taxonID	type	description	language	source
CD2E87D2FFBCFFC0FD53FDB600B7CC79.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Acanthicus hystrix Spix & Agassiz, 1829.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBCFFC0FD53FDB600B7CC79.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Anterohyal greatest width greater than half its length (1: 1), loss of flap on quadrate extending below symplectic foramen (66: 0), mesethmoid disk extending anterior to main body of mesethmoid (101: 1), large fenestrae in compound pterotic (109: 1, reversed in Leporacanthicus), tip of transverse process of Weberian complex centrum not contacting compound pterotic (135: 1, reversed in Leporacanthicus), eight or more dorsal-fin rays (142: 1), hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin (188> 1), and keels of lateral plates well developed (198: 1). Comparative diagnosis. Acanthicini can be separated from all other Hypostominae except some Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858 (particularly P. weberi) by having lateral-plate keels made of long, stout odontodes, from all other Hypostominae except Colossimystax and Pterygoplichthys by having more than seven dorsal-fin rays, and from Pterygoplichthys with keels by having strongly evertible cheek odontodes (vs. weakly evertible), by having fewer odontodes dorsal and ventral to keel rows (vs. odontodes normally distributed). In addition, Acanthicus can be separated from Pterygoplichthys by lacking an adipose fin (vs. adipose fin present), Acanthicus and Megalancistrus can be separated from Pterygoplichthys by having compound pterotic extending beyond posteriormost insertion of pectoral fin (vs. maximally through ~ 3 / 4 of pectoral-fin base); and Leporacanthicus and Pseudacanthicus can be separated from Pterygoplichthys by having 10 or fewer teeth per jaw ramus (vs. more than 20).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBCFFC0FD53FDB600B7CC79.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Restricted to larger, main river channel habitats in cis-Andean drainages from the Paraná and São Francisco basins northward, including the Amazon and Orinoco basins and north-flowing Guiana Shield basins.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBAFFD9FC92FF50074CCA24.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Ancistrus snethlageae Steindachner, 1911.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBAFFD9FC92FF50074CCA24.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. No unambiguous character states were found to support Peckoltini. Comparative diagnosis. Peckoltini is a diverse group of genera not easily separated as a group from other members of the Hypostominae. Peckoltini genera tend to have hypertrophied odontodes on lateral plates, especially along the caudal peduncle, while this character is not seen in other Hypostominae; however, these hypertrophied caudal trunk odontodes are also unknown or presumed absent in some species of Peckoltini. Of Peckoltini genera, only Ancistomus lacks a recent taxonomic review, and it is largely separated from all other Hypostominae by having a gray head and body base color with black spots (vs. base color, white, tan, brown, or black).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBAFFD9FC92FF50074CCA24.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Peckoltini is widely distributed throughout the Amazon, Orinoco, Essequibo and other coastal basins of the Guianas as well as the trans-Andean Guayas and Esmeraldas drainages in Ecuador, the Magdalena River, and the Lake Maracaibo basin.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBFFFC3FC95FF500009CC23.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Hypostomus cirrhosus Valenciennes, 1836 (in Valenciennes, 1834 – 39).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBFFFC3FC95FF500009CC23.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. No characters unite tribe Ancistrini as all character state changes at the node are reversed in a majority of taxa. Character state changes found at the node are hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin (188: 1), snout and pectoral-fin odontode sheaths separated from odontode forming short tentacules (208: 1, 209: 1). Comparative diagnosis. The diversity of forms within Ancistrini results in no characteristics that can readily separate it from all other tribes. Ancistrus, Araichthys, Corymbophanes, Dekeyseria, Lasiancistrus, Neblinichthys, and Pseudolithoxus can be separated from all Hypostomini by having three rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. five, rarely four). Araichthys, Corymbophanes, some Neblinichthys, and Yaluwak can be separated from most other Hypostominae by lacking an iris operculum (the dorsal flap that bifurcates the dorsal part of the eye in most loricariids). Hopliancistrus can be separated from all other Hypostominae by generally having three large, stout, continuously curved evertible cheek odontodes (vs. no hypertrophied cheek odontodes or more or less than three with odontodes generally slender and hooked only distally, not curved throughout). Cryptancistrus, Hopliancistrus, and Lasiancistrus can be separated from all other Hypostominae by having hypertrophied odontodes at anterior corner of snout (see Armbruster, 2005). Guyanancistrus is not readily diagnosable from other Hypostominae, see Fisch-Muller et al. (2018) for review.