identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
D35C2663FF8CE157FF50F9DEFE60FD3F.text	D35C2663FF8CE157FF50F9DEFE60FD3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis Hubner 1823	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Psalis Hübner, [1823]</p>
            <p> Psalis Hübner, [1823] , Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge, bestehend in Bekundigung einzelner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer nichteuropäischer Gattungen 2: 19, figs 291, 292. Type species:  Psalis securis Hübner, [1823] by monotypy. </p>
            <p>Characterisation of the genus.</p>
            <p> Psalis is an old-world genus widely distributed in the tropical-subtropical regions of Asia, Australia and Africa with highly similar species throughout its range. The species of the genus have a largely characteristic external habitus expressed by the well-developed feathery antennae possessing long rami in males and shorter ones in females, the narrow, elongate forewing with fawn to dark brown ground colour patterned by a dark longitudinal area running medially along the whole length of the forewing and the broad, rounded, pale hindwing lacking any markings. The sexual dimorphism is moderately prominent, the females are ca. 20% larger than the males with more elongate, apically produced, pointed forewings. The male genitalia are characterised by the short, stout bifid uncus, the short, rounded, earlike socii, the relatively short triangular tegumen, the deeply cleft valva with a narrow digitiform, strongly sclerotized dorsal (costal) process and a wider, elongate-triangular membranous and slightly setose valvula and the weakly sclerotized sacculus possessing a short, oblique crest. The juxta is unmodified, ring-like, consisting of a pair of narrow, curved, distally pointed plates; the vinculum is short and rounded. The phallus is very short, moderately thick, medially curved without carinal process; the vesica is short, largely inflated, possessing a very small cornuti field consisting of ca. 4–6 tiny triangular cornuti. The female genitalia are characterised by the short, wide, rounded papillae anales, the well-developed, rounded pseudopapillae, the short and broad ovipositor, the conspicuously long posterior apophyses and the very short, weakly sclerotized ribbon-like 8 th tergite. The ostium bursae is characteristically wide with heavily sclerotized margin, the shape of which is an important specific character, the distal end of the ductus bursae forms a short but broad, heavily sclerotized, goblet-shaped antrum, the proximal section of the ductus bursae is relatively thick and membranous, the cervix bursae is unmodified, the corpus bursae is large ovoid bearing heavily sclerotized, variably dilated dash-like transverse signum bursae. </p>
            <p>Overview of Asian taxa</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF8CE157FF50F9DEFE60FD3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
D35C2663FF8DE150FF50FCCAFBD7FE0D.text	D35C2663FF8DE150FF50FCCAFBD7FE0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis securis Hubner 1823	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psalis securis Hübner, [1823] stat. rev.</p>
            <p>(Figs 1, 18, 27, 40, 55)</p>
            <p> 
Psalis securis 
Hübner, [1823] , Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge, bestehend in Bekundigung einzelner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer nichteuropäischer Gattungen 2: 19, figs 291, 292. Syntype, female, depository unknown, types probably lost. Type locality: [Indonesia] “  Ostindien von Java ”. </p>
            <p> 
Arestha antica 
Walker, 1855 , List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 4: 805. Holotype, male in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: [Indonesia] Java. </p>
            <p> Rigema tacta Walker, 1865 , List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 32: 438. Holotype, male in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: Australia. Remark. It cannot be ruled out that  P. tacta is a bona species, due to its distribution and genetic divergence from Asian taxa (Balaji et al. 2021), nevertheless we retain its synonymy with  P. securis until comparative material from Australia is studied and phylogenetic analyses sampling both Indomalayan (  P. securis ) and Australian (  P. tacta ) specimens, are completed. </p>
            <p> 
Anchyneura praeusta 
Felder, 1861 , Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 43 (1): 33. Holotype, male in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: [Indonesia]  Amboina [= Ambon Island]. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>  Indonesia. 1 male, 1 female, E. Java,  Nongkodjadjar , 4000 ft, ii.1934, leg. A.R. Wegner, QR code labels with unique ids: NHMUK010292336 (male)  ,  NHMUK010292340 (female) ,   gen. slide  Nos : NHMUK 014332605 (male)  ,  NHMUK 014332609 (female) (prepared by G.M. László) (NHMUK) ;  1 male, Java, leg. Horsfield, gen. slide No.: BP 050 ;  1 female, Java, gen. slide No.: BP 043 (OUMNH) . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic note. Although the rather variable specimens of  P. pennatula (Indian subcontinent) and  P. securis (Java) are indistinguishable based on their habitus and the male genitalia configuration, the comparison of the female genitalia of specimens from Java and the Indian subcontinent revealed several distinctive characters between the two Asiatic species. These characters are expressed by the noticeably longer papillae anales and pseudopapillae, the medially deeply notched distal margin of the ostium bursae and the very narrow and long, thread-like signum bursae of the Javan  P. securis in contrast to the gently arched ostial margin and the shorter and markedly broader, elliptical plate of the signum bursae in the Indian  P. pennatula (Figs 40–42). In spite of the fact that numerous online sources list  P. securis as a valid taxon (e.g., www.afromoths.net, www.funet.fi), we could not trace the taxonomic act reviving  P. securis from synonymy with  P. pennatula and consider the former to remain in synonymy with the latter following Bryk (1934). The clarification of the identity of  P. securis is rather problematic as the primary type of  P. securis together with many other Hübner specimens was probably destroyed in a fire during the Vienna Revolution in 1848 (Gilligan &amp; Wright 2013). Thus, the identity of this species cannot be confirmed with full certainty, although it is highly likely that  Psalis specimens from such a welldefined type locality as Java, belong to  P. securis . As it cannot be ruled out that primary type specimens of  P. securis have survived the fire and currently reside in the immense collections of the Natural History Museum in Vienna, a neotype designation would be unsound; however, based on examinations of topotypical specimens we tentatively confirm the distinctness of  P. securis stat. rev. and is treated as a valid species. Further questions that require answering include whether  P. securis is confined to the island of Java or whether it has a more extensive range expanding into India and/or Australia, and, vice versa in the case of  P. pennatula . In order to elucidate the accurate distributions of these Asiatic species and establish if  P. pennatula and  P. securis are indeed allopatric taxa, extensive morphological and genetic studies are required which are beyond the scope of this present paper. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF8DE150FF50FCCAFBD7FE0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
D35C2663FF8AE151FF50FDE9FE57F925.text	D35C2663FF8AE151FF50FDE9FE57F925.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis pennatula (Fabricius 1793)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psalis pennatula (Fabricius, 1793)</p>
            <p>(Figs 2–3, 19–20, 28–29, 41–42, 49–50)</p>
            <p> Bombyx pennatula Fabricius, 1793 , Entomologia systematica emendate et aucta. Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus (3) 1: 465. 2 syntypes, in coll. ZMUC (Zimsen 1964). Type locality: [East India] “ India orientali”. </p>
            <p> Rigema falcata Walker, 1865 , List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 32: 437. 2 syntypes, in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: [Sri Lanka] Ceylon and [Indonesia] Java. Remark. Only a female specimen from “ Ceylon ” was traced in the collection of NHMUK. Walker’s description indeed refers to a female specimen (cf. “antennae slightly pectinated…Fore wings lanceolate, falcate, acute…”) but despite this, he indicated the sex of the specimen as male. Walker included a male specimen from Java as a second (syn)type which was almost certainly the holotype of  Arestha antica described 10 years before  Rigema falcata . Based on Walker’s original description, the Sri Lankan specimen would seem the most prudent upon which to fix the name, but this act ought to be implemented within the framework of a comprehensive revision of the Asian taxa, and in this present work, we maintain the synonymy of  R. falcata with  P. pennatula . </p>
            <p> Anticyra approximata Walker, 1865 , List of the specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum 32: 440. Holotype, female in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: [North India] “N. I.”. Remark. The holotype specimen of  A. approximata although indicated in the original description as a male, is female in line with the descriptive text. As in the case of  Rigema falcata above, it may be that the bipectinate nature of the female antennae caused Walker to mistake the sex of the specimens he examined. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p> India. 1 male, Assam, 05.viii.1906, leg. W.F. Badgley. QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK010292334 ,   gen. slide  No. : NHMUK 014332603 (prepared by G.M. László)  ;   1 male,  Kanara , leg. T. R. Bell, QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK010292335  ,   gen. slide  No. : NHMUK 014332604 (prepared by G.M. László)  ;   1 female, N. Assam,  Dibrugrah , leg. E.C. Ward, QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK010292338  ,   gen. slide  No. : NHMUK 014332607 (prepared by G.M. László) (NHMUK)  .   2 males,  Khasis , ex Doncaster coll., gen. slide No.: BP 047  ;   1 male,  Khasi Hills , x.1889, ex. Brodie coll., gen. slide No.: BP 053  ;   1 male,  Sultanpur , 1888, leg. Captain G. Young, gen slide No.: BP 054  ; 1 male, S. India, ex. Doncaster coll., gen. slide No.: BP 046;   1 female,  Khasis , ix.1894, ex. Doncaster coll., gen. slide No.: BP 042  ;   1 female, Assam,  Shillong , ix.1893, ex. Doncaster coll., gen. slide No.: BP 049  ;   1 female,  Shillong , ix.1893, ex. Brodie coll., gen. slide No.: BP 048 (OUMNH)  .   Philippines. 1 male, Baguio, Benguet,  Luzon , 5000 ft, 16.vi.1913 leg. A.E. Wileman, QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK010292337  ,   gen. slide  No. : NHMUK 014332606 (prepared by G.M. László) (NHMUK)  .   Sri Lanka. 1 male, 1 female,  Ceylon , ex. Doncaster coll., QR code labels with unique id.: NHMUK 010292333 (male)  ,  NHMUK010292339 (female) ,   gen. slide  Nos : NHMUK 014332602 (male)  ,  NHMUK 014332608 (female) (prepared by G.M. László) (NHMUK) .   1 female,  Ceylon , 1873, gen. slide No.: BP 045 (OUMNH)  . </p>
            <p> Remark. The species has hitherto not been reported from the Philippines but since the males of  P. pennatula and  P. securis cannot be reliably distinguished, the identification of the specimen listed above is not conclusive. </p>
