identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D7408F7C1C33235CFCEA328BD63EF8F1.text	D7408F7C1C33235CFCEA328BD63EF8F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin	<div><p>Luehea Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 409. 1801.</p><p>=  Alegria Moc. &amp; Sessé ex DC, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 1: 516. 1824.</p><p>=  Brotera Vell., Fl. Flumin.: 322. 1829.</p><p>Sh r ubs to t rees; bra nc hes c yl i nd r ica l, glabrous, with white longitudinal streaks, young twigs and petioles densely tomentose with brown stellate trichomes; stipules caducous, lanceolate. Leaves simple, alternate, petiolate; leaf blades membranaceous to coriaceous, elliptic, ovate, oblong, obovate or lanceolate, base cuneate, rounded or subcordate, apex acute, margin serrate, trinervate, basal nerves extending twothirds to three-fourths length of the blade; adaxial surface green, with sparse or dense stellate trichomes to glabrescent, abaxial surface white, with arachnoid trichomes and sparsely or densely stellate trichomes. Inflorescences many flowered, rare single flower, terminal to axillary, compound panicles; branches tomentose with stellate trichomes; pedicel tomentose, usually with two bracts caducous. Epicalyx with 6–12 bracteoles, linear, lanceolate, ovate or narrow-lanceolate, free, brownish, both surfaces tomentose, trichomes stellate. Sepals 5, lanceolate to ovate, usually revolute, abaxial surface with trichomes stellate, adaxial glabrous. Petals 5, white, yellow or pinkish, linear, obovate, orbicular, oblong or elliptic, margin entire or repand, with thickened basal nail, glabrous, base with appressed white trichomes. Androecium with five phalanges free or connate in a basal ring; staminodes in the external whorl, numerous, attached at the base of stamen phalange, connate or free, usually shorter than the stamens, sometimes equal or much longer, white villose at base; stamens numerous, free or connate, forming a tube around the style, villose at base; anthers dorsifixed, bilocular, thecae parallel, oblong, longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary 5-locular, superior, ovate, oblong, elliptic or globose, tomentose, transversal section angular, pentagonal or circular; style terete, completely or partially pubescent or glabrous; stigma capitate, glabrous. Fruit capsule loculicidal, ferruginous, brownish to blackish when adult, villose or tomentose, oblong, elliptic, narrow-elliptic, ovate, obovate, rhomboid or globose, apex cuspidate, cuneate, obtuse, acute, rounded or truncate, base acute, cuneate, rounded or truncate, glabrescent, 5-locular, partly dehiscent, dorsal surface valves convex, plane or sulcate, with central relief or not, valve margins plane or acute, crests-like or not. Seeds many, samaroid, glabrous, brown.</p><p>Key to the species of  Luehea from the state of Rio de Janeiro</p><p>1. Single flower; staminodes much longer than the stamens; capsule with valve margins deeply acute, crest-like .............................................................................................................................................................. 2</p><p>1’. Inflorescence with 2 or more flowers; staminodes shorter or the same length as the stamens; capsule with valve margins plane, not crest-like ........................................................................................................ 3</p><p>2. Leaf blade 6–14.5 cm long; flower with diameter ≥ 6 cm, petals (3–5 cm long) longer than the sepals (2–3 cm long) and epicalyx bracteoles (1.5–3.7 cm long); capsule 3–4.5 cm long ............................... ................................................................................................................ 1.  Luehea candicans var. candicans</p><p>2’. Leaf blade 1.8–5 cm long; flower with diameter ≤ 4 cm, petals, sepals, and epicalyx bracteoles of the same length (ca. 1.6 cm long); capsule ca. 2.5 cm long............... 1a.  Luehea candicans var. gracilis</p><p>3. Petals entirely pinkish or with the base yellow; style 1/3-basal or 2/3-basal pubescent ..... 4</p><p>3’. Petals entirely white or yellow; style 1/2-basal or completely pubescent ............................... 5</p><p>4. Petals obovate; innermost stamens connate into a tube around the style; capsule ovate ....................................................................................................................... 3.  Luehea divaricata</p><p>4’. Petals orbicular; stamens completely free; capsule elliptic, sometimes clavate................ ...................................................................................................................... 6.  