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBFFFC3FC95FF500009CC23.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Found in all cis-Andean drainages from the La Plata River basin northward (including Trinidad) and trans-Andean basins from southern Ecuador to just east of the Herrera Peninsula, Panamá.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBEFFC5FD48FF0D0137CA24.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Chaetostomus platycephalus Boulenger, 1898.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBEFFC5FD48FF0D0137CA24.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Anterior edge of the anterohyal sinusoidal (2: 1, reversed in Cordylancistrus torbesensis and Dolichancistrus cobrensis), mesial facing process on branchiostegal 3 (6: 1, unique), reversal to a large interhyal (27: 0), long opercular condyle of the hyomandibula (38: 1), tall levator arcus palatini crest (44: 2), mesial wall of metapterygoid channel much taller than lateral wall (55: 1, reversed in Cordylancistrus torbesensis), ventral process on quadrate for articulation with canal plate (65: 1), wide, blunt articular condyle of quadrate (67: 1), bar-shaped opercle (75: 2), maximum forward position of opercle to posterolateral corner of the quadrate (77: 1, reversed in Andeancistrus and some Chaetostoma), canal plate covered in skin or plates and not directly supporting odontodes (84: 1, unique), tall ridge on lateral ethmoid for contact with metapterygoid (97: 2), mesethmoid flares anteriorly (102: 1), eight or more dorsal-fin rays (142: 1), nuchal plate covered by skin or plates (147: 1, nuchal plate may be exposed and supporting odontodes in nuptial male Dolichancistrus), reversal to a large space between posterior process of coracoid strut and posterior process of coracoid (164: 0), reversal to tall ventral ridge of pelvic basipterygium (172: 0), and widened first (unbranched) ray of pelvic fin (177: 1, reversed in Dolichancistrus). Comparative diagnosis. Chaetostomatini can be separated from all other Hypostominae except Acanthicini, Collosimystax new genus, and Pterygoplichthys by having eight or more branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. seven); from Acanthicini and Pterygoplichthys by lacking elongate patches of sharp odontodes on lateral plate keels (most species lack lateral plate keels entirely, Andeancistrus platycephalus and Chaetostoma spondylus have round patches of elevated, keel-like odontodes on lateral plates); from Collosimystax new genus by mature males having usually zero and maximally two cheek odontodes extending past the head (vs.> 40), and by having plates in ventral series posterior to anal fin broadly convex (vs. dorsal halves of plates concave, forming a strong keel); and from Pterygoplichthys by lacking plates on abdomen (vs. abdominal plates present), and by having caudal fin truncate or maximally emarginate (vs. forked).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBEFFC5FD48FF0D0137CA24.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Most species with exclusively Andean distribution, including cis-Andean streams from southern Peru to the Caribbean Andes west of Caracas (including the Caribbean slope) and trans-Andean basins from the Tumbes River in Northern Peru to the Chagres River of Panamá. Three species of Chaetostoma occur in scattered drainages east of the Andes, such as the Caroni, Caura, and Branco rivers draining the Guiana Shield north in Venezuela and south in Brazil, and a few northern and southern tributaries of the lower Amazon in Brazil (Meza-Vargas et al., 2022).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 F 6 C 7 DC 3 - 24 AC- 4 BE 2 - 8 D 7 F-BE 77 FC 4 CAAD 5 (Figs. 1 A, 2 C)	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Pseudancistrus pectegenitor Lujan, Armbruster & Sabaj Pérez, 2007	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	materials_examined	Río Casiquiare, 73 kilometers northeast of San Carlos de Río Negro, 02.3525 °, - 066.5753 °, Amazonas, Venezuela.