            <p> Ffigures 1–9. Adults, male. 1.  Psalis securis (NHMUK) . 2.  P. pennatula (NHMUK) . 3. Id. (OUMNH). 4.  P. africana, HT (NHMUK) . 5. Id., PT (NHMUK). 6. Id. (ANHRT). 7. Id. (ANHRT). 8. Id. (ANHRT). 9.  P. punctuligera (NHMUK) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF8AE151FF50FDE9FE57F925	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
D35C2663FF8BE152FF50F8D2FB7CF956.text	D35C2663FF8BE152FF50F8D2FB7CF956.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis kanshireiensis Wileman & South 1917	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psalis kanshireiensis Wileman &amp; South, 1917</p>
            <p> 
Psalis kanshireiensis 
Wileman &amp; South, 1917 , Entomologist 50: 146. Holotype, male, in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: [Taiwan]  Formosa , Kanshirei. </p>
            <p> Remark. The validity of this Taiwanese taxon needs confirmation as part of a future comprehensive revision of the Asiatic  Psalis . </p>
            <p> Taxonomic account of the Afrotropical  Psalis with descriptions of new species </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF8BE152FF50F8D2FB7CF956	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
D35C2663FF88E15DFF50F91DFC46FE0D.text	D35C2663FF88E15DFF50F91DFC46FE0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis africana Kiriakoff 1956	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psalis africana Kiriakoff, 1956</p>
            <p>(Figs 4–8, 21–25, 30–32, 43–47, 51–52)</p>
            <p> Psalis africana Kiriakoff, 1956 , Entomologische Berichten 16: 127. Holotype male, in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: Kenya, Kibwezi. </p>
            <p>Primary type material examined.</p>
            <p>  Holotype. Male, [circular label with red margin] “Type” // “Kibwezi, B.E.A. / 17. Dec. 1921., / (W. Feather).” // “Pupa, / No. 11.” // “Rothschild / Bequest / B.M. 1939-I. ” // “No / areole.” // [with handwritten] “  Psalis / africana / Kiriakoff. / Holotype.” // QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK 012823340 (NHMUK). </p>
            <p>Additional material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  Angola. 1 male,  N’Dalla Tando , 2700 ft, 25.xi.1908, leg. Dr W.J. Ansorge, QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK 010292329  ,   gen. slide  No. : NHMUK 014332598 (prepared by G.M. László) (NHMUK)  .  Kenya. 1 male, paratype, same locality and collector as in holotype but collected on 20.xii.1921, QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK 010292328 ,   gen. slide  No. : NHMUK 014332597 (prepared by G.M. László)  ;  1 female, paratype, same locality and collector, QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK 012823382 (NHMUK) .   Mozambique. 2 males, Maputo Special Reserve, Ponta Milibangalala, (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.924946/lat -26.44961)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.924946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.44961">Dune Grassland</a>
                 ), 15m, 26°26'58.6"S, 32°55'29.8"E, 25–30.v.2017, MV and actinic Light Trap, leg. Aristophanous, M., László, G., Miles, W., Vetina, A., ANHRT  :2017.26, unique ids: ANHRTUK 00077690, 00096711, gen. slide Nos: LG 6366, LG 6367;   1 female, Maputo Special Reserve, West Gate, (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.716557/lat -26.503944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.716557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.503944">Sand Thicket</a>
                 ), 22m, 26°30'14.2"S, 32°42'59.6"E, 21–30.xi.2016, Light Trap, leg. Aristophanous, M., Cristóvão, J., László, G., Miles, W., ANHRT  :2017.22, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00004207, gen. slide No.: LG 6368;   1 female, Maputo Special Reserve, West Gate, (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.716557/lat -26.503944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.716557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.503944">Sand Forest</a>
                 ), 22m, 26°30'14.2"S, 32°42'59.6"E, 21–22.ii.2018, MV Light Trap, leg. László, G., Mulvaney, J., Smith, L., ANHRT  :2018.2, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00150097, gen. slide No.: LG 6373;   1 male, Manica Province, Chimanimani National Reserve, Nyabawa village (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 33.031418/lat -19.702612)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=33.031418&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.702612">Eastern Miombo Woodland</a>
                 ), 708m, 19°42'09.4"S, 33°01'53.1"E, 5–6.viii.2018, LepiLED Light Trap, leg. László, G., Miles, W., Vetina, A., ANHRT  :  2018.30, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00046968, gen. slide No.: LG 6372 (ANHRT) .   South Africa. 1 male, Natal,  Durban , ii.1906, leg. Bell Marley, QR code label with unique id.: NHMUK 010292330  ,   gen. slide  No. : NHMUK 014332599 (prepared by G.M. László) (NHMUK)  .   South Sudan. 1 female,  Tereteinia Hill , 11.xii.1925, ca. 3200 ft, leg. G.D. Hale Carpenter, gen. slide No.: BP 044 (OUMNH)  .   Zambia. 1 male, Chilambwe Falls,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.726389/lat -9.836945)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.726389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.836945">Kafubu River</a>
                 , 1420 m, 09°50'13"S, 30°43'35"E, 08–12.ii.2019, MV Light Trap, leg. Dérozier, V., Mulvaney, L., Takano, H., ANHRT  :2019.4, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00251601, gen. slide No.: LG 6359;   1 male, 1 female, Choma, Bruce-Miller Farm Nansai (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.029722/lat -16.642221)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.029722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.642221">Southern Miombo</a>
