identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0ECB9B6825515FAC871D64609EB7A616.text	0ECB9B6825515FAC871D64609EB7A616.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulohypoxylon annulatum (Schwein.) Y. M. Ju, J. D. Rogers & H. M. Hsieh	<div><p>Annulohypoxylon annulatum (Schwein.) Y. M. Ju, J. D. Rogers &amp; H. M. Hsieh, Mycologia 97 (4): 857. 2005</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, hemispherical, up to 2 cm long × 0.2–0.8 cm wide, with inconspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Olivaceous (48) to brown when young, becoming Brown Vinaceous (84); blackish granules immediately beneath surface; with KOH-extractable pigments Yellowish Green (18) or Green (20). Perithecia spherical to obovoid 0.5–0.75 mm high × 0.25–0.65 mm wide; ostioles coarsely papillate, encircled with a convex truncatum - type disc 0.3–0.5 mm diam. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with weakly amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5 µm high × 1–1.5 µm wide, stipe up to 50 µm, and spore-bearing portion 60–70 × 4–5 µm. Ascospores brown to dark brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, (7 –) 8.0–11.0 (– 12) × 3–4 µm, with straight germ slit spore-length on the convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH, smooth with a thickening on the convex side; epispore smooth.</p><p>Secondary metabolites.</p><p>Not observed.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Iran • Guilan Province, Rasht County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.636948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.073887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.636948/lat 37.073887)">Saravan forest</a>, 37°04'26"N, 49°38'13"E, 183 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 9 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1614; living culture MUCL 57733; IRAN 3726 C) ; • Guilan Province, Siahkal County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.92671&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.135372" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.92671/lat 37.135372)">Ziaratgah forest</a>, 37°08'07.34"N, 49°55'36.14"E, 260 m elev., on dead branches (host unknown), 14 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Annulohypoxylon annulatum and A. truncatum share stromatic features, such as truncatum - type ostiolar discs and KOH-extractable pigments. Annulohypoxylon annulatum can be differentiated from A. truncatum by the shape of its stromata (hemispherical or massively pulvinate in A. annulatum and hemispherical, glomerate, pulvinate, or effused-pulvinate in A. truncatum), stromatal secondary metabolites (hypoxylonols C and F in A. annulatum and truncatone A and truncaquinones A and B in A. truncatum), and molecular phylogeny (Kuhnert et al. 2017; Li et al. 2025). Most of the characters of the Iranian specimens are in accordance with the type description (Ju and Rogers 1996; Kuhnert et al. 2017), aside from insignificant variations in the size of ascospores [(7 –) 8.0–11.0 (– 12) × 3–4 vs. 7.5–10.5 (– 11) × 3.5–5 (– 6) µm].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0ECB9B6825515FAC871D64609EB7A616	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
276E4CB0DCD45DF9A5B7C7D695AD92D3.text	276E4CB0DCD45DF9A5B7C7D695AD92D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypomontagnella submonticulosa (Y. M. Ju & J. D. Rogers) Sir, L. Wendt & C. Lamb. 2019	<div><p>Hypomontagnella submonticulosa (Y. M. Ju &amp; J. D. Rogers) Sir, L. Wendt &amp; C. Lamb., 2019</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, up to 5 cm long × 0.4–2.5 cm wide, with inconspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Rust (39) to Bay (6) in young stromata, Brown Vinaceous (84) to blackish in mature stromata, shiny; blackish woody to carbonaceous tissue immediately beneath surface and between perithecia, KOH-extractable pigments pale Livid Violet (79) in young stromata, without apparent KOH-extractable pigments in mature stromata. Perithecia obovoid to spherical, 0.3–0.4 mm high × 0.25–0.35 mm wide. Ostioles higher than the stromatal surface, minutely conical papillate, surrounded by a black disc 100–152 μm diam. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 1–2 µm high × 2.5–3 µm wide, stipe up to 50 µm long, and spore-bearing portion 70–85 × 6–10 µm. Ascospores brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with broadly to less frequently narrowly rounded ends, 10–13 (– 14) × 4–5.5 µm, with straight germ slit less than spore-length on convex side; perispore indehiscent in 10 % KOH.