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Spindle-shaped hypohyal (21: 0> 1), upper pharyngeal jaw with invagination in shelf (29: 0> 1), reversal to horizontally oriented preopercle (61: 1> 0), wide, blunt articulating condyle of quadrate (67: 0> 1), tall ridge on lateral ethmoid for contact with metapterygoid (97: 2), reduction to three to eight vertebrae from first normal neural spine posterior to dorsal fin to spine under preadipose plate (120: 1> 0; this is concomitant with a unique shortening of the body posterior to the dorsal fin), flared distal margin of rib of sixth vertebral centrum (128: 0> 1), ten dorsal-fin rays (142: 0> 1), reduction to five or six dorsal-fin radial elements with transverse processes (145: 1> 0), reversal to wide posterior process of coracoid (158: 2> 1), presence of dentary papillae (180: 0> 1), presence of tentacules on hypertrophied snout and pectoral-fin spine odontodes, tentacules shorter than associated odontodes (208: 0> 1, 209: 0> 1). Further, Colossimystax has a larger supraoccipital crest than Stellantia or other species currently or formerly in Pseudancistrus, with crest most similar to Hemiancistrus medians but still taller and with a greater ventromedial lamina (Fig. 6). Comparative diagnosis. Colossimystax is readily distinguished from all other Hypostominae except Acanthicini, Chaetostomatini, and Pterygoplichthys by having 10 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 7); from all other Hypostominae except Stellantia by having the dorsal lamina of each ventral plate of the caudal peduncle concave, accentuating the ventrolateral keel of the caudal peduncle (vs. ventral plates on caudal peduncle lacking strongly concave dorsal lamina or plates rounded and keel absent); from other species with more than seven dorsal-fin rays except Dolichancistrus by nuptial males having hypertrophied cheek odontodes reaching to at least the edge of the third plate of the midventral series (vs. maximally reaching the first plate); from Dolichancistrus by nuptial males having many hypertrophied cheek odontodes (vs. 1 or 2); from Hypostominae except Chaetostoma and Lithoxancistrus by having a single or small cluster of enlarged papillae located medially on dentaries interior to tooth rows (vs. all papillae small).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	description	Description. See Tab. S 3 and Lujan et al. (2007).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Found in main channels and major tributaries of the Orinoco River upstream of San Fernando de Atabapo and in the Casiquiare River above its confluence with the Negro River, including the lower Ventuari River. Currently known exclusively from Venezuela but may also occur in neighboring basins of Colombia and Brazil (Fig. 5).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Colossimystax is from the Latin colossicon for gigantic and mystax for moustache in reference to the very long cheek odontodes that look like a moustache, a masculine noun.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Colossimystax pectegenitor was evaluated as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN (Echevarría, 2019). Only three disjunct localities are known, but all are main channel habitats, suggesting a likely contiguous distribution throughout a remote area of southern Venezuela in which the most threatening impact is gold mining.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 54797 [ex AUM 42130], 241.6 mm SL, Río Casiquiare. Paratypes: ANSP 182801 [ex AUM 42181], 1, 225.1 mm SL, Río Orinoco; AUM 42202, 1, 227.0 mm SL, Río Casiquiare; AUM 43192, 1 c & s, 173.6 mm SL, Río Orinoco.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB3FFC0FC8FFA8606FCC962.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Accessory process of first ceratobranchial same length as main body and wide (7: 2, 8: 2), interhyal contacting bony portion of quadrate (26: 2), either hyomandibula, quadrate or both with projections towards one another or sutured (33: 1), preopercle with short posterior section appearing to be oriented almost vertically (61: 1), quadrate with posteroventral projection that extends below symplectic foramen (66: 1), a sickle-shaped opercle (75: 1; note that opercle shape is especially variable within Hypostominae), one or more plates between suprapreopercle and opercle (81: 1), one small canal plate (83: 1), canal plate contacting the suspensorium (85: 1), two or more plates between canal plate and opercle (88: 2), 8 – 11 vertebrae from first normal neural spine behind dorsal fin up to, but not including, the hypural plate (121: 2), ventral half of hypural plate longer than dorsal (123: 1), reversal to a V-shaped spinelet (148: 0), anterolateral process of basipterygium wide through entire length (169: 1), posterovenral ridge of basipterygium present (173: 1), hypertrophied cheek odontodes present regardless of season or sex (183: 2), fully or slightly evertible cheek plates (184: 1 – 2; ability to at least partially evert cheek plates is unique to Hypostominae with the possible exception of ‘ Pseudancistrus ’ genisetiger), pectoral fin inserted ventrally such that it is aligned with and reaches or overlaps the pelvic fin (190: 1; only seen in Pogonopoma outside of Hypostominae and reversed in Corymbophanes). Comparative diagnosis. There are no universal character states that diagnose all Hypostominae from all other Loricariidae. The most widely diagnostic character states are cheek plates that evert forming a 30 ° to just greater than 90 ° from side of head (vs. not