Luehea paniculata</p><p>5. Flowers with diameter&gt; 4.5 cm; epicalyx bracteoles ≥ 1.6 cm long; petals ≥ 2.4 cm long; capsule on average longer ................................................................................... 6</p><p>5’. Flowers with a diameter ≤ 4 cm; epicalyx bracteoles ≤ 1.5 cm long; petals ≤ 1.7 cm long; capsule on average shorter ................................................................................... 7</p><p>6. Epicalyx bracteoles with base cuneate; ovary ovate to globular, circular to pentagonal in transversal section; capsule tomentose, with dorsal surface valve convex to plane .................................................................. 7.  Luehea speciosa</p><p>6’. Epicalyx bracteoles with base cordate to rounded; ovary oblong to elliptic, angular in transversal section; capsule villose, with dorsal surface valve deeply sulcate .................................................................................... 4.  Luehea macrophylla</p><p>7. Epicalyx bracteoles 1.1–1.5 cm long; petals yellow, obovate; style 1/2-basal pubescent or glabrous; capsule 1.8–2.5 cm long, obovate, tomentose, dorsal surface valve deeply sulcate without central relief ...................... ....................................................................................... 5.  Luehea ochrophylla</p><p>7’. Epicalyx bracteoles 0.35–0.6 cm long; petals white, linear; style completely pubescent; capsule 1.2–1.7 cm long, elliptic to ovate, villose, dorsal surface valve deeply sulcate with central relief ..................... 2.  Luehea conwentzii</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C33235CFCEA328BD63EF8F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C31235BFF4D3795D286FD61.text	D7408F7C1C31235BFF4D3795D286FD61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea candicans var. candicans Mart. var. candicans 2025	<div><p>1.  Luehea candicans Mart. var. candicans,  Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1(4): 102. 1826.</p><p>=  Luehea villosa Mart.,  Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1(4): 102.1826. =  Luehea uniflora A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 290. tab. 57. 1828.</p><p>=  Luehea microphylla Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 2: 129. tab. 187. 1833. Figs. 1; 2 a-b</p><p>Shrubs to trees, 2–12 m hight. Petiole 0.3–0.8 cm long. Leaves 6–14.5 × 3–8.4 cm, ovate to elliptic, membranous to coriaceous, base rounded to subcordate, adaxial surface green, glabrous or sparse stellate trichomes, abaxial surface white, with densely arachnoid trichomes or sparse stellate trichomes. Single flower, terminal; pedicel 0.4–1.1 cm long. Epicalyx with 8–11 bracteoles, 1.5–3.7 × 0.25–0.6 cm, linear to lanceolate. Sepals 2–3 × 0.4– 0.8 cm, lanceolate, plane. Petals 3–5 × 0.3–0.4 cm, white, linear, margin entire. Androecium grouped in 5 phalanges, free; staminodes 2.4–3 cm long; stamens 1–2 cm long. Ovary 0.35–0.5 × 0.35–0.5 cm, globular to elliptic, angular in transversal section; style 1.4–1.8 cm long, completely pubescent; stigma 0.25–0.55 cm wide, 0.1–0.2 cm long. Capsule 3–4.5 × 1.5–2.5 cm, rhomboid, base acute to cuneate, apex cuneate to obtuse, dehiscence for 2/3-apical, villose, valve with dorsal surface convex or plane, angular cross section, margins deeply acute, crest-like. Seeds 1.1–1.3 × 0.3–0.5 cm.</p><p>Selected examined material:   Petrópolis,  Fazenda Itaipava, 22.XII.2005, fl., G. Siqueira &amp; O. Gracff 97 (RB)  .   Rio Claro, Lidice,  Fazenda Torres, 4.XII.2001, fl. and fr., F.B. Pereira 20/132 (RB)  .   Rio de Janeiro,  Morro do Leme, XI.1966, fl., D. Sucre 1337 (RB)  .   São José do Vale do Rio Preto,  Sitio Beira Mar, 5.XI.2000, fl., F.M.B. Pereira 33/49 (RB)  .   Santa Maria Madalena,  Serra do Bicalho, XI.1938, fl., S. Lima 406 (RB)  .</p><p>Luehea candicans has a wide distribution, ranging from southern Peru, Bolivia, and northeastern Brazil to Paraguay and northern Argentina (Souza &amp; Esteves 2002). In Brazil, it is widespread, particularly in the phytogeographic domains Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga. In the state of Rio de Janeiro,  Luehea candicans occurs at elevations from 10 to 1,000 m, in sandbank vegetation, along roadsides and in riparian or gallery forests, showing a preference for areas with high brightness and clayey/sandy soil (Fig. 1). This species occurs in the following conservation units: the Parque Municipal Paisagem Carioca (Rio de Janeiro), and the Parque Estadual do Desengano (Santa Maria Madalena). Flowering was recorded from October to February, and fruiting from November to April.