                 woodland), 1179m, 16°38'32"S, 27°01'47"E, 25.iv.–01.v.2022, MV Light Trap, Miles, W., Mulvaney, L. leg., ANHRT  :2022.6, unique ids: ANHRTUK 00263214, 00263492, gen. slide Nos: LG 6360, LG 6376;   1 male, Senka Hill,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.085/lat -9.095278)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.095278">Mukulizi Forest Reserve</a>
                 , Muchinga Province, 1566m, 09°05'43"S, 32°05'06"E, 01– 06.v.2019, MV Light Trap, leg. Dérozier, V., László, G., Miles, W., ANHRT  :2019.12, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00136084, gen. slide No.: LG 6362;   1 male, Lukwakwa, West Lunga NP, (  Cryptosepalum forest /  Dambo ), 1147m, S12°39'40", E24°26'13", 09–15.xi.2018, MV Light Trap, leg. Aristophanous, M., Dérozier, V., László, G., Oram, D., ANHRT  :2018.40, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00066307, gen. slide No.: LG 6363;   1 female, Jiwundu Swamp, (Miombo /  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.555555/lat -11.865001)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.555555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.865001">Riverine forest</a>
                 mosaic), 1340m, 11°51'54"S, 25°33'20"E, 29.x –04.xi.2018, MV Light Trap, leg. Aristophanous, M., Dérozier, V., László, G., Oram, D., ANHRT  :2018.40, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00063044, gen. slide No.: LG 6369;   3 females,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.565556/lat -11.627222)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.565556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.627222">Danger Hill</a>
                 , 30 km North of Mpika, Muchinga Province, 1684m, 11°37'38"S, 31°33'56"E, 27–30.iv.2019, MV and LepiLED Light Trap, leg. Dérozier, V., László, G., Miles, W., ANHRT  :  2019.12, unique ids: ANHRTUK 00080959, 00080960, 00083764, gen. slide Nos: LG 6370, LG 6374, LG 6375 (ANHRT) . 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Although externally indistinguishable, in the male genitalia, the following subtle differences can be observed between  P. africana and the Asian species:  P. africana has a noticeably narrower valvula and a somewhat larger, more inflated basal section and distal diverticulum of the vesica. In the female genitalia, the differences between  P. africana and  P. pennatula are more distinctive, expressed by the markedly heavier sclerotization of the ostium bursae, the considerably shorter, anteriorly more abruptly constricted antrum, the narrower and more strongly sclerotized ductus bursae and the shorter transverse ovoidal plate of the signum bursae in  P. africana compared to those of the  P. pennatulasecuris species pair. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic note. In their conference paper, Balaji et al. (2021) briefly referred to a phylogenetic analysis in which samples from Kenya and Tamil Nadu (India) clustered separately, though diverging only very slightly, whilst a sample from Australia diverged considerably from the  P. pennatula-africana cluster. It is also interesting to note that the configuration of the ostium bursae seems to be constantly different in the East African and the Zambian populations: the former has an evenly arcuate distal margin of the ostium (similar to that of  P. pennatula but much more heavily sclerotized) while the latter has a conspicuous U-shaped medial notch, somewhat similar to the shallower and rather V-shaped ostial notch in  P. securis . Unsurprisingly for this group, no constant distinctive characters were observed in the external habitus and male genital morphology of the southern-eastern and southern-central African  P. africana populations; molecular studies however might elucidate the taxonomic value of the observed differences in the female genitalia structures. </p>
            <p> Bionomics and distribution. Kiriakoff (1956a) reported  P. africana from Angola (a specimen has been dissected in the NHMUK, see above), DRC, Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe; some of the records from central and western DRC, Ghana (not traced during this study) and Nigeria (3 specimens examined and dissected in NHMUK and OUMNH), refer to  P. bashfordae sp. n. , as does Aurivillius’ (1900) record of  P. pennatula from Mukinbungu (DRC). Additionally, Dall’Asta (1977) reported the species from Ethiopia, and Sevastopulo (1957) from Uganda as  Psalis pennatula .  Psalis securis was accounted for from several African countries (Kenya: Butler (1894), Mozambique: Pagenstecher (1893), South Africa: Janse (1915), Distant (1897), Hampson (1905), Zimbabwe: Hampson (1905)) prior to Kiriakoff’s description of the Afrotropical  Psalis and these records refer to  P. africana . The specimens examined from Zambia during this study represent a new country record. </p>
            <p> Psalis africana seems to be more prevalent in open woodland habitats, although it occurs sympatrically in northwest Zambia with  P. smithi sp. n. in wetlands and hygrophilous grasslands (dambo), as well. This species is polyvoltine with records from both the rainy and dry seasons. The larva of  P. africana has been reported (as  P. pennatula ) to feed on various cereals and undefined grasses (Sevastopulo 1975) and, similarly to its Asian sisters, may have the potential to be considered as an agricultural pest on farm crops of the  Poaceae family (Kroon 1999). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF88E15DFF50F91DFC46FE0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
D35C2663FF85E159FF50FF06FE59FC07.text	D35C2663FF85E159FF50FF06FE59FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis smithi László & Powell 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psalis smithi sp. n.</p>
            <p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A5D6F1AF-7072-4578-8608-AAEDD23BED01</p>
            <p>(Figs 10–12, 26, 36–38, 48, 54)</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.404999/lat -11.486667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.404999&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.486667">Male</a>