evertible; angle depends on species) and pectoral fin inserted ventrally such that it is aligned with and reaches or overlaps the pelvic fin (vs. pectoral fins distinctly dorsal to pelvic fins in all loricariids except Pogonopoma; Corymbophanes of the Hypostominae has the pectoral fins just slightly dorsal to the pelvics). Hypostominae can be separated from Lithogeninae by having the body fully plated (vs. anterior plates missing or nonoverlapping); from Delturinae by having an adipose-fin spine followed by a membrane or a postdorsal ridge made of azygous plates with maximally a very small membrane (vs. postdorsal ridge made of azygous plates followed by an adipose-fin spine and membrane); from Rhinelepinae and Loricariinae by generally having an adipose fin or postdorsal ridge of azygous plates (vs. adipose fin and postdorsal ridge absent), from Rhinelepinae by generally having an iris operculum (vs. absent, some hypostomines lack an iris operculum, but they all have adipose fins or postdorsal ridges); from Loricariinae by generally not being extremely dorsoventrally flattened and elongated (only exceptions may be members of Lithoxini, which have evertible cheek plates present vs. absent and an adipose fin, and Isorineloricaria which has an adipose fin and five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle vs. three); from Hypoptopomatinae (except Neoplecostomini) by having maximally the lateral portion of the pectoral girdle exposed and supporting odontodes (vs. most or all of pectoral girdle exposed and supporting odontodes); from Hypoptopomatinae: Neoplecostomini by having hypertrophied odontodes generally absent along the snout of nuptial males or, when hypertrophied odontodes are present, they are not in thick integument (vs. generally having males with hypertrophied snout odontodes that are embedded in integument skin); and from ‘ Pseudancistrus ’ genesetiger and ‘ P. ’ papariae by having three or five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. four), and by either not having hypertrophied odontodes along the snout or on the cheek or having them clearly separated by plates contiguous with remaining plates of the snout and head (vs. hypertrophied snout and cheek odontodes supported by deeply embedded, flesh-covered, hidden plates that are sunken medially such that other snout plates and the opercle form a shelf dorsal and lateral to the bases of the odontodes).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB3FFC0FC8FFA8606FCC962.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Hypostominae is broadly distributed throughout cis-Andean South America from the Parana basin northward, and throughout trans-Andean drainages from the Tumbes basin in northern Peru to the Terraba River in eastern Costa Rica.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB9FFC4FCABFE7007CFCEA9.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Hypostomus guacari Lacépède, 1803.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB9FFC4FCABFE7007CFCEA9.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. No unambiguous character states were found to support Hypostomini. Comparative diagnosis. Hypostomini contains most of the large, stout-bodied loricariids, but these can be difficult to distinguish from other Hypostominae except by genus or species group. Hypostomus (with the exception of H. cerrado) differs from all other Hypostomini as well as all other tribes (except Corymbophanes of the Ancistrini, Aphanotorulus, Isorineloricaria, and Peckoltia relictum of the Peckoltini, and Spectracanthicus murinus of the Spectracanthicini) by having the cheek plates evertible to only about 30 ° from the head and lacking hypertrophied odontodes (vs. 75 ° + from the head and having hypertrophied odontodes; Pseudancistrus have hypertrophied cheek odontodes, but cannot evert their cheek odontodes beyond 30 °); from Corymbophanes by having either an adipose fin or fin completely missing without replacement by azygous plates (vs. adipose fin replaced by postdorsal ridge of raised azygous plates) and by having an iris operculum (vs. iris operculum absent); from Aphanotorulus and Isorineloricaria by lacking hypertrophied odontodes on the lateral trunk plates of nuptial males (vs. lateral plates and / or caudal-fin spines covered in large odontodes in nuptial males), by generally being brown with black spots or saddles or dark gray with light spots (Hypostomus yaku is uniformly brown, Martins et al., 2014) (vs. almost white to light tan with black spots); and by having a small buccal papilla (vs. single large or many small buccal papillae); from Peckoltia relictum by completely lacking hypertrophied cheek odontodes (vs. very small cheek odontodes); and from S. murinus by having dorsal fin free from adipose (vs. posterior membrane of dorsal fin expanded, entirely adnate to body reaching adipose-fin spine). Pterygoplicthys can be separated from all other Hypostominae except Acanthicini, Chaetostomatini, and Colossimystax by having nine to 14 