuch 2 and Erkertshofen 2 (Ziegler 2006). However, no descriptions, measurements or figures have been published. Regarding Czech sites, in the preliminary faunal lists of Fejfar and Roček (1988) and Fejfar and Sabol (2005) about Dolnice, no remains of  Amphechinus are listed. The same applies to the MN 3 sites of Ahníkov I and Tuchořice, in which the faunal list published by Fejfar et al. (2003), and the later description of  Erinaceidae by van den Hoek Ostender and Fejfar (2006) mentions no remains of  Amphechinus . Therefore, the case of Mokrá-Quarry constitutes the only Czech site where remains of the genus have been found so far. Based on the evolutionary stage of the morphological characteristics, the  Amphechinus from Mokrá-Quarry probably represents an early occurrence of  A. baudeloti . However, the scarcity of the recovered remains and the somewhat smaller size prevents a more confident statement about its taxonomical status. Therefore, it is referred to here as  Amphechinus cf. baudeloti . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD24A2081F16FFA0FC7DBB60F95DD754	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac;Cailleux, Florentin;Joniak, Peter;Ivanov, Martin;Sabol, Martin	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac, Cailleux, Florentin, Joniak, Peter, Ivanov, Martin, Sabol, Martin (2024): Herpetotheriidae, Talpidae, And Erinaceidae From The Early Miocene Fissures Of Mokrá-Quarry (South Moravia, The Czech Republic). Fossil Imprint 80 (2): 269-284, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.021
DD24A2081F14FFA0FED2B8ECF958D0B7.text	DD24A2081F14FFA0FED2B8ECF958D0B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galerix exilis DE BLAINVILLE 1839	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galerix exilis DE BLAINVILLE, 1839</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 5a–e</p>
            <p>S t u d i e d m a t e r i a l a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s. MWQ2/2003: one right P3 (Pal. 3543: 1.69×1.37); one damaged left M2 (Pal. 3519).</p>
            <p>MCQ3/2005: one fragment of right M1 (Pal. 3909).</p>
            <p>MWQ4/2018: one right M1 (Pal. 4201: 2.56×2.82×3.06); one right M2 (Pal. 4200: 2.13×2.68×2.62).</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. P3. The tooth has one main lingual cusp (Text-fig. 5a) and is subtriangular in shape. The protocone is connected to a small parastyle. There is a slightly curved and moderately high crest starting from the paracone and ending at the posterolabial margin of the tooth. This crest ends into a small thickening.</p>
            <p>M1. The paracone and metacone are connected by a thin metaloph. The parastyle is well-developed and is connected to the base of the paracone. Pal. 3909 shows a distinguishable protoconule (Text-fig. 5b), absent in Pal. 4201 (Text-fig. 5c). Pal. 3909 also shows a connection between the postprotocrista and the metaconule (Text-fig. 5b). This connection is absent in Pal. 4201 (Text-fig. 5c). The metaconule is connected to the base of the metacone through the premetaconule crest. The postmetaconule crest runs posteriorly in Pal. 4201 (Text-fig. 5c) and posterolabially in Pal. 3909 (Text-fig. 5b). In both cases, the postmetaconule crest ends freely before the posterior cingulum. An anterior cingulum is also present.</p>
            <p>M2. The preprotocrista ends without connecting to the paracone. There is no clear protoconule. The paracone and metacone are connected by a straight loph. The postmetacrista is almost labially oriented. On the lingual side, the postprotocrista reaches the metaconule in Pal. 3519 (Text-fig. 5d), whereas in Pal. 4200 (Text-fig.5e) it does not fully connect to the conule. The metaconule connects to the metacone through the premetaconule crest. The postmetaconule crest runs posteriorly along the base of the metacone without joining it, nor does it connect to the posterior cingulum. Anterior and labial cingulums are also present.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD24A2081F14FFA0FED2B8ECF958D0B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac;Cailleux, Florentin;Joniak, Peter;Ivanov, Martin;Sabol, Martin	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac, Cailleux, Florentin, Joniak, Peter, Ivanov, Martin, Sabol, Martin (2024): Herpetotheriidae, Talpidae, And Erinaceidae From The Early Miocene Fissures Of Mokrá-Quarry (South Moravia, The Czech Republic). Fossil Imprint 80 (2): 269-284, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.021
DD24A2081F14FFA0FED5BFE0FE43D475.text	DD24A2081F14FFA0FED5BFE0FE43D475.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galerix symeonidisi DOUKAS 1986	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galerix symeonidisi DOUKAS, 1986</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 5f–g</p>
            <p>S t u d i e d m a t e r i a l a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s. MWQ2/2003: one right P3 (Pal. 3525: 1.44×1.2×1.43); one left M1 (Pal. 3517: 2.21×2.36×2.72).</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. P3. The tooth is trapezoidal with two well-developed lingual cusps. The protocone is placed slightly anteriorly to the robust paracone. There is a low anterior cingulum running from the protocone to the base of the paracone. The hypocone is somewhat larger and placed more lingually than the protocone (Text-fig. 5f). The posterior cingulum runs from the posterior side of the hypocone towards the posterior edge of the tooth, where it ends in a well-marked crest departing from the paracone.</p>
            <p>M1. The protocone is directly connected to the paracone by the preprotocrista. The postprotocrista and prehypocrista are broad and fused in a single loph. A thin and low crest connects this loph to the well-developed metaconule (Text-fig. 5g). The premetaconule crest reaches the base of the metacone, whereas the postmetaconule crest runs along the lingual side of the metacone and ends freely before the cingulum. The postmetacrista runs posterolabially, but does not end into a cusp-like metastyle. The paracone is connected to both the hypocone and the metaconule by a broad loph. An incipient posthypocrista is visible (Text-fig. 5g).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD24A2081F14FFA0FED5BFE0FE43D475	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac;Cailleux, Florentin;Joniak, Peter;Ivanov, Martin;Sabol, Martin	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac, Cailleux, Florentin, Joniak, Peter, Ivanov, Martin, Sabol, Martin (2024): Herpetotheriidae, Talpidae, And Erinaceidae From The Early Miocene Fissures Of Mokrá-Quarry (South Moravia, The Czech Republic). Fossil Imprint 80 (2): 269-284, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.021
DD24A2081F14FFAFFC6CBBA2FE14D576.text	DD24A2081F14FFAFFC6CBBA2FE14D576.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galerix exilis DE BLAINVILLE 1839	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galerix exilis seu  Galerix symeonidisi</p>
            <p>Text-fig. 6</p>
            <p>S t u d i e d m a t e r i a l a n d m e a s u r e m e n t s. MWQ1/2001: one right M2 (Pal. 3016: 2.10×2.50×2.39); one damaged left M2 (Pal. 3017), two left m2 (Pal. 3018: 2.56×1.46×1.54; 3019: 2.72×1.73×1.77).</p>
            <p>MWQ2/2003: one upper incisor (Pal. 3397: 1.02×0.73); one upper canine (Pal. 3534: 1.39×0.65); one fragment of upper canine (Pal. 3539); one P1 (Pal. 3530: 1.30×0.63); one P2 (Pal. 3399: 1.65×0.83); one fragment of P4 (Pal. 3510); one right P4 (Pal. 3503: 2.44×2.11×2.48); one right M1 (Pal. 3518: 2.30×2.73×2.87); two right M3 (Pal. 3520: 1.34×1.57×1.89; 3521: 1.29×1.57×1.87); one p2 (Pal. 3400: 1.35×0.83); one left p2 (Pal. 3545: 1.51×0.82); one p3 (Pal. 3523: 1.39×0.80); one fragment of p3 (Pal. 3535: -×0.97); one left p4 (Pal. 3541: 1.82×1.21); two left m1 (Pal. 3508: 2.70×1.64×1.85; Pal. 3509: 2.91×1.61×1.85); one fragment right m1 (Pal. 3401: -×-×1.81); five left m2 (Pal. 3402: -×1.45×1.49; 3403: 2.34×1.53×1.61; 3531: 2.46×1.64×1.67; 3532: -×1.54×-; 3533: -×1.68×-).</p>
            <p>MCQ3/2005: one right p4 (Pal. 3908: 1.94×1.21); one left m2 (Pal. 3934: 2.41×1.47×1.60); one left M2 (Pal. 3933: 2.05×2.62×2.35).</p>
            <p>D e s c r i p t i o n. Upper incisor. The monocuspid tooth has a large and posteriorly curved root. Upper canine. The tooth shows two roots. It is very narrow, and its main cusp is anterior. The posterior talon is slightly elongated.</p>
            <p>P1. The tooth has two roots and small dimensions. The main cusp is in a central position. A posterior cingulum is present.</p>
            <p>P2. The tooth shows two roots, the posterior one being thicker. It is more robust in shape than the P1. The cusp is conical. A thin ridge connects its tip to a barely visible posterior cingulum.</p>
            <p>P4. The paracone is massive and occupies the labial half of the tooth. A parastyle is present, but it is not connected to the paracone or to the protocone. The latter is about the same size as the hypocone, and both cusps are isolated from each other. There is a crest running labially from the protocone that ends before reaching the paracone (Text-fig. 6a). A cingulum runs from the base of the hypocone along the posterior side of the tooth. It ends below the posterolabial crest of the paracone.</p>
            <p>e</p>
            <p>M1. The protocone connects directly to the paracone through the preprotocrista; the protoconule is absent. The parastyle is a weak cuspule. A short and straight crest is present between the postparacrista and the premetacrista. The postmetacrista does not end in a clear metastyle. The metaconule is large (Text-fig. 6b) and attached to the base of the metacone through the premetaconule crest. The metaconule is also connected by a low crest to the protocone-hypocone loph. The postmetacrista ends freely near the posterior cingulum.</p>
            <p>M2. Pal. 3016 is quite worn (Text-fig. 6c), Pal. 3017 is damaged (Text-fig. 6d), whereas Pal. 3933 is well preserved (Text-fig. 6e). Yet, like in the M1s, its morphology prevents an attribution to the species level. The overall morphology of M2 resembles that of M1. It differs in a more rounded outline in occlusal view, a shorter postmetacrista, a less posterolingual position of the hypocone, and overall by slightly smaller dimensions. There is also a thin crest connecting the metaconule to the protocone-hypocone loph in Pal. 3933, but not Pal 3016-3017 (Text-fig. 6c–e).</p>
            <p>M3. The tooth is small and triangular. It is characterized by the presence of three cusps (protocone, metacone, paracone) at the three corners of the tooth, delimitating a rather rounded and shallow basin. The M3 also shows a well-developed parastyle (Text-fig. 6f–g). The metaloph is short. Only the anterior cingulum is present.</p>
            <p>p2. The tooth is two-rooted. The cuspid is more conical than the one in P2. Moreover, it shows a small anterior bulge attached to the base (Text-fig. 6h).</p>
            <p>p3. The tooth shows a wider and more compact shape than the p2. The protoconid is placed in a central position. The paraconid is low but clearly defined (Text-fig. 6i). There is a well-defined postcristid of the posterior lingual side of the tooth.</p>
            <p>p4. The tooth is subtriangular. The paraconid is the most anterior cuspid and is isolated from the protoconid (Text-fig. 6j–k). The protoconid is the highest cuspid. It is connected lingually to the metaconid, which is about the same height as the paraconid. The talonid is noticeably lower than the trigonid. There is only an incomplete posterior cristid, which ends before reaching the lingual side of the tooth.</p>
            <p>m1. The first lower molars have a trigonid and a talonid of similar length. The protoconid has a triangular shape, while the metaconid is more conical. Both cuspids are faintly connected by a metalophid divided into two short cristids. The protoconid also connects to the paraconid, the most anterior cuspid. There is a clear notch anterior to the protoconid (Text-fig. 6l). The talonid displays a high entoconid. It shows a low anterior cristid running lingually toward the trigonid, interrupted by a superficial notch (Text-fig. 6m). The hypoconid is lower and connects to the trigonid through an oblique cristid. The postcristid connects both trigonid cuspids.</p>
            <p>m2. The m2 differs from the m 1 in the anterior compression of the trigonid, resulting in a more curved paralophid, completely including the paraconid and a shorter length. Also, the postcingulid is more strongly reduced (Text-fig. 6n–r).</p>
            <p> R e m a r k s. The genus  Galerix is the most common insectivore in Early Miocene fossil sites in Europe. Although its first records come from the earliest Miocene of Anatolia (de Bruijn et al. 1992, van den Hoek Ostende 1992), it is first identified in Europe in MN 3 localities. To date, four species have been identified in the Early Miocene:  Galerix remmerti VAN DEN HOEK OSTENDE, 2003 ,  G. aurelianensis ZIEGLER, 1990 ,  G. symeonidisi , and  G. exilis . To this is also included “  Galerix ” kostakii DOUKAS et VAN DEN HOEK OSTENDE, 2006, although several authors include this taxon to the genus  Parasorex VON MEYER, 1865 , due to the advanced state of its metaconule on M1–2 (Doukas and van den Hoek Ostende 2006, Prieto et al. 2012, Zijlstra and Flynn 2015).  G. remmerti is mostly found in Spanish assemblages (van den Hoek Ostende and Furió 2005) and is considered to be closely related to the Central European  G. aurelianensis (Ziegler 1990) , based on the less derived morphology and the high-crested pattern on upper molars. The main difference between them is the slightly smaller size of  G. remmerti (van den Hoek Ostende 2003) . Both species are larger than our specimens. Regarding  G. symeonidisi and  G. exilis , the main differences between them reside in the morphology of P3 (Doukas 1986, van den Hoek Ostende and Doukas 2003). The assemblage from Mokrá-Quarry yielded two different P3 morphologies, one that shows a well-developed hypocone and attributed to  G. symeonidisi , and another that lacks a developed hypocone, referred to  G. exilis (Ziegler 1983) . Despite  G. exilis rarely possessing a hypocone on P3 (Ziegler 1983), this cusp is weakly developed and the parastyle is still relatively prominent, which is not the case here. In addition, the morphometric variability of the assemblage is consistent with a mixture of  G. symeonidisi and  G. exilis , at least in MWQ2/2003. This mixture of two distinct  Galerix species has been identified in late MN 4 and earliest MN 5 of central Europe thanks to the in-depth study of van den Hoek Ostende and Doukas (2003). Most recovered upper molars resemble  G. exilis , based on size similarity, a reduced protoconule, and the frequent presence of protoconule-metaconule connection. Pal. 3517 (Text-fig. 5g) constitutes the only exception. The small size, reduced parastyle, and thin posthypocrista more closely resemble  Galerix symeonidisi . Although most of the  Galerix assemblage cannot be attributed to the species level, the overall morphological characteristics suggest that  G. exilis was more abundant than  G. symeonidisi . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD24A2081F14FFAFFC6CBBA2FE14D576	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac;Cailleux, Florentin;Joniak, Peter;Ivanov, Martin;Sabol, Martin	Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac, Cailleux, Florentin, Joniak, Peter, Ivanov, Martin, Sabol, Martin (2024): Herpetotheriidae, Talpidae, And Erinaceidae From The Early Miocene Fissures Of Mokrá-Quarry (South Moravia, The Czech Republic). Fossil Imprint 80 (2): 269-284, DOI: 10.37520/fi.2024.021