                 , “ ZAMBIA 1396m / Chitunta Plain / (Miombo/Dambo mosaic) / 11°29'12"S, 24°24'18"E / 29.xi.–4.xii.2019 MV LightTrap / Bashford, M., Miles, W., / Mulvaney, L. Leg. / ANHRT:2019.25” // unique id.: ANHRTUK 00125545, gen. slide No.: LG 6361 (ANHRT). 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Paratypes. Zambia. 5 males, 1 female, with the same data as in holotype, unique ids: ANHRTUK 00266197, 00125470, 00125541, 00125582, 00141801 (males), 00125507 (female), gen. slide Nos: BP 051, BP 052 (males), LG 6371 (female) ;  1 male, same data but collected by actinic light trap, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00124701 ;   1 male,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.554722/lat -11.606112)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.554722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.606112">Mwinilunga</a>
                 , Nkwaji, 1316m, 11°36'22"S, 24°33'17"E, 03– 10.xii.2020, MV Light Trap, leg. Chizuwa, D., Choongo, W., ANHRT  :2022.4, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00265038;   1 male,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.555555/lat -11.865001)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.555555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.865001">Jiwundu Swamp</a>
                 , (Miombo / Riverine forest mosaic), 1340m, 11°51'54"S, 25°33'20"E, 29.x.–04.xi.2018, MV Light Trap, leg. Aristophanous, M., Dérozier, V., László, G., Oram, D., ANHRT  :2018.40, unique id.: ANHRTUK 00063051 (ANHRT). 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Adult (Figs 10–12, 26). Forewing length 16–17 mm in male, 20 mm in female paratype. Head relatively large, antenna bipectinate, rami of female antenna ca. one-quarter as long as those of male, ochreous in both sexes, dorsal side of antenna shaft pale ochreous grey; labial palp short and broad, porrect, third segment as long as first and second combined, covered in long ochreous piliform scales, first and second segments interspersed with dark brown scales. Frons, vertex and collar pale ochreous, vertex with some admixture of darker scales medially. Tegula covered in pale ochreous, long piliform scales turning pale grey apically; mesothorax pale ochreous grey. Legs. Fore- and midleg covered in long greyish brown piliform scales, hindleg pale ochreous; index of spurs 0-2-4. Abdomen shiny whitish grey. Forewing narrow and relatively short, costal margin very gently arched, apex rounded in male, pointed and slightly produced in female, termen evenly convex in male, slightly falcate in female, anal margin gently arcuate. Ground colour pale greyish brown, with blackish longitudinal streak along medial vein followed by a narrow, pale ochreous brown longitudinal area dorsally filling in cell and area between R5 and M1; transverse lines and discal spot absent, cilia relatively long, chequered with pale grey and dark brown. Underside pale ochreous brown in costal two-thirds, creamy white in anal third, longitudinal streak weakly discernible. Hindwing white with some creamy tinge along termen; transverse lines and discal spot absent; cilia relatively long, white. Underside as of upperside. Sexual dimorphism marked, forewing of female paratype ca. 15% longer than that of males with acute forewing apex and slightly falcate subapical section of termen.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Figs 36–38). Uncus short and robust, dorsomedially with wide longitudinal groove produced to short laterodistal processes forming bifid apex. Socii very short but broad basally, with slightly concave dorsal margin, short produced apex and evenly rounded ventral margin. Tegumen short with relatively broad lateral arms gradually tapered proximad. Valva very short, broad at base, deeply cleft comprising a thin, finger-like sclerotized costal process and a wider, slightly tapered, tongue-shaped, sparsely setose and membranous valvula divided by deep, U-shaped depression; sacculus small, bearing a short, sclerotized straight ridge running at 45˚ angle from base of valva. Juxta ring-shaped, constructed of broad, curved, basally fused, apically pointed plates; vinculum very short with small, rounded-triangular saccus. Phallus short, moderately thick, coecum penis rounded, ventral margin gently curved, dorsal margin straight, carina unmodified; vesica very short, inflated spherical with very short distal diverticulum and small, elongate serrate plate of cornuti medially; vesica ejaculatorius narrow tubular.</p>
            <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 48). Papilla analis short and very broad with small rounded pseudopapilla, ovipositor short, broad trapezoidal; apophysis posterioris thin, medium long, as long as apophysis anterioris; 8 th tergite very short and broad, ribbon-like. Ostium bursae wide, heavily sclerotized with densely spinulose margin, curly bracket-shaped; antrum short and broad, conspicuously quadrangular, moderately sclerotized; ductus bursae medium long, as long as diameter of corpus bursae, gradually dilated proximad; corpus bursae relatively small, spherical, fully membranous, signum bursae absent.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Psalis smithi sp. n. is readily distinguished from  P. africana by its smaller size (the forewing length of the latter species ranges between 16–19 mm in males and 20–24 mm in females), slimmer body and the more uniformly greyish brown ground colour and sharply defined longitudinal streak of the forewing. Contrastingly in  P. africana , the bicolorous forewing, where the dorsal area is fawn and the ventral area is either grey with a purplish hue or fading into dark fawn and the transition between the different coloured areas is, although abrupt, never marked with a contrasting dark streak. Furthermore, the hindwing of the new species is uniformly white, whilst it is variably creamy white or pale ochreous often with a brown fringe in  P. africana . </p>