</p><p>Luehea candicans is the only species in the  Brazilian southeast showing inflorescences reduced to a single flower. This feature is found in four other species with different ranges:  L. candida (Moc. &amp; Sessé ex DC.) Mart. (native to Central America),  L. burretii M.C.S. Cunha (endemic to the  Brazilian states Ceará and PiauÍ),  L. fiebrigii Burret (native to Bolivia and northwest Argentina), and  L. herzogiana R.E.Fr. (endemic to Bolivia).  Luehea candicans and  L. burretii are the only species showing staminodes much longer than stamens and linear petals reaching 5–6 cm in length, making it easy to identify them in the field. Moreover, the fruit stands out for its valve margins deeply acute, creating crest-like structures along the capsule (Fig. 2b). It is the only  Brazilian species showing this feature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C31235BFF4D3795D286FD61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C37235BFF4D3592D2D4F9D4.text	D7408F7C1C37235BFF4D3592D2D4F9D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea candicans var. gracilis (K. Schum.)	<div><p>1a.  Luehea candicans var. gracilis (K.Schum.) M.C.S. Cunha, Bradea 3(11): 83. 1980.</p><p>≡  Luehea uniflora var. gracilis K.Schum., in Martius, Fl. bras. 12(3): 153. 1886.</p><p>Leaves 1.8–5 × 1.2–2.5 cm. Epicalyx with bracteoles ca. 1.6 × 0.3 cm. Sepals and petals ca. 1.6 cm long. Capsule ca. 2.5 × 1.5 cm.</p><p>Selected examined material:  Petrópolis. estrada Petrópolis-Teresópolis, 28.IV.1977, fr., G. Martinelli et al. 1787 (RB) .</p><p>Luehea candicans 
var. gracilis is endemic to the Southeast region of Brazil, occurring in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro (Cunha 1980). In the state of  Rio de Janeiro, it is only reported in the municipality of  Petrópolis occurring at elevations from 300 to 600 m, along roadsides and in riparian or gallery forests (Fig. 1). Flowering was recorded from January to March, and fruiting from February to May.</p><p>In general,  Luehea candicans var. gracilis is quite rare in Rio de Janeiro state, having only been encountered in four locations. It is distinguished from  L. candicans var. candicans for the small size of its vegetative and reproductive structures, significantly below the species range. Another feature that distinguishes this variety is the size of some flower structures. In  L. candicans var. candicans, the petals are much longer than sepals and epicalyx bracteoles, whereas these structures are equal in size in  L. candicans var. gracilis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C37235BFF4D3592D2D4F9D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C37235BFF4D316FD792F8F4.text	D7408F7C1C37235BFF4D316FD792F8F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea conwentzii K. Schum.	<div><p>2.  Luehea conwentzii K.Schum., in Martius, Fl. bras. 12(3): 154. tab. 31. 1886.</p><p>=  Luehea eichleri K.Schum. in Martius, Fl. bras. 12(3): 158. 1886. Figs. 1; 2 c-d; 3a</p><p>Trees, 5–22 m hight. Petiole 0.55–1.3 cm long.  Leaves 5.7–13.1 × 2.2–5.8 cm, semi-coriaceous, elliptic to lanceolate, base cuneate to rounded, adaxial surface green, the younger with stellate trichomes, the adults glabrous, abaxial surface white, with densely arachnoid trichomes and sparse stellate trichomes.  Inflorescence 10–40 flowers, 3.5–13.5 cm long, terminal and axillary; pedicel 0.4–1.1 cm long.  Flowers 2–4 cm wide.  Epicalyx with 7–9 bracteoles, 0.35–0.6 × 0.1–0.15 cm, linear.  Sepals 0.85–1.2 × 0.15–0.3 cm, lanceolate to ovate, plane.  Petals 0.9–1.7 × 0.2–0.34 cm, white, linear, margin entire.  Androecium grouped in 5 phalanges, free; staminodes 0.35–0.75 cm long; stamens 0.5–0.8 cm long.  Ovary 0.2–0.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, globular to elliptic, angular in transversal sect ion; st yle 0.38 – 0.6 cm long, completely pubescent, stigma 0.13–0.22 cm diam., 0.03–0.1 cm long.  Capsule 1.2–1.7 × 0.6–1.1 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded to cuneate, apex acute to obtuse, villose, valve with dorsal surface deeply sulcate with central relief, angular cross section, margins plane, not crest-like.  Seeds 0.75–1.14 × 0.25–0.4 cm.  Selected examined material: Armação dos Búzios,  mata da Fazenda José Gonçalves, 27.II.1997, fl., P.R. Farag 348 (RB). Cabo Frio,  Campos Novos, 10.VII.1997, fr., C. Farney et al. 3578 (RB). Guapimirim,  Estaçao Ecológica Estadual de Paraiso, 18.II.1992, fl., H.C. de Lima et al. 4367 (RB). Maricà,  Serra do Camburi, 17.IV.2016, fr., G.A. de Quieroz et al.363 (RB). Miguel Pereira, Governador Portela,  Monte Sinai, 21.VII.1932, fl. and fr., G.M. Nunes 195 (R). Rio de Janeiro,  Jardim Botanico Rio de Janeiro, canteiro 26D, 23.III.2016, fl. and fr., J.R. Mattos et al. 339 (RB). São Pedro da Aldeia, São Mateus, estrada para  Macaé, 30.VII.1987, fr., H.C. de Lima &amp; J. Caruzo 3093 (RB).