</p><p>Cultures and anamorph.</p><p>Colonies on OA covering a 9 cm Petri dish in 2 weeks, at first whitish, becoming Pale Luteous (11) with sporulation, velvety, azonate to faintly zonate, with diffuse margins. Conidiogenous structure branching virgariella-like as defined by Ju and Rogers (1996). Conidiophores hyaline, smooth to finely roughened. Conidiogenous cell hyaline, smooth, 16–30 × 1.5–2 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth to finely roughened, ellipsoid, 4–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm.</p><p>Secondary metabolites.</p><p>Traces of the binaphthyls hinnulin A (1) and BNT (2) in young stroma of GUM 1612 (see Fig. 3). No detectable secondary metabolites in GUM 1613.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Iran • Guilan Province, Shaft County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.33972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.33972/lat 37.0075)">Babarekab forest</a>, 37°00'27"N, 49°20'23"E, 289 m elev., on dead branches (host unknown), 15 September 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1612; living culture MUCL 57732) ; • Guilan Province, Talesh County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.00861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.661392" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.00861/lat 37.661392)">Gisoom forest</a>, 37°39'41"N, 49°00'31"E, 500 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 20 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1613) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This specimen from our collection shares characters with the type specimen (Ju and Rogers 1996; Lambert et al. 2019), aside from insignificant variations in the size of ascospores [10–13 (– 14) × 4–5.5 vs. 9–13.5 × 4–5.8 µm]. Hypomontagnella submonticulosa was previously accommodated in Hypoxylon and recently segregated into a new genus (Lambert et al. 2019). It can be differentiated from Hypomontagnella barbarensis by its much smaller ascospores [10–13 (– 14) × 4–5.5 vs. 13–19.3 × 6.9–9.4 µm] and germ slit (straight to slightly oblique germ slit less than spore-length vs. straight, spore-length).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/276E4CB0DCD45DF9A5B7C7D695AD92D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
6754AF5A66B1581285FB816A34268EA0.text	6754AF5A66B1581285FB816A34268EA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon crocopeplum Berk. & M. A. Curtis	<div><p>Hypoxylon crocopeplum Berk. &amp; M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 4 (no. 30): 49. 1875</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, effused-pulvinate, up to 8 cm long × 0.4–2 cm wide, with conspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Orange (7), Sienna (8), Apricot (42) in young stromata, Bay (6) to Sepia (63) in mature stromata; orange red granules immediately beneath surface and between perithecia, with KOH-extractable pigments Orange (7). Perithecia obovoid to slightly tubular, 0.2–0.5 mm high × 0.2–0.4 mm wide. Ostioles lower than or at the same level as the stromatal surface. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with discoid apical apparatus lightly bluing or bluing in Melzer’s iodine reagent, 0.5–1 µm high × 2–2.5 µm wide, stipe up to 100 µm, and spore-bearing portion 70–96 × 7–9 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, 11–15 (– 15.8) × 5–6.8 µm, with straight to slightly sigmoid germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH, inconspicuously to conspicuously striated; epispore smooth.</p><p>Secondary metabolites</p><p>(see Fig. 5). Mitorubrinol (3), mitorubrinol acetate (4), rutilin D (5) and an unidentified compound with a mass of 458 Da (UC 1).