            <p> In the male genitalia, compared to  P. africana , the new species has a dorsomedially deeply excavated uncus (it is only very slightly excavated in  P. africana ), shorter, more pointed socii, ca. 25% shorter valva with thinner costal process and a markedly shorter vinculum. The phalli of both species are similar with a slightly shorter coecum penis in  P. smithi sp. n. which has a considerably smaller, spherical inflated proximal section of the vesica in contrast to the ca. twice larger, ovoid vesica of  P. africana . </p>
            <p> Compared to  P. africana , the female genitalia of  P. smithi sp. n. have a markedly shorter, apically less lobate anal papilla, a slightly wider, curly bracket-shaped ostium bursae (it is evenly concave or deeply notched in  P. africana ), a considerably shorter, less sclerotized antrum, a narrower and shorter ductus bursae and a much smaller, spherical corpus bursae lacking signum bursae in contrast to the ovoid bursa copulatrix of  P. africana possessing a large elliptical plate of signum bursae. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Richard Smith, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, African Natural History Research Trust, acknowledging his remarkable support of entomological research in Sub-Saharan Africa.</p>
            <p> Bionomics and distribution.  Psalis smithi sp. n. is exclusively known to date from northwest Zambia where it inhabits marshlands and hygrophilous grasslands (dambo). All individuals were captured during the early rainy season. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF85E159FF50FF06FE59FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
D35C2663FF80E144FF50FF06FC59FD39.text	D35C2663FF80E144FF50FF06FC59FD39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis bashfordae László & Powell 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psalis bashfordae sp. n.</p>
            <p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 069F8495-F9A4-4DD9-945E-41DF6C4AFFB4</p>
            <p>(Figs 13–17, 33–35, 53)</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.886666/lat 0.5844444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.886666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.5844444">Male</a>
                 , “ REPUBLIC OF CONGO 390m / Odzala- Kokoua National Park, / Lobo Research Camp / 00°35'04"N, 14°53'12"E / 12–19.iv.2024, actinic light trap / Bashford,M., László,G., / Talani,M., Yaba Ngouma,S. leg. / ANHRT:2024.7” // unique id.: ANHRTUK 00214691, gen. slide No.: LG 6422 (ANHRT). 
            </p>
            <p>  Paratypes. DRC. 1 male,  Léopoldville , 24.v.1949, leg. Dr. Fontaine, QR code label with unique id: NHMUK 010292341 (NHMUK)  .   Nigeria. 2 males,  Kateregi , 12.ix.1910, leg. Scott Macfie, QR code label with unique id: NHMUK 010292331  ,   gen slide  No. : NHMUK 014332600 (NHMUK)  ;   1 male,  Zungeru , 22.xi.1911, gen slide No.: BP 055 (OUMNH)  .  Republic of Congo. 5 males, with same data as in holotype, unique ids: ANHRTUK 00381891, 00381894, 00381893, 00381892, 00214725, gen slide Nos: LG 6365, 6364 ;  6 males, same data but collected by MV light trap, 13–18.iv.2024, unique ids: ANHRTUK 00381896, 00381895, 00381897, 00214722, 00214733, 00214734 ;  1 male, same data but collected by LepiLED light trap, 16–17.iv.2024, unique id: ANHRTUK 00381898 (ANHRT) . </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Adult. Male (Figs 13–17). Forewing length 12–13 mm in male. Head relatively large, antenna bipectinate, rami ochreous brown, antenna shaft greyish brown; labial palp short and broad, covered in long piliform scales, dorsal side pale ochreous, ventral side greyish. Frons covered in mixture of dark grey, whitish and ochreous scales; vertex ochreous grey; collar hay, vertex with some admixture of darker scales medially. Tegula and mesothorax covered in long brownish grey piliform scales dusted with white. Legs. Foreleg greyish brown with some white scales, midleg femur ochreous brown, tibia darker towards tarsi, hindleg, femur yellowish white, tibia darker toward tarsi; index of spurs 0-2-4. Abdomen whitish. Forewing narrow and relatively short, costal margin very gently arched, apex rounded, termen straight, tornus smoothly rounded, anal margin very gently convex. Ground colour dark brown to fawn, longitudinal streak along medial vein not distinguishable, subterminal triangle beneath median vein darker than rest of wing; small blackish spot present postmedially near tornus; transverse lines and discal spot absent; cilia greyish brown. Underside as of upperside but paler, triangular patch weakly discernible. Hindwing white with some creamy tinge along termen; transverse lines and discal spot absent; cilia pale brownish white, slightly darker around apex. Underside as of upperside.</p>
            <p>Male genitalia (Figs 33–35). Uncus short, quadrangular, apex bifid with short rounded processes. Socii very short, broad basally, with rounded margins and apex. Tegumen short with relatively broad lateral arms gradually tapered proximad. Valva short, broad at base, deeply cleft comprising a thin, long, finger-like sclerotized costal process overreaching a wider, strongly tapered, triangular, sparsely setose and membranous valvula. Valval lobes divided by deep, V-shaped depression; sacculus relatively long, with a sclerotized straight ridge running at 45˚ angle from base of valva. Juxta ring-shaped, constructed of broad, curved, basally fused, apically pointed plates; vinculum short with well-developed, rounded-triangular saccus. Phallus short, moderately thick, coecum penis rounded, ventral margin gently curved, dorsal margin straight, carina unmodified; vesica short, largely inflated ovoid with large distal diverticulum and small, elongate serrate plate of cornuti basally; vesica ejaculatorius thick tubular.</p>