</p><p>Luehea conwentzii is endemic to the phytogeographic domain Atlantic Forest of the  Brazilian Southeast and South, restricted to the states of Rio de Janeiro, EspÍrito Santo, São Paulo, and Paraná (Souza &amp; Esteves 2002; Gerace &amp; Bovini 2020). In Rio de Janeiro state,  Luehea conwentzii occurs at elevations that range from 30 to 700 m in submontane to montane ombrophilous forests and dense ombrophilous forests, rarely along roadsides (Fig. 1). This species is found in the following conservation units: Área de Proteção Ambiental Bairro de Grumari (Rio de Janeiro), Parque Nacional da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro), and Estação Ecológica Estadual de ParaÍso (Guapimirim). Flowering was recorded from February to July, and fruiting from March to August.</p><p>Luehea conwentzii shows the smallest flowers and leaves among the studied species.Furthermore, with a height that can exceed 20 m, this species is one of the few in the genus to prefer more closed and humid environments. This feature is also observed in  L. cymulosa Spruce ex Benth., an Amazonian species.  Luehea conwentzii can be easily identified both for the flower, much smaller than the other species, with linear petals and staminodes as long as the stamens, and for the fruits with reduced size and dorsal surface valves deeply sulcate with central relief (Figs. 2d; 3a). These characteristics of the fruit are typical of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C37235BFF4D316FD792F8F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C352359FF4D3795D63EFE34.text	D7408F7C1C352359FF4D3795D63EFE34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea divaricata Mart. 2025	<div><p>3.  Luehea divaricata Mart.,  Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1(4): 101. tab. 63. 1826. Figs. 1; 2 e-f; 3b-c</p><p>Sh r ubs to t rees, 2–15 m h ight. Pet iole 0.5–1.5 cm long. Leaves 7.5–14 × 3.5 –6.5 cm, membranaceous, elliptic, base rounded, adaxial surface green, with sparse stellate trichomes to glabrous, abaxial surface white, with only dense arachnoid trichomes or also sparse stellate trichomes. Inflorescence with 10–20 flowers, ca. 10 cm long, terminal; pedicel 0.6–1 cm long. Flowers 4–6 cm wide. Epicalyx with 7–8 bracteoles, 1.1–1.9 × 0.3–0.4 cm, lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate. Sepals 1.9–2.6 × 0.5–0.8 cm, ovate, 1/2-basal revolute. Petals 1.9–2.3 × 0.9–1.3 cm, pinkish with base yellow, obovate, margin repand. Androecium with phalanges connate in a basal ring; staminodes 0.6–1.1 cm long; stamens 1.3–1.8 cm long, the innermost connate almost to the apex forming a tube around the style. Ovary 0.3–0.5 × 0.25–0.35 cm, ovate, circular in transversal section; style 1–1.5 cm long, 2/3-basal pubescent, stigma 0.09–0.18 cm wide, 0.03–0.1 cm long. Capsule 1.7–2.2 × 0.9–1.2 cm, ovate, base rounded to truncate, apex acute, villose, valve with dorsal surface slightly convex, circular cross section, margins plane, not crest-like. Seeds 0.7–0.8 × 0.25–0.3 cm.</p><p>Selected examined material: Areal, condomÍnio Fazenda das  Roseiras, 22.IV.2019, fr., M.G. Bovini &amp; K. De Toni 4497 (RB). Italva, localidade  Boa Sorte, estrada RJ-204, bem próximo a BR-356, 24.V.2022, fl. and fr., J.F.A. Baumgratz et al.1724 (RB). Itatiaia,  Passa Quatro, 9.VI.1941, fr., W.D. Barros 296 (RB). Maricá, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca,  Morro da Serrinha, 28.IV.2014, fl., D.N.S. Machado et al. 427 (RB). Nova Friburgo,  Lumiar, Flor das Andorinhas, 20.III.2001, fl. and fr., A. Quinet (RB00437055). Rio de Janeiro,  Jardim Botanico Rio de Janeiro, canteiro 8D, 14.I.2015, fl., M. Nadruz 2938 (RB). Sapucaia,  Fazenda Pilatos, 20.IX.2000, fr., F.M.B. Pereira (RB00437056).</p><p>Luehea divaricata is widely distributed from Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay to northern Argentina (Souza &amp; Esteves 2002). In Brazil, it is widespread, particularly in the phytogeographic domains Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pampa and Caatinga. In Rio de Janeiro state,  Luehea divaricata occurs at elevations that range from 50 to 700 m in submontane to montane ombrophilous forests and in riparian or gallery forests, showing a preference for areas with high brightness (Fig. 1). This species is only present in the Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (Maricá). Flowering was recorded from January to May, and fruiting from April to July.</p><p>Luehea divaricata is the only species showing the innermost stamens connate almost to the apex, forming a tubular structure around the style. This species can be easily recognized by its inflorescences with numerous flowers and pink petals, with yellow base (Fig. 3c). However, a pink corolla is also observed in  L. paniculata Mart., a species morphologically similar to  L. divaricata and easily confused, especially when no fruit is available. The fruit is, indeed, the main diagnostic feature that separates these two species, showing ovate shape and circular cross section in  L. divaricata (Figs. 2f; 3b), but elliptic shape and pentagonal cross section in  L. paniculata (Fig. 2l). These two species can be distinguished by other morphological features, in particular obovate petals and connate stamens in  L. divaricata vs. orbicular petals and free stamens in  L. paniculata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C352359FF4D3795D63EFE34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C352356FCEA354FD209FD79.text	D7408F7C1C352356FCEA354FD209FD79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea macrophylla Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr.	<div><p>4.  Luehea macrophylla Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 2(4): 127. tab. 186. 1833.</p><p>=  Luehea platypetala A.Rich., Hist. Phys. Cuba, Pl. Vasc. 6: 212. tab. 23. 1841.</p><p>=  Luehea crispa Krapov., Bol.Soc. Argent. Bot. 16(1-2): 89. 1974. Figs. 2 g-h; 3d-e; 4</p><p>Shrubs to trees, 1–30 m hight. Petiole 0.5–1.2 cm long. Leaves 7.8–28 × 4.5–19.7 cm, membranaceous, elliptic, orbicular or oblong, base rounded to subcordate, adaxial surface green, glabrous, abaxial surface white, with densely trichomes arachnoid and stellate. Inflorescence with 10–15 flowers, 7–20 cm long, terminal. Flowers 5–9 cm wide; pedicel 1–3.7 cm long. Epicalyx with 8–11 bracteoles, 2–3.4 × 0.25–1.2 cm, often ovate, sometimes narrow-lanceolate, base cordate to rounded. Sepals 1.6–4.3 × 0.5–1.6 cm, lanceolate, 1/2-basal revolute. Petals 2.5–4.3 × 0.9–1.9 cm, white, ovate-elliptic, margin entire. Androecium grouped in 5 phalanges, free; staminodes 0.5–1.2 cm long; stamens 1.1–2.7 cm long. Ovary 0.5–0.9 × 0.3–0.5 cm, oblong to elliptic, angular in transversal section; style 1.3–2.6 cm long, 1/2-basal pubescent; stigma 0.3–0.4 cm wide, 0.1–0.15 cm long. Capsule (2.3–3.4)3.5–5.3 × 1–2 cm, oblong, base rounded to cuneate, apex truncate to acute, villose, valve with dorsal surface deeply sulcate, angular cross section, margin plane, not crest-like.Seeds 0.9–1.2 × 0.3–0.5 cm.</p><p>Selected examined material: Araruama, 12.VI.2002, fl. and fr., S.M. Souto &amp; P.A.B. Sà 495 (RBR). Magé, Barão de Iriri, 16.XII.1978, fl., P. Laclette 589 (R).  Rio Bonito, Estrada Braçanã, Fazenda Cachoeiras, 21.IV.1979, fl. and fr., P. Laclette 606 (R). Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, canteiro 37A, I.1976, fr., P.J. Fontella &amp; G.M. Barroso (RB00436843).  São Fidélis, zona de amortecimento do  Parque Estadual do Desengano, 20.VI.2017, fl., M. Nadruz et al. 3186 (RB).</p><p>Luehea macrophylla is widespread from southern Mexico and Cuba to northern Perú and central and southeast Brazil (Gerace et al. 2024). In Brazil, it occurs only in the phytogeographic domains Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. In the state of Rio de Janeiro,  Luehea macrophylla occurs at elevations extending from 20 to 1,200 m along roadsides, at the edges of forests, and in riparian or gallery forests, showing preference for areas with high brightness and anthropogenic impact (Fig. 4); it has no record in any conservation unit. Flowering was recorded from December to June, and fruiting from April to July.</p><p>Luehea macrophylla is similar to  L. speciosa Willd., but it shows several distinctive character states, especially its fruit. The capsule is oblong, often exceeding 3.5 cm in length, and the dorsal surface valve is deeply sulcate (Figs. 2h; 3 e-d), unlike the fruit of  L. speciosa, which is plane or convex (Fig. 2 n-p). Other special features of this species are ovary angular in transversal section and bracteoles of the epicalyx, often broadly ovate with base cordate.  Luehea macrophylla was confused with  L. rufescens A.St.-Hil. and  L. grandiflora Mart., but Gerace et al. (2024) re-established its use after identifying key characters to distinguish these species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C352356FCEA354FD209FD79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C3A2357FF4D358AD286FCAF.text	D7408F7C1C3A2357FF4D358AD286FCAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea ochrophylla Martius 1841	<div><p>5.  Luehea ochrophylla Mart., Flora 24 (2, Beibl.): 50. 1841. Figs. 2 i-j; 4</p><p>Trees, 4–18 m hight. Petiole 0.4–1.1 cm long. Leaves 6.4–13.7 × 3.1–8.7 cm, membranaceous, elliptic to obovate, base rounded to cuneate, adaxial surface green, with stellate trichomes, abaxial surface white, with densely trichomes arachnoid and stellate. Inflorescence with 4–10 flowers, 4.5–7 cm long, terminal. Flowers 2.4–3 cm wide; pedicel 0.8–1.2 cm long. Epicalyx with 8–9 bracteoles, 1.1– 1.5 × 0.3–0.45 cm, linear. Sepals 1.2–1.6 × 0.4–0.5 cm, lanceolate, 1/2-basal revolute. Petals 1–1.5 × 0.7–0.9 cm, yellow, obovate, margin entire. Androecium grouped in 5 phalanges, free; staminodes 0.45–0.55 cm long; stamens 0.8–0.9 cm long. Ovary 0.3–0.5 × 0.3–0.5 cm, globular, angular in transversal section; style 0.6–0.7 cm long, 1/2-basal pubescent or glabrous; stigma 0.025 –0.037 cm wide, 0.1–0.12 cm long. Capsule 1.8–2.5 × 0.9–1.7 cm, obovate, base acute to cuneate, apex truncate, tomentose, valve with dorsal surface deeply sulcate, without central relief, angular cross section, margins plane, not crest-like. Seeds 0.95–1.05 × 0.35–0.5 cm.</p><p>Selected examined material:   Cabo Frio, Ilha de Cabo Frio, 22.XI.2001, fl. and fr., C. Farney et al. 4414 (RB)  .   Campos dos Goytacazes, Mata do Mergulhão, 27.III.1996, fr., M.T. Nascimento et al. 12 (HUENF)  .   Rio de Janeiro, Morro Santa Marta, 15.VIII.1990, fr., M. Hudson (RB00438648)  .   São Francisco de Itabapoana, Estaçao Ecológica de Guaxindiba, Mata do Carvao, 3.VI.2014, fr., T.M. Scarponi (RB00906956)  .   Saquarema, Reserva Ecológica Estadual de Jacarepiá [Parque Estadual da Costa do Sol], 20.VIII.1990, C. Farney et al. 3251 (RB)  .</p><p>Luehea ochrophylla is endemic t o t h e phytogeographic domain Atlantic Forest, occurring in the state of Rio Grande do Norte through the state of Rio de Janeiro (Gerace &amp; Bovini 2020). The state of Rio de Janeiro represents the southern distribution limit of this species, but it is more concentrated in the northern region, occurring from 10 to 80 m in altitude in restinga forests, lowlands and riparian or gallery forests, showing a preference for coastal locations with high brightness (Fig. 4). This species occurs in the following conservation units: Reserva Ecológica Estadual de Jacarepiá (actually  Parque Estadual da Costa do Sol), municipality of Saquarema, and  Estação Ecológica de Guaxindiba, municipality of  São Francisco de Itabapoana. Flowering and fruiting were recorded throughout the year.</p><p>Luehea ochrophylla is the only species showing a completely yellow corolla. It is also one of the few species with equal size of epicalyx, calyx and corolla, similar to  L. candicans var. gracilis . The fruit is distinctive, having typical obovate shape with dorsal surface valve deeply sulcate and tomentose indumentum (Fig. 2j), allowing its identification, even in the absence of flowers. This species shows a unique preference for restinga environments along the east coast of Brazil, making it very vulnerable to the intense anthropic pressure in these areas (Carvalho et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C3A2357FF4D358AD286FCAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C3B2357FF4D34C5D0CAFC75.text	D7408F7C1C3B2357FF4D34C5D0CAFC75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea paniculata Mart. 2025	<div><p>6.  Luehea paniculata Mart.,  Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1(4): 100. tab. 62. 1826.</p><p>=  Luehea parvifolia Huber, Bol. Mus. Paraense Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 2: 507. 1898. Figs. 2 k-l; 4</p><p>Trees, 4–18 m hight. Petiole 0.6–1.4 cm long. Leaves 7–15.5 × 4.5–9 cm, membranaceous, ovate to elliptic, base rounded to subcordate, adaxial surface green, glabrescent, the younger with stellate trichomes, caducous, abaxial surface white, with densely arachnoid trichomes and sparse stellate trichomes. Inflorescence with 3–10 flowers, 6–12 cm long, terminal and axillary. Flowers 2.2–5 cm wide; pedicel 0.3–1.6 cm long. Epicalyx with 7–9 bracteoles, 0.7–1.2 × 0.15–0.4 cm, lanceolate. Sepals 1.1–2.4 × 0.3–0.7 cm, lanceolate, 1/2-basal revolute. Petals 1.1–2.4 × 0.9–1.6 cm, pinkish, orbicular, margin entire. Androecium grouped in 5 phalanges, free; staminodes 0.5–1.3 cm long; stamens 0.8–1.9 cm long. Ovary 0.28–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 cm, elliptic, pentagonal in transversal section; style 0.5–1.4 cm long, 1/3-basal pubescent; stigma 0.09–0.19 cm wide, 0.03–0.07 cm long. Capsule 1.7–3 × 0.9–1.2 cm, elliptic, sometimes clavate, apex cuneate, base rounded to acute, villose, dorsal surface valve plane to convex, pentagonal cross section, margins plane, not crest-like. Seeds 0.7–1 × 0.3–0.5 cm.</p><p>Selected examined material:   Bom Jesus de Itabapoana, 1.III.1965, fl., E. Pereira 9885 (HB)  .   Italva, localidade  Boa Sorte, 27.I.2014, fl., I.G. Costa 344 (RB)  .   Macaé,  Pico do Frade, 6.II.1985, fl., C. Farney et al. 560 (RB)  .   Niterói, Itaipú,  Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca,  Morro das Andorinhas, 28.V.2013, fr., D.N.S. Machado &amp; L.A. Ribas 285 (RB)  .   Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, SÍtio  Arco Iris, 20.V.2001, fl., A. Quinet 39/94 (RB)  .   Petrópolis,  Mata do Judeo, 25.I.1969, fl., D. Sucre &amp; P.I.S. Braga 4499 (RB)  .   Rio de Janeiro,  Grotão, 16.X.1992,fl., R. Marquete et al. 699 (RB)  .</p><p>Lueh e a panic ulata i s w ide spr ead f rom Bolivia, Perú, Brazil, and Paraguay to northern Argentina (Setser 1977). In Brazil, it occurs in all phytogeographic domains. In the state of Rio de Janeiro,  L. paniculata occurs at elevations ranging from 30 to 800 m in submontane and montane ombrophilous forests, and secondary forest, showing a preference for areas with high brightness (Fig. 4). This species only occurs in the Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (Niterói). Flowering was recorded from October to May, and fruiting from January to June.</p><p>Luehea paniculata is morphologically very similar to  L. divaricata, but it can be recognized by its much wider and orbicular petals, stamens completely free and elliptic ovary vs. obovate petals, stamens connate around the style and ovate ovary. In addition, the fruit is crucial for reliable identification by showing an elliptic shape with plane margin valves (Fig. 2l).  Luehea paniculata can also be easily recognized by the pinkish color of the corolla, another characteristic in common only with  L. divaricata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C3B2357FF4D34C5D0CAFC75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
D7408F7C1C3B2355FCEA348ED1D7FAF8.text	D7408F7C1C3B2355FCEA348ED1D7FAF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Luehea speciosa Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin	<div><p>7.  Luehea speciosa Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 410. tab.5. 1801.</p><p>=  Luehea densiflora A.St.-Hill., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 294. 1828.</p><p>=  Luehea laxiflora A.St.-Hill., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 293. 1828.</p><p>= Lueh ea fe r r ug inea Tu rc z., Bu l l. S oc. I mp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(1): 224. 1858.</p><p>=  Luehea alternifolia (Mill.) Mabb., Gard. Bull. Singapore 54(2): 254. 2002. Figs. 2 m-p; 3f; 5</p><p>Shrubs to trees, 2–20 m hight. Petiole 0.6–1.5 cm long. Leaves 6.8 –24 × 5–13.8 cm, membranaceous, elliptic, ovate or oblong, base subcordate to rounded, adaxial surface green, with trichomes stellate, abaxial surface white, with densely trichomes arachnoid and stellate. Inflorescence with 2–20 flower, 3.3–16 cm long, terminal and axillary. Flowers 4.8–9 cm wide; pedicel 0.9–3.5 cm long. Epicalyx with 7–10 bracteoles 1.6–3.2 × 0.25–0.7 cm, lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, base cuneate. Sepals 2.1–5.2 × 0.7–1.5 cm, lanceolate, 1/2-basal revolute. Petals 2.4– 4.3 × 0.7–1.9 cm, white, obovate to oblong, margin repand. Androecium grouped in 5 phalanges, free; staminodes 0.5–1.4 cm long; stamens 1.4–2.8 cm long. Ovary 4–9 × 4–8 mm, ovate to globular, circular to pentagonal in transversal section; style 1.1–2.1 cm long, 1/2-basal pubescent; stigma 3–5.5 mm wide, 1–2 mm long. Capsule 1.9–4.8 × 1.25–2.4 cm, oblong, ovate, elliptic, narrow-elliptic or globular, apex rounded, truncate, acute or cuneate, base rounded, acute, cuneate or truncate, tomentose, valve with dorsal surface convex to plane, sometimes with central relief, pentagonal or circular cross section, margins planes, not crest-like. Seeds 0.6–1.8 × 0.2–0.5 cm.</p><p>Selected examined material: Araruama, estrada do morro grande, 1.XI.2015, fr., B.N. Riguetti 18 (RB). Barra do PiraÍ, Dorândia, 23.IX.2015, fr., L. Silva 655 (RB). Barra Mansa, Fazenda Boa Esperança, 8.V.2013, fl., M.G. Bovini et al. 3825 (RB). Cambuci, BR-116, 9.I.2017, fr., M.G. Bovini et al. 4267 (RB). Campos dos Goytacazes, Sossêgo do Imbé, Rio Sossêgo, 16.V.1989, fl., G. Martinelli et al. 13318 (RB). Cardoso Moreira, 10.VI.2014, fr., J.O. Mendonça-Junior (RB 00906223). Casimiro de Abreu, BR-101, 30.V.1987, fl., C. Atorge &amp; F.M. Pena 1646 (R). Duque de Caxias, Reserva da Petrobras, trilha ao redor do lago da barragem, 5.VIII.1997, fr., J.M.A. Braga et al. 4320 (RB). ItaboraÍ, Serra de Itaitindiba, Alto da Gaia, 16.VI.2017, fl., D.N.S. Machado et al. 2143 (RB). Itaguaì, Serra Arapucaia, 14.VII.1927, fr., Pessoal Horto Florestal (RB 00436801). Itatiaia, Rodovia Presidente Dutra, proximo confino estado do Rio de Janeiro, 26.V.1951, fl., H. Monteiro 3084 (RBR). Macaé, estrada para Glicério, 28.VI.2016, fl. and fr., M.G. Bovini &amp; J.M.A. Braga 4243 (RB). Mangaratiba, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Nacional de Rio das Pedras, 23.XI.2001, M.G. Bovini et al. 2095 (RB). Maricá, Inoã, Serra do Cassorotiba, 11.IV.2015, fl., D.N.S. Machado &amp; G.A. de Quieroz 501 (RB); Miracema, 25.VII.2001, fl., S.M. Souto &amp; J.M. Lima 150 (RBR). Niterói, Morro da Detenção, Parque das Águas, 9.VI.2011, fl. and fr., G.C. Lessa et al. 06 (RB).Nova Friburgo, Flor das Andorinhas, 16.III.2001, fr., A. Quinet (RB 00436791). Petrópolis, Itaipava, 30.IV.2006, fl., G. Siqueira &amp; O. Gracff 109 (RB). PiraÍ, Represa de Ribeirao das Lages, 24.IV.1991, fl., G.V. Somner &amp; M.V.L. Pereira 626 (RBR). Quatis, estrada para o distrito de Fumaça, 9.V.2013, fl., M.G. Bovini et al. 3832 (RB). Resende, Parque Estadual da Pedra Selada, 4.V.2015, fl., L.J.T. Cardoso et al. 1415 (RB). Rio Bonito, Serra do Sambê, Estrada Velha de Lavras, 3.VII.2016, fl., G.A. de Quieroz &amp; D.N.S. Machado 368 (RB). Rio das Ostras, Fazenda Itapebussus, 1.VII.2004, fr., A. Oliveira &amp; D. Oliveira 866 (RB). Rio de Janeiro, Parque Nacional da Tijuca, estrada da Vista Chinesa, 27.VII.1960, fl., H.F. Martins 131 (RB). Santa Maria Madalena, área de amortecimento do Parque Estadual de Desengano, 8.VI.2016, fl., J.F.A. Baumgratz et al. 1496 (RB).São Gonçalo, Morro de Itaoca, 12.VII.1997, fr., R.N. Damasceno 565 (RB). Sapucaia, Fazenda Ouro e Sal, 13.IX.2003, fl., L.F.T. Menezes et al. 1042 (RBR). Saquarema, Morro dos Pregos, 10.VI.1982, fl., D. Neto &amp; C. Farney 33 (RB). Silva Jardim, Reserva Biológica Poço das Antas, 6.VIII.1981, fr., E.F. Guimarães et al. 1171 (RB). Teresópolis, dist. Campo Limpo, 28.V.1977, fl., L.A.F. de Carvalho 518 (RB). Volta Redonda, Fazenda Santa Cecilia do Ingà, 14.III.2005, fl., R. Oliveira et al. (RBR 14403).</p><p>Geographical distribution and habitat:  Luehea speciosa is widespread from southern Mexico to Paraguay and northern Argentina (Setser 1977). In Brazil, it occurs in all phytogeographic domains, except the Pampa Biome.  Luehea speciosa is the most frequent species in the State of Rio de Janeiro, occurring in thirty-one municipalities from elevations between 20 and 1,050 m in submontane to altomontane ombrophilous forests and in riparian or gallery forests, showing a preference for areas with high brightness and anthropocenic impact (Fig. 5). This species is present in the following conservation units: Parque Nacional de Itatiaia (Itatiaia), Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Nacional de Rio das Pedras (Mangaratiba),  Parque Estadual da Pedra Selada (Resende),  Parque Nacional da Tijuca,  Parque Natural Municipal da Serra do Mendanha (Rio de Janeiro),  Parque Estadual do Desengano (Santa Maria Madalena), and Reserva Biológica Poço das Antas (Silva Jardim). Flowering and fruiting were recorded throughout the year.</p><p>Luehea speciosa is the type species of the genus, and it is morphologically very similar to  L. macrophylla since both have flowers and fruits larger than most  Brazilian species. It is distinguished from  L. macrophylla for its lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate bracteoles of the epicalyx (vs. ovate), ovary circular to pentagonal in transversal section (vs. angular), and valves of the capsule with dorsal surface convex or plane (Figs. 2 n-p; 3f; vs. deeply sulcate, see Figs. 2h and 3e).</p><p>For the state of Rio de Janeiro, several specimens were identified as  L. grandiflora and some as  L. speciosa . These materials showed considerable overlapping in the morphometric analysis (Gerace 2021), resulting in the failure to make any distinction. Given consistency with the protologue and the priority in publication, all these specimens were herein identified as  L. speciosa . Furthermore, this complex of species is currently being assessed in a broader and more indepth way using molecular analyses to clarify the relationships among taxa (Gerace, in preparation).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7408F7C1C3B2355FCEA348ED1D7FAF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gerace, Samuele;Peruzzi, Lorenzo;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.;Bovini, Massimo G.	Gerace, Samuele, Peruzzi, Lorenzo, Baumgratz, José Fernando A., Bovini, Massimo G. (2025): Flora of Rio de Janeiro: the genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae). Rodriguesia (e 00512024) 76: 1-13, DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202576007, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860202576007