</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>USA • South Carolina, on corticated wood of oak?, as Sphaeria crocopepla, H. W. Ravenel, Car. Inf. 1906 Berk. &amp; M. A. Curtis, ined. (K, holotype) ; Iran • Guilan Province, Chaboksar County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.54889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.95639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.54889/lat 36.95639)">Sarvelat forest</a>, 36°57'23"N, 50°32'56"E, 590 m elev., on dead branches (host unknown), 23 September 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1611) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>With thin, effused, dull orange-brown stromata, orange-yellow stromatal pigments, and dense orange KOH-extractable pigments, combined with dark brown inequilateral ascospores with a straight germ slit, this Hypoxylon specimen keys out to H. crocopeplum or H. subgilvum . H. crocopeplum differs from the latter by the ostioles being lower than or at the same level as the stromatal surface vs. ostioles umbilicate and inconspicuous, the size of ascospores [(13.4 –) 13.8–17.1 (– 17.5) × (7.1 –) 7.3–8.3 (– 8.6) vs. (8.9 –) 9.1–9.9 (– 10.6) × (4.2 –) 4.5–5.0 (– 5.1) μm], and the anamorphic structure [a virgariella-like conidiogenous structure was observed in culture on YMG (unpublished data) and on JF- 03233, vs. on the natural substrate with a virgariella- to nodulisporium-like conidiogenous structure, in culture on OA nodulisporium-like] (Fournier et al. 2015).</p><p>The salient microscopic features of the European H. crocopeplum are the rather broad ascospores (11.4–14.4 × 6–7.2 μm) with narrowly rounded ends and their conspicuously sigmoid germ slit. Such a sigmoid germ slit is known only from H. fuscum among European species of Hypoxylon (http://pyrenomycetes.free.fr/hypoxylon/html/Hypoxylon_crocopeplum.htm).</p><p>Hypoxylon crocopeplum was originally described from the southeastern USA and is widespread in the tropics and subtropics and highly variable in the size of ascospores and in the shape of perithecia (Ju and Rogers 1996). Based on molecular data, the species concept of H. crocopeplum defined by Ju and Rogers (1996) was restricted by Hsieh et al. (2005) by accommodating specimens with thick stromata and long tubular perithecia in H. polyporoideum . However, the wide ascospore size range of H. crocopeplum remained unchanged, making it difficult to discriminate the two species without data on the anamorph or without molecular data (Fournier et al. 2015). We have found that the material from France and Iran has the same HPLC profile as the old type specimen from the USA housed in Kew, with rubiginosin-like azaphilones being prevalent.</p><p>Our phylogenetic analysis showed that H. crocopeplum is currently polyphyletic, as specimens morphologically identified as H. crocopeplum phylogenetically fall into three separate clades (see Fig. 1). Given the lack of further phenotypic evidence, this issue is currently unresolvable. Fresh North American material needs to be studied in detail and compared to a significant number of materials from other geographic areas. Moreover, it would be desirable to select an epitype that can be cultured and studied for its anamorphic morphology and molecular data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6754AF5A66B1581285FB816A34268EA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
621B23A0D8D251A08536134971E1C71E.text	621B23A0D8D251A08536134971E1C71E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon howeanum Peck	<div><p>Hypoxylon howeanum Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. 24: 98. 1872</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, hemispherical to spherical, sessile, up to 0.5 cm long × 0.1–0.4 cm wide, with inconspicuous to conspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Fulvous (43), Rust (39), or Dark Brick (60); orange red granules immediately beneath surface, with KOH-extractable pigments Orange (7) to Rust (39); white granules between perithecia. Perithecia spherical to obovoid, 0.3–0.5 mm high × 0.15–0.35 mm wide. Ostioles lower than or at the same level as the stromatal surface. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–1 µm high × 1.5–2 µm wide, stipe up to 70 µm long, and spore-bearing portion 50–65 × 4.5–6 µm. Ascospores brown to dark brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, 6.5–8 × 3–4 µm, with straight to slight sigmoid germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH, smooth; epispore smooth.</p><p>Secondary metabolites</p><p>(see Fig. 7). Contains mitorubrinol (3), mitorubrinic acid (6) and several unidentified compounds resembling cytochalasins (UC 7–11).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Iran • Guilan Province, Siahkal County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.92671&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.135372" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.92671/lat 37.135372)">Ziaratgah forest</a>, 37°08'07.34"N, 49°55'36.14"E, 260 m elev., on fallen branch of Parrotia persica, 14 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1608; living culture MUCL 57730) ; • Guilan Province, Siahkal County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.92671&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.135372" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.92671/lat 37.135372)">Ziaratgah forest</a>, 37°08'07.34"N, 49°55'36.14"E, 260 m elev., on fallen branch of Parrotia persica, 14 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1609) ; • Guilan Province, Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.97389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.33861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.97389/lat 37.33861)">SafraBasteh forest</a>, 37°20'19"N, 49°58'26"E, 14 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 3 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Hypoxylon howeanum is morphologically and phylogenetically close to H. fragiforme and commonly shares stromatal secondary metabolites of the mitorubrin type, but not the rubiginosin-type family (Stadler and Fournier 2006). They are the only two species characterized by having two colors of granules: orange-red granules immediately beneath the stromatal surface and white granules between perithecia (Ju and Rogers 1996). Hypoxylon howeanum differs from the latter in having smaller ascospores [6.5–8 × 3–4 vs. (10.5 –) 11–15 × 5–6.5 (– 7) µm] and by a broader geographical and host range. Most of the features of the Iranian specimens are in accordance with previous descriptions (Ju and Rogers 1996); however, the ascospores were slightly smaller [6.5–8 × 3–4 vs. 7–9.5 (– 10) × 3–4.5 µm].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/621B23A0D8D251A08536134971E1C71E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
191119F2FF36525DA0396CE994A4C4E0.text	191119F2FF36525DA0396CE994A4C4E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon hyrcanense Pourmoghaddam 2026	<div><p>Hypoxylon hyrcanense Pourmoghaddam sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Iran • Guilan Province, Siahkal County, 37°57'17"N, 48°52'16"E, 1160 m elev., on fallen wood of Quercus castaneifolia, 3 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam, (GUM 1601; living culture MUCL 57719) .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet is derived from “Hyrcania,” an ancient biogeographical region, located in the south of the Caspian Sea where the specimen was collected.</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, effused-pulvinate, up to 3 cm long × 0.5–1.5 cm wide, with conspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Red (2) to Brick (59); Scarlet (5) to Orange (7) granules beneath the surface and between the perithecia, with KOH-extractable pigments Luteous (12). Perithecia obovoid to cylindrical, 0.15–0.2 mm high × 0.1–0.16 mm wide. Ostioles umbilicate, inconspicuous. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–1 µm high × 1.5–2.5 µm wide, stipe up to 200 µm, and spore-bearing portion 58–80 × 4.5–6.5 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown, ellipsoid, inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 13–15 × 5.5–6.5 µm, with straight germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH, conspicuous coil-like ornamentation in SEM; epispore smooth.</p><p>Cultures and anamorph.</p><p>Colonies on OA covering a 9 cm Petri dish in 4 weeks, at first white, becoming pale Luteous (11) and Smoke Gray (105), felty, azonate with diffuse margins, finally becoming Isabelline (65) to Honey (64). Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells in culture not observed. Conidia hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 5–6 × 2–3 µm.</p><p>Secondary metabolites</p><p>(see Fig. 8). BNT (2), a compound resembling daldinal B (7) and unknown secondary metabolites (UC 1 – UC 4).</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Hypoxylon ochraceum and H. chionostomum are phylogenetically close to this new taxon, but both species can be easily differentiated from the new species. Hypoxylon ochraceum can be differentiated by its different stromatal shape (glomerate, frequently confluent), larger ascospores [12–16 (– 18) × 5.5–7.5 (– 8) vs. 13–15 × 5–6.5 µm], with a straight germ slit less than spore-length, and an indehiscent perispore in KOH. Moreover, it lacks mitorubrin-type derivatives present in H. ochraceum (Kuhnert et al. 2014 a) . Hypoxylon chionostomum can be differentiated by its major BNT (2), stromatal shape (glomerate), larger perithecia (1–1.4 mm), and larger ascospores (25–31 × 14–18 µm). In addition, this fungus seems to be endemic to the Neotropics (Sir et al. 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/191119F2FF36525DA0396CE994A4C4E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
2033A628BD6D571A893A126C91008378.text	2033A628BD6D571A893A126C91008378.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon larissae Hai X. Ma & Z. K. Song	<div><p>Hypoxylon larissae Hai X. Ma &amp; Z. K. Song, Phytotaxa 538 (3): 219 (2022)</p><p>Figs 11, 12</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, effused-pulvinate to pulvinate, up to 6 cm long × 0.3–2 cm wide, with conspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Scarlet (5) to Rust (39); Orange (7) granules beneath the surface and between the perithecia, with KOH-extractable pigments Orange (7) to Scarlet (5). Perithecia cylindrical to obovoid, 0.25–0.45 mm high × 0.22–0.33 mm wide. Ostioles umbilicate, inconspicuous. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 1–1.5 µm high × 2–3 µm wide, stipe up to 80 µm, and spore-bearing portion 80–100 × 9–12 µm. Ascospores smooth, unicellular, brown to dark brown, ellipsoid, inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 14–18 × 5.5–8.5 µm, with straight germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH; epispore smooth.</p><p>Cultures and anamorph.</p><p>Colonies on OA covering a 9 cm Petri dish in 2 weeks, at first white, becoming Pale Luteous (11), felty, azonate with diffuse margins, finally becoming Umber (9). Conidiogenous structure approaching a virgariella-like branching pattern as defined by Ju and Rogers (1996), (Fig. 12 C – G). Conidiophores hyaline, smooth to finely roughened. Up to three conidiogenous cells at the end of each terminus; hyaline, smooth to finely roughened, 14–26 × 2–3 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid to obovoid, 4–5 × 2.5–3 µm.</p><p>Secondary metabolites</p><p>(see Fig. 10). Mitorubrinol (3), mitorubrinol acetate (4), and mitorubrinic acid (6).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Iran • Rasht County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.636948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.073887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.636948/lat 37.073887)">Saravan forest</a>, 37°04'26"N, 49°38'13"E, 183 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 12 October 2021, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1648; living culture IRAN 4833 C); • Guilan Province, Rasht County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.636948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.073887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.636948/lat 37.073887)">Saravan forest</a>, 37°04'26"N, 49°38'13"E, 183 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 11 November 2021, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1649; living culture IRAN 4834 C); • Guilan Province, Rasht County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.636948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.073887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.636948/lat 37.073887)">Saravan forest</a>, 37°04'26"N, 49°38'13"E, 183 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 9 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1602) ; Mazandaran Province, Chalous County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.413055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.6375" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.413055/lat 36.6375)">Saravan forest</a>, 36°38'15"N, 51°24'47"E, 344 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 30 October 2017, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1650) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Most of the characters of the Iranian specimens are in accordance with the type specimen (Song et al. 2022 a), aside from the size of ascospores [14–18 × 5.5–8.5 vs. 15.5–23 (– 23.6) × 7.3–10.6 µm]. The anamorphic structure of H. larissae was not described by Song et al. (2022 a). In the present study, we report for the first time a virgariella-like conidiogenous structure in culture for this species. Hypoxylon fendleri is phylogenetically close to H. larissae but differs by its smaller ascospores [(8 –) 9–12 × 4–5.5 µm] and a sigmoid germ slit spore-length on the convex side. In addition, it was originally described from Venezuela and is commonly found throughout the tropics (Ju and Rogers 1996; Sir et al. 2019). The HPLC analyses showed no detectable differences between reports for H. fendleri collected in the USA and H. larissae collected in Iran.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2033A628BD6D571A893A126C91008378	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