dorsal-fin rays (vs. seven); from Acanthicini by having relatively weak lateral plate keels and associated odontodes (vs. strong / sharp), by having odontodes evenly distributed across lateral plates (vs. odontodes reduced above and below keel rows), and by having a weaker ability to evert cheek-odontodes; and from Chaetostomatini and Colossimystax by having elongate lateral plate keels (vs. keels absent or with rounded clusters of odontodes in Andeancistrus platycephalus and Chaetostoma spondylus Salcedo & Ortega, 2015) and by having plates on the abdomen (vs. plates absent). Hypostomus cerrado and the ‘ Hemiancistrus ’ chlorostictos group have evertible cheek plates with hypertrophied odontodes. Hypostomus cerrado can be separated from most other Hypostominae tribes by having weak lateral plate keels and a distally expanded pectoral-fin spine forming a club-like structure in adults (vs. no lateral plate keels in most other tribes or very strong keels and associated odontodes in Acanthicini and no expansion of the pectoral-fin spine). The ‘ Hemiancistrus ’ chlorostictos group can be separated from Ancistrus, Araichthys, Corymbophanes, Dekeyseria, Lasiancistrus, Neblinichthys, and Pseudolithoxus by having five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. three); from Ancistomus by either being almost black with white spots or tan with black spots (vs. gray with black spots); from Aphanotorulus and Isorineloricaria by either being almost black with white spots or tan with medium black spots (vs. very light gray or tan with small black spots), by nuptial males lacking hypertrophied odontodes on lateral plates (vs. nuptial males with hypertrophied odontodes dense and widespread on lateral plates, especially caudally), from Aphanotorulus by having a small buccal papilla (vs. buccal papilla large or numerous and widespread); from Baryancistrus, ‘ Baryancistrus ’, Parancistrus, and Spectracanthicus, by having a small posterior membrane of the dorsal fin (vs. posterior membrane of dorsal fin expanded, reaching the adipose-fin spine in all except B. longipinnis); from Panafilus, Panaqolus, Panaque, many Peckoltia, Peckoltichthys, Pseudoqolus, and Scobinancistrus by having dentaries long and forming an oblique angle with many small teeth (vs. dentaries short and forming an acute angle with fewer, larger teeth) and from remaining Peckoltia by being either almost black with white spots or tan with large black spots (vs. with dorsal saddles, with very large dark spots, being almost colorless, or having a golden tan background color with no spots); from ‘ B. ’ demantoides, ‘ H. ’ guahiborum, and ‘ H. ’ subviridis by lacking a light edge to the dorsal and / or caudal fins (vs. yellow or orange bands along edges of dorsal and / or caudal fins).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB9FFC4FCABFE7007CFCEA9.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Hypostomini is broadly distributed across cis-Andean South American drainages from the La Plata River northward (including Trinidad), and trans-Andean drainages from northern Ecuador to the Terraba River of Costa Rica (extending further into Central America than any other loricariid lineage). Introduced populations of mainly Pterygoplichthys but also Hypostomus are found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB8FFC7FCA8F9CD0142CEA9.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Lithoxus jantjae Lujan, 2008	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB8FFC7FCA8F9CD0142CEA9.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Reversal to a short, narrow accessory process of the first ceratobranchial (7: 1, 8: 1), reversal to a narrow fifth ceratobranchial (10: 0), loss of the accessory process on the first epibranchial (14: 0), loss of the posterior shelf on the fourth epibranchial (17: 0), reversal to a narrow hypohyal (20: 0), an elongate first hypobranchial (23: 1), reversal to the anterohyal being located on or behind the hyomandibula (26: 0), reversal to a round upper pharyngeal jaw with evenly distributed teeth (30: 0), lateral wall of posterohyal absent so that posterohyal forms a half cylinder (32: 1), reversal to no mesial contact of hyomandibula and quadrate (33: 0), posterior portion of hyomandibula forming a shelf dorsally such that suture to pterotic-supracleithrum is nearly perpendicular to preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge (40: 1), posterior process of hyomandibula incorporated into main body of hyomandibula (41: 1, unique), branched preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge (48: 1), reversal to loss of metapterygoid channel and dorsal surface of the metapterygoid being only slightly split, forming a narrow channel (52: 1, 53: 0), dentary tooth rows forming acute angle (69: 0), maxilla expanded ventrally (71: 1), bar-shaped opercle (75: 2), two to four plates between canal plate and opercle (88: 2), reversal to small mesethmoid disk (100: 1), wide ventral process of sphenotic (116: 1), bifid hