identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
988CE14D58B759309C2C601FEC8D738A.text	988CE14D58B759309C2C601FEC8D738A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elates Jordan & Seale 1907	<div><p>Elates Jordan &amp; Seale, 1907</p><p>Synonymy.</p><p>Elates Jordan &amp; Seale, 1907 (type species Elates thompsoni Jordan &amp; Seale, 1907, type by original designation and monotypy).</p><p>Hyalorhynchus Ogilby, 1910: 118 (type species Hyalorhynchus pellucidus Ogilby, 1910, type by monotypy).</p><p>Revised diagnosis.</p><p>A genus of platycephalid with a single preopercular spine, more than one vomerine tooth patch, no interopercular flap, and a caudal fin with the upper lobe more elongate than the lower lobe.</p><p>Remarks on Elates ransonnettii .</p><p>Jordan and Seale (1907) described a filamentous ray extending from the upper lobe of the caudal fin in E. ransonnettii but did not note if this character demonstrated sexual or ontogenetic variation. We document that the filamentous ray extends from the upper lobe of the caudal fin in male, female, and juvenile specimens of E. ransonnettii (Fig. 2 J). We also observed several characters previously undescribed from E. ransonnettii, including the presence of thin sensory tubes on the cheek (Fig. 3 A) and, although there are usually six dorsal-fin spines, occasionally there is a seventh dorsal-fin spine present (Table 3). This differs from the observations of Imamura (1996) that E. ransonnettii has no sensory tubes on its cheek and that of Knapp (1999) and Imamura (2006) that E. ransonnettii has six dorsal-fin spines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/988CE14D58B759309C2C601FEC8D738A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rose, Ned S.;Fortaleza, Maybelle A.;Cabasan, Joey P.;Labrador, Kevin L.;Lanutan, Joemarie J.;Nañola Jr., Cleto L.;Girard, Matthew G.;Bemis, Katherine E.	Rose, Ned S., Fortaleza, Maybelle A., Cabasan, Joey P., Labrador, Kevin L., Lanutan, Joemarie J., Nañola Jr., Cleto L., Girard, Matthew G., Bemis, Katherine E. (2026): Revised diagnosis of the flathead genus Elates (Teleostei, Platycephalidae) and description of a new species collected from a fish market near Sarangani Bay, Philippines. ZooKeys 1281: 1-19, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1281.181028
BD9FDF8DE4195B5C86E5B5DA3D55FE10.text	BD9FDF8DE4195B5C86E5B5DA3D55FE10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elates saranganiensis Rose & Fortaleza & Cabasan & Labrador & Lanutan & Nañola Jr. & Girard & Bemis 2026	<div><p>Elates saranganiensis sp. nov.</p><p>English name.</p><p>Sarangani Flathead.</p><p>Tagalog name.</p><p>Isdang-buwaya ng Sarangani, isdambuwaya ng Sarangani.</p><p>Bisaya name.</p><p>Sunogan sa Sarangani.</p><p>Type materials.</p><p>All type and non-type specimens were purchased from General Santos Public Market, General Santos City, South Cotabato, Philippines (6.108°N, 125.179°E). The capture locality, as reported by vendors, is included when available.</p><p>Holotype. University of the Philippines Mindanao (UPMIN) FDP_SGES_2208_090 (Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Tables 2, 3), 154.1 mm SL; purchased 2 Aug. 2022; MA Fortaleza, JJ Lanutan leg. Paratypes. USNM 408876 (Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Tables 2, 3), 124.2 mm SL; purchased 21 May 2012; vendors reported collection from the vicinity of Glan; Sarangani, MA Fortaleza, JJ Lanutan leg. • UPMIN FDP_SGES_2208_088 (Figs 3, 4, 5, Tables 1, 2); 180.0 mm SL; purchased 2 Aug. 2022; MA Fortaleza, JJ Lanutan leg. • UPMIN FDP_SGES_2208_089 (Figs 3, 4, 5, Tables 2, 3); 197.4 mm SL; purchased 2 Aug. 2022; MA Fortaleza, JJ Lanutan leg.</p><p>Non-type material.</p><p>Vendors reported collection from the vicinity of Buayan, General Santos City. UPMIN FDP_SGES_2407_80 A to UPMIN FDP_SGES_2407_80 M (Tables 2, 3); 13 specimens, 180.4–259.4 mm SL; purchased 22 July 2024; MA Fortaleza, JP Cabasan, JJ Lanutan, JAP Oño leg. • UPMIN FDP_SGES_2112_020 A; purchased 12 Aug. 2021, 178.3 mm SL; CL Nañola, MA Fortaleza, JJ Lanutan, KL Labrador leg.</p><p>Synonymy.</p><p>Elates ransonnettii Fortaleza et al., 2025: 12 (noted BOLD: ACK 4730 did not cluster with existing genetic data for the species).