BBCD56C261C05D13BC5202B65DD3C063.text	BBCD56C261C05D13BC5202B65DD3C063.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon perforatum (Schwein.) Fr.	<div><p>Hypoxylon perforatum (Schwein.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 384. 1849</p><p>Fig. 14</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, up to 12 cm long × 0.1–0.5 cm wide, with inconspicuous to conspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Brown Vinaceous (84); dark brown granules immediately beneath surface and between perithecia, with KOH-extractable pigments Amber (47) to Citrine (13). Perithecia spherical, 0.2–0.35 mm high × 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Ostioles lower than the stromatal surface, mainly covered with white substances. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–1.5 µm high × 1.5–2.5 µm wide, stipe up to 60 µm long and spore-bearing portion 60–80 × 5–8.5 µm. Ascospores brown to dark brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, 10–13 × 4–5.5 µm, with straight to slight sigmoid germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH, smooth; epispore smooth.</p><p>Secondary metabolites</p><p>(see Fig. 13). Contains hypomiltin as major metabolite (8).</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>Iran • Mazandaran Province, Sisangan County, 36°34'36.89"N, 51°48'37.17"E, 71 m elev., on fallen branch of Zelkova carpinifolia, 29 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1610; living culture MUCL 57728) ; • Guilan Province, Chaboksar County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.54889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.95639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.54889/lat 36.95639)">Sarvelat forest</a>, 36°57'23"N, 50°32'56"E, 590 m elev., on fallen branch of Citrus sinensis, 23 September 2017, M. J. Pourmoghaddam .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Hypoxylon perforatum is one of the Hypoxylon species with a cosmopolitan distribution. The KOH-extractable pigments and ostiolar disc with a conspicuous white layer are important diagnostic characters for the species (Sir et al. 2019). A virgariella-like anamorph was originally reported for H. perforatum (Ju and Rogers 1996), whereas Raei et al. (2012) and Sir et al. (2019) additionally introduced a nodulisporium-like anamorph. Cedeño-Sanchez et al. (2025) collected a fresh specimen from North Carolina, sequenced, and epitypified the species but could not find its anamorph. The features of the Iranian specimens are in accordance with previous descriptions, except for the inconspicuously to conspicuously striated perispore in 10 % KOH, which is seen in specimens from the USA (Ju and Rogers 1996; Sir et al. 2019; Cedeño-Sanchez et al. 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BBCD56C261C05D13BC5202B65DD3C063	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
18892719B65955B3BA298F51AD7B49B8.text	18892719B65955B3BA298F51AD7B49B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon pseudoinvestiens Pourmoghaddam & C. Lamb. 2026	<div><p>Hypoxylon pseudoinvestiens Pourmoghaddam &amp; C. Lamb. sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 16</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>Iran • Guilan Province, Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.97389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.33861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.97389/lat 37.33861)">SafraBasteh forest</a>, 37°20'19"N, 49°58'26"E, 14 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 3 Oct 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1604; living culture MUCL 57729).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Pseudoinvestiens, referring to the morphological similarity to H. investiens .</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, effused-pulvinate, up to 14 cm long × 0.2–2.5 cm wide, with conspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Dark Vinaceous (82), Dark Brick (60), or Sepia (63) when young, becoming Brown Vinaceous (84), or Chestnut (40); black granules immediately beneath surface and between perithecia, with KOH-extractable pigments Greenish Yellow (16), or Dark Green (21). Perithecia ovoid to cylindrical, 0.25–0.5 mm high × 0.15–0.45 mm wide. Ostioles lower than the stromatal surface. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–1 µm high × 1.5–2 µm wide, stipe up to 50 µm long, and spore-bearing portion 70–85 × 5–6 µm. Ascospores light brown to brown, unicellular, nearly equilateral, with broadly rounded ends to infrequently narrowly rounded ends, 7–10.5 × 3.5–4 µm, with faint straight germ slit spore-length to slightly less than spore-length on convex side; perispore indehiscent in 10 % KOH.</p><p>Cultures and anamorph.</p><p>Colonies on OA covering a 9 cm Petri dish in 2 weeks, at first whitish, becoming Hazel (88) to Isabelline (65), velvety, azonate, with diffuse margins, finally becoming Hazel (88). Conidiogenous structure branching periconiella-like as defined by Ju and Rogers (1996), (Fig. 16 L – N). Conidiophores pale brown, finely roughened. Conidiogenous cell hyaline, finely roughened, 11–15 × 2.5–4 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, 3–5 × 2–3.5 µm.</p><p>Secondary metabolites</p><p>(see Fig. 15). Daldinone F (9) and a potential dehydroxylated derivative (UC 5), daldinone A (10) and BNT (2) and an unknown compound with a mass of 343 Da (UC 6).</p><p>Specimen examined.</p><p>Iran • Guilan Province, Rezvanshahr County, 37°37'52"N, 48°02'18"E, 7 m elev., on fallen branch of Quercus castaneifolia, 6 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1605) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This taxon is phylogenetically close to H. investiens sensu stricto CBS 118183 (from Malaysia) and YMJ 89062905 (from Taiwan; see Fig. 1). The phylogenetic analyses offer good resolution and statistical support to distinguish these two sister groups in both the MGA and single-locus tub 2 trees (see Suppl. material 1). Most of the characters of the Iranian specimens are largely in accordance with the description by Ju and Rogers (1996). However, the stromata showed conspicuous perithecial mounds, the ascospores are larger [7–10.5 × 3.5–4 vs. (6 –) 6.5–9.5 (– 10) × 3–4.5 µm], and variations in the size of conidia [3–5 × 2–3.5 vs. 2.5–3.5 × 2.2–2.8 µm] were observed. In addition, we found typical secondary metabolites daldinone A (5), BNT (2), and daldinone F (4) reported from H. investiens, and an additional conspicuous unidentified compound (UC 6) with a mass of 343 Da, which has so far never been reported for H. investiens (compare also with Hellwig et al. 2005; Bills et al. 2012). The H. investiens sensu stricto – H. pseudoinvestiens clade is the sister group to H. investiens sensu lato, containing strains MUCL 53307 (from Martinique), STMA 14058 (from Argentina), and CBS 118185 (from Ecuador). There are indications that H. investiens sensu Ju and Rogers (1996) represents a species complex that needs to be resolved in the future. Fournier et al. (2015) described further uncultured and unsequenced collections from the French West Indies; they identified them as H. investiens based on morphological characters and also reported smaller ascospore ranges when compared to our specimen [(6.8 –) 7–8 (– 8.6) × (3.1 –) 3.3–4.1 (– 4.5) μm]. Fournier et al. (2015) furthermore noticed additional peculiarities that might necessitate the further segregation of this species complex using polyphasic approaches. Interestingly, our HPLC profiling results on the type material of this taxon [USA: North Carolina, Salem &amp; Pennsylvania, Bethlehem, Syn. 1210 (PH, holotype of Sphaeria investiens)] were in full accordance with those reported by Hellwig et al. (2005). Taken together, all evidence justifies the erection of a new species.</p><p>Hypoxylon investiens sensu stricto morphologically resembles H. dussii (Fournier et al. 2015), but the most significant feature that distinguishes the former from the latter includes the presence of daldinone A in its stromatal fingerprint (Cedeño-Sanchez et al. 2025). Further similarities of H. investiens can be found when compared to H. pulicicidum; however, the two can be differentiated by their KOH-extractable pigments (Greenish Yellow or Dark Green vs. dilute Olivaceous Buff), conidiophore structure (periconiella-like vs. nodulisporium-like), stromatal secondary metabolites (presence of daldinone A), and their resolution patterns in molecular phylogenies (see, e. g., Bills et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18892719B65955B3BA298F51AD7B49B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
CCC4D5E643155F589FC14DF4516731FE.text	CCC4D5E643155F589FC14DF4516731FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypoxylon ticinense (GUM 1606) L. E. Petrini	<div><p>Hypoxylon ticinense L. E. Petrini apud L. E. Petrini &amp; Müller, Mycol. Helv. 1: 534. 1986</p><p>Fig. 18</p><p>Teleomorph.</p><p>Stromata superficial, pulvinate to effused-pulvinate or discoid, with inconspicuous perithecial mounds, up to 4 cm long × 0.4–2.4 cm wide; surface Scarlet (5), Sienna (8) when young, becoming Dark brick (60) to Sepia (63) when mature; orange granules beneath surface and between perithecia, with KOH-extractable pigments Orange (7). Perithecia obovoid to tubular, 0.2–0.35 mm high × 0.15–0.2 mm wide. Ostioles lower than the stromatal surface. Asci 8 - spored, cylindrical, with amyloid, discoid apical apparatus, 0.5–0.75 µm high × 1–1.5 µm wide, stipe up to 65 µm long, and spore-bearing portion 40–45 × 3.5–4.5 µm. Ascospores light brown to brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, 5–6 × 2–3 µm, with straight germ slit spore-length on convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10 % KOH, smooth; epispore smooth.</p><p>Cultures and anamorph.</p><p>Colonies on OA covering a 9 cm Petri dish in 4 weeks, at first whitish, becoming Buff (45), velvety, azonate, with diffuse margins, finally becoming Honey (64). Conidiogenous structure branching virgariella-like as defined by Ju and Rogers (1996). Conidiophores hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cell hyaline, smooth, 6.5–12 × 2–3 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2 µm.</p><p>Secondary metabolites</p><p>(see Fig. 17). Mitorubrinol (3), mitorubrinol acetate (4), mitorubrinic acid (6), and mitorubrin (11).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Iran • Guilan Province, Shaft County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.832222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.79889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.832222/lat 37.79889)">Rahimabad (Sefidab) forest</a>, 36°34'11"N, 50°20'26"E, 400 m elev., on fallen branch of Pterocarya fraxinifolia, 11 September 2016, leg. M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1606) ; Guilan Province, Talesh County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=48.832222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.79889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 48.832222/lat 37.79889)">Gisoom forest</a>, 37°47'56"N, 48°49'56"E, 490 m elev., on dead branches (host unknown), 6 October 2016, M. J. Pourmoghaddam (GUM 1607; living culture MUCL 57731) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>This specimen from our collection has similar characters to the type specimen (Ju and Rogers 1996). The stromatal characteristics of this species are strikingly similar to H. subticinense . However, the latter differs from H. ticinense in having larger ascospores [(7 –) 8–10 (– 11) × 4–5 vs. 5–7 × 2.5–3.5 µm], which are ellipsoid, with an indehiscent perispore in KOH, and by some details of anamorph morphology (Ju and Rogers 1996). In addition, both species contain mitorubrin and orsellinic acid as prevailing metabolites, but they are readily distinguished by HPLC analyses. H. ticinense lacks the azaphilones rubiginosins A and C and therefore belongs to the fragiforme chemotype but contains mitorubrinol acetate, which is lacking in H. subticinense (Stadler et al. 2004; Hellwig et al. 2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CCC4D5E643155F589FC14DF4516731FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad;Lambert, Christopher;Voglmayr, Hermann;Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar;Stadler, Marc	Pourmoghaddam, Mohammad Javad, Lambert, Christopher, Voglmayr, Hermann, Khodaparast, Seyed Akbar, Stadler, Marc (2026): A polyphasic study of Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Iran: new species and records from Hyrcanian forests. MycoKeys 131: 1-40, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.131.186541