            <p>Female unknown.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Psalis bashfordae sp. n. is readily distinguished from  P. africana by its much smaller size (the forewing length of the latter species ranges between 16–19 mm in males), slimmer body and the more uniformly dark brown ground colour.  Psalis bashfordae sp. n. has a slightly darker triangular area in the distal half of the forewing in contrast to the longitudinally divided bicolorous forewing of  P. africana where the dorsal area is fawn and the ventral area is either grey with a purplish hue or fading into dark fawn. This transition is abrupt in  P. africana but is only represented by a lightly contrasting triangle in  P. bashfordae sp. n. Additionally, a subtornal spot is present in both species, but is more heavily marked in  P. africana . </p>
            <p> In the male genitalia, the new species has a slightly narrower uncus and noticeably shorter valvula, where the long costal process extends further past the tip of the valvula than in  P. africana . The inflated vesica is more greatly elongate in  P. bashfordae sp. n. , near ovoid in shape, as opposed to the more spherical vesica in  P. africana . </p>
            <p>Etymology. It is with great pleasure that this new species is dedicated to Molly Bashford (ANHRT), committed museologist and experienced field worker, collector of a substantial number of new insect species in Africa.</p>
            <p> Bionomics and distribution.  Psalis bashfordae sp. n. is known to date from northern Congo, western DRC, and Nigeria. Kiriakoff (1956a) listed specimens from throughout DRC (all in the collections of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium) and although require confirmation, those from Congo-Ubangi, Stanleyville, Tshuapa, Bas-Congo and Sankuru probably belong to this species. The specimen cited from Ghana by Kiriakoff (1965a) could not be traced but most likely belongs to this species. The specimens in northern Congo were collected in a wet savannah habitat surrounded by marshland and forest patches in the beginning of the rainy season. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF80E144FF50FF06FC59FD39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
D35C2663FF9EE147FF50FCE6FB40FABA.text	D35C2663FF9EE147FF50FCE6FB40FABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psalis punctuligera (Mabille 1880)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psalis punctuligera (Mabille, 1880)</p>
            <p>(Figs 9, 39)</p>
            <p> 
Anchirithra punctuligera 
Mabille, 1880 , Annales de la Société entomologique de France (5) 9: 315. Holotype, male in coll. NHMUK. Type locality: Madagascar. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>  Madagascar. 1 male,  Tongobory and Besaha, x.1934, leg. R. Catala, QR code label with unique id: NHMUK 010292332  ,  gen. slide No.: NHMUK 014332601 (prepared by G.M. László) (NHMUK). </p>
            <p> Remark. The facies of the Madagascan  Psalis species is highly distinct displaying a broad dark brown longitudinal band in the anal third and a narrow, gently arched, brown longitudinal streak in the costal third of the forewing, largely dissimilar to the other  Psalis species. Based on the male genitalia morphology,  P. punctuligera has closer affinities to  P. smithi sp. n. , possessing a similarly short valva and a small spherical basal section of the vesica, however, without cornuti. </p>
            <p>Discussion</p>
            <p> Our morphological investigations confirmed the distinctness of the Afrotropical tussock moth  Psalis africana , a species which cannot be safely distinguished from its Asian relatives based on habitus or male genital morphology. The original description of  P. africana (Kiriakoff 1956a) was somewhat vague referring to diagnostic features relying primarily on the differing tympanum/counter tympanum ratio between the Asian and African specimens. Kiriakoff provided an illustration of  P. africana in the Lymantriinae instalment of his series on the tympanal organ (Kiriakoff 1956b) but as a comparative illustration of  P. pennatula was not included, it was difficult to discern the degree of difference between the ratios. As such, we intended to test Kiriakoff’s assertion. </p>
            <p> For the purposes of this paper, we examined the width of the tympanal and counter tympanal membranes, to ascertain whether there was a difference in the ratio of these structures between taxa. After examining a variety of Asian  P. pennatula and African  P. africana specimens, as well as the two new species described in this paper, we concluded there was no clear difference in ratio of tympanum to counter tympanum between species (Figs 49–55), and so it was deemed unnecessary to include measurements of the width of either membrane within this paper. We did, however, find variation between specimens belonging to the same species as reported by Kiriakoff (1956a), where the tympanum is closer in size to the counter tympanum (Figs 51–52). It was therefore by chance, that the African and Asian specimens studied by Kiriakoff respectively grouped together using this character. However, in agreement with Kiriakoff’s (1956a) statements in the original description of  P. africana , we found constant differences between certain structures of the ostium bursae and the signum bursae of the female genitalia of African and Asian specimens confirming the validity of  P. africana (Figs 40– 47). It is important to mention, however, that the different configuration of the ostium bursae and signum bursae (Figs 40–42) was also observed between Indian and Javan specimens confirming that  P. pennatula from the Indian subcontinent is morphologically distinguishable from  P. securis described from Java, resulting in the latter species being reinstated from synonymy with the former. </p>