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A species of Elates with an eye-in-snout length of &lt;1.8 (Fig. 2 A;&gt; 2.1 in E. ransonnettii, Fig. 2 F), lateral vomerine tooth patch broad (Fig. 2 D; narrow in E. ransonnettii, Fig. 2 I), medial vomerine tooth patch present (Fig. 2 D; only visible in some specimens; absent in E. ransonnettii), lateral-line scales with two pores (Fig. 2 C; one pore in E. ransonnettii, Fig. 2 H), scale rows above the lateral line 10–12 (Fig. 2 A; 6–8 in E. ransonnettii, Fig. 2 F), filamentous ray on caudal fin absent (Fig. 2 E; present extending from third caudal-fin ray in E. ransonnettii, although easily lost, Fig. 2 J), spinous- and soft-dorsal-fin membrane transparent (Fig. 1 B; spotted along spines and rays in E. ransonnettii, Fig. 1 D), and peritoneum wholly dark (Fig. 2 B; dorsally dark, ventrally pale in E. ransonnettii, Fig. 2 G).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Counts and measurements listed in Table 3. Head large, body depressed anteriorly, with elongate caudal peduncle (Fig. 1 A, B). First dorsal-fin spine small, not connected to other spines by membrane. Dorsal spines II – VII connected by membrane. Pored lateral-line scales 86 (87–92 in paratypes). Entire lateral line visible when viewed laterally; only anterior half of lateral line visible dorsally (Fig. 1 A, B). Stout lateral-line-scale spines absent. Body scales mostly ctenoid with some cycloid ventrally. Opercle and preopercle scaled. Sensory tubes on cheek weakly branched, two patches posterior to the lower half of eye (Fig. 3 A; moderate branching in FDP_ SGES _2208_089). Head spines and ridges weakly developed, preopercular spine large (condition of spines in paratypes and non-type material varied in presence, size, and position). Postocular spine absent (Fig. 3 B). Eyes large, iris lappet absent, and ocular flaps absent. Many rows of small teeth on maxilla, some on the palatine. Teeth along interior edges of maxillary and lateral vomerine tooth patches elongate, posteriorly directed. Crescent-shaped lateral vomerine tooth patch bearing many rows of teeth. Small medial vomerine tooth patch bearing few teeth. Dentary containing two main rows of teeth, with stouter teeth labially, a diastema separating labial and lingual rows, and rows of smaller teeth lingually. Coronomeckelian bone absent. Anterior-most pterygiophore not bearing a dorsal-fin spine (Fig. 3 C). Dorsal-fin origin posterior to head. Pectoral-fin rays extending posteriorly to middle of spinous dorsal fin. Pelvic-fin rays extending beyond posterior margin of spinous dorsal fin, not reaching anal fin. Soft dorsal and anal fins falcate, with similar origins and terminations. Third preural centrum not fused with hemal spine (Fig. 3 D). Caudal fin with upper lobe more elongate than lower lobe, lateral line extending onto the median caudal rays.</p><p>Life-like coloration of specimens.</p><p>Body gray-brown, dorsum spotted with dark, brown-black pigment and saddles present on the posterior end of dorsum (Fig. 1 A; saddles absent in USNM 408876 and UPMIN FDP_ SGES _2208_089). Dorsal- and anal-fin membranes transparent, with spines and rays ranging from transparent to brown. Pectoral fins gray-brown. Caudal fin with dark margin along distal end (oblong patches of dark pigment on lower lobe in USNM 408876). Ventral coloration not examined in fresh specimens.</p><p>Preserved coloration of specimens.</p><p>Body brown, dorsum spotted with brown-black pigment, faint saddles on the posterior end of dorsum (Fig. 1 A; saddles absent in USNM 408876). Several elongate, dark blotches present along the ventral median edge of the preopercle. Small dark spots peppered along the underside of the lower jaw, under the posterior margin of the opercle, and encircling the base of the pectoral and pelvic fins. Black peritoneum visible externally on the ventral side, forming a dark oval with surrounding ventral coloration of brown and white. Dorsal-, anal-, pectoral-, pelvic-, and caudal-fin coloration as in life.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name saranganiensis refers to the Sarangani Bay, from which the type specimens were captured.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, size, and fisheries.</p><p>All records of E. saranganiensis were purchased from the General Santos Public Market in the South Cotabato Province of Mindanao Island in the southern Philippines and were collected nearby in the Sarangani Bay (Fig. 4). The vendors of USNM 408876 stated that the fish was likely captured near Glan, Sarangani. Vendors of specimens UPMIN FDP_ SGES _2407_80 A to UPMIN FDP_ SGES _2407_80 M stated that they were collected in the vicinity of Buayan, at depths of 2–50 m over rocky and reef habitats. The vendors reported E. saranganiensis is less abundant during the rainy season, which occurs from June to September (de Jesus et al. 2001). The 18 specimens ranged from 124.2–259.4 mm SL (Table 3). The sex and maturity of the single E. saranganiensis we dissected (USNM 408876) was unable to be determined.</p><p>Elates saranganiensis is sold under the name sunogan, which means “ browning ” or “ having brown discoloration ”. Sunogan is not specific to E. saranganiensis and is used for other platycephalids, as well as other families of fishes like paralichthyids and fistulariids (Herre and Umali 1948; Ganaden and Lavapie-Gonzales 1999). Vendors stated that E. saranganiensis is captured using longlining and bottom-set gillnets and is usually prepared fried, cooked in clear soup (tinola or sinabawan), or cooked in vinegar (paksiw).</p><p>Mitochondrial genome.</p><p>The mitochondrial genome of Elates saranganiensis is 16,610 –16,611 base pairs in length and encodes 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and one non-coding control region. Locus order is as follows: tRNA-Phe | 12 S rRNA | tRNA-Val | 16 S rRNA | tRNA-Leu | ND 1 | tRNA-Ile | tRNA-Gln | tRNA-Met | ND 2 | tRNA-Trp | tRNA-Ala | tRNA-Asn | tRNA-Cys | tRNA-Tyr | COI | tRNA-Ser | tRNA-Asp | COII | tRNA-Lys | ATPase 8 | ATPase 6 | COIII | tRNA-Gly | ND 3 | tRNA-Arg | ND 4 L | ND 4 | tRNA-His | tRNA-Ser | tRNA-Leu | ND 5 | ND 6 | tRNA-Glu | Cytb | tRNA-Thr | tRNA-Pro | D-loop. Twenty-nine loci, including 2 rRNAs, 12 PCGs, 14 tRNAs, and the control region occur on the H-strand, with ND 6 and 8 tRNAs occurring on the L-strand.</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis.</p><p>Our analyses of the barcode region of COI resulted in a single optimal topology with a score of – 4270.842. All samples of E. saranganiensis were recovered in a clade sister to a clade of all sequences of E. ransonnettii sampled (Fig. 5). The clade containing the two species of Elates was recovered as sister to a clade including all sampled species of Platycephalus except for P. conatus, which is recovered as sister to the clade of all species of Elates and Platycephalus analyzed (Fig. 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD9FDF8DE4195B5C86E5B5DA3D55FE10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rose, Ned S.;Fortaleza, Maybelle A.;Cabasan, Joey P.;Labrador, Kevin L.;Lanutan, Joemarie J.;Nañola Jr., Cleto L.;Girard, Matthew G.;Bemis, Katherine E.	Rose, Ned S., Fortaleza, Maybelle A., Cabasan, Joey P., Labrador, Kevin L., Lanutan, Joemarie J., Nañola Jr., Cleto L., Girard, Matthew G., Bemis, Katherine E. (2026): Revised diagnosis of the flathead genus Elates (Teleostei, Platycephalidae) and description of a new species collected from a fish market near Sarangani Bay, Philippines. ZooKeys 1281: 1-19, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1281.181028
4B88EBED175F5940A56584C32C63FB82.text	4B88EBED175F5940A56584C32C63FB82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platycephalidae Swainson 1839	<div><p>Family Platycephalidae</p><p>English name.</p><p>Flatheads.</p><p>Tagalog name.</p><p>Isdang-buwaya, isdambuwaya.</p><p>Bisaya name.</p><p>Sunogan, Sunug, Sunugun.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B88EBED175F5940A56584C32C63FB82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rose, Ned S.;Fortaleza, Maybelle A.;Cabasan, Joey P.;Labrador, Kevin L.;Lanutan, Joemarie J.;Nañola Jr., Cleto L.;Girard, Matthew G.;Bemis, Katherine E.	Rose, Ned S., Fortaleza, Maybelle A., Cabasan, Joey P., Labrador, Kevin L., Lanutan, Joemarie J., Nañola Jr., Cleto L., Girard, Matthew G., Bemis, Katherine E. (2026): Revised diagnosis of the flathead genus Elates (Teleostei, Platycephalidae) and description of a new species collected from a fish market near Sarangani Bay, Philippines. ZooKeys 1281: 1-19, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1281.181028