            <p> In their conference poster, Balaji et al. (2021) provided a morphological characterisation of  P. pennatula , which is considered to be an agricultural pest of rice in India. Additionally, the authors illustrated a phylogram built from seven samples showing little divergence between Indian and African samples but both distinct from an Australian sample suggesting perhaps that  P. africana and  P. pennatula underwent speciation more recently after an initial split from the Australian species (either  P. securis or  P. tacta ). As the genus seems to be widespread in South East Asia and is known from the Australian continent as well, a respective revisional study is required to clarify the taxonomic content and distribution of the Asian  Psalis which, much like our present discoveries in the African fauna, is probably more diverse than it is currently believed. </p>
            <p> Further examination of the African  Psalis revealed two additional, hitherto undescribed species, increasing thus the species number on continental Africa from one to three (with a fourth on Madagascar). Based on small but constant differences in female genital morphology, another potential taxon inhabiting the Zambian plateau may also be delimited if additional diagnostic features, for instance genetic traits, provide another strain of evidence for the taxonomic distinctness of this population. The sympatric  P. africana and  P. smithi sp. n. are largely distinguished in both external as well as genital morphology, whilst the allopatric central-western African  P. bashfordae sp. n. displays a highly distinctive external habitus whilst its genital morphology suggests close affinities to  P. africana , as might be expected with allopatric speciation. </p>
            <p> Whilst molecular studies cannot be discounted, as discussed throughout this paper, our study is a further example of the importance of in-depth morphological investigations in revealing the true diversity of the Afrotropical  Lepidoptera (cf. László et al. 2023, Takano &amp; László 2024, Volynkin 2023, Taberer et al. 2023) where countless new taxa still await description, even in such well-known, appealing genera like  Psalis . </p>
            <p>Acknowledgements</p>
            <p>  In the Republic of Congo, we are indebted to the staff of the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, in particular to Jonas Erickson (director), Gwili Gibbon (head of research) Sylvain Yaba Ngouma (research assistant) and Adrich Mouamana (head of logistics) for their continuous support during ANHRT’s fieldwork. Merlia Talani (Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville) is thanked for her invaluable assistance in the field as well as for acting as an interpreter. We are indebted to the Ministère de l’Enseignement Superieur de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation Technologique for granting us a research permit and Joseph Moumbouilou (Direction de la Faune et des aires protégées, DEFAP) and Victor Mamonekene (  Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, IRSEN) for issuing the necessary export permits.  In Zambia,  Rhoda Kachali (  Department of National Parks and  Wildlife – ZAWA, Lusaka),  Claire Mateke and  Martha Imakando (  Livingstone Museum ,  Livingstone ) are thanked for the diverse administrative and technical assistance provided during fieldwork as well as for issuing the research and export permits  . </p>
            <p> We are grateful to Alberto Zilli and Geoff Martin (NHMUK) and James Hogan (OUMNH) for kindly facilitating access to the Lymantriinae type and accession material under their care. The images of the holotype and paratype of  Psalis africana are reproduced with permission from the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). </p>
            <p>The authors declare that to the best of their knowledge they conform to the national regulations and meet with the conditions and requirements of International Conventions concerning collecting/export and handling of the specimens presented in this Article.</p>
            <p>References</p>
            <p>Aurivillius, C. (1897) Bemerkungen zu den von J. Chr. Fabricius aus dänischen sammlungen beschriebenen lepidopteren. Entomologisk tidskrift, 18, 139–174. [In German]</p>
            <p>Aurivillius, C. (1900) Verzeichniss einer von den Herren Missionären E. Laman und W. Sjöholm bei Mukinbungu am unteren Congo zusammengebrachten Schmetterlingssammlung. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 57 (9), 1039–1058. [In German]</p>
            <p>Balaji, R.K., Chitra, N., Arulprakash, R., Mohankumar, S. &amp; Kumaraperumal, R. (2021) Morphological characterization of Rice Yellow Hairy Caterpillar, Psalis pennatula (Fabricius, 1793) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae). Global Rice Conference 2021, Tamil Nadu, poster.</p>
            <p>Bryk, F. (1934) Lymantriidae. Pars 62. In: Strand, E. (Ed.) Lepidopterorum Catalogus, W. Junk, Berlin, 441 pp.</p>
            <p>Butler, A.G. (1894) On a collection of Lepidoptera from British East Africa, made by Dr. J. W. Gregory between the months of March and August, 1893. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894(3), 557–583, pls 36–37.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35C2663FF9EE147FF50FCE6FB40FABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	László, Gyula M.;Powell, Bethany	László, Gyula M., Powell, Bethany (2024): Review of the Afrotropical Psalis Hübner, [1823] with descriptions of two new species and notes on Asiatic taxa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae, Orgyiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 77: 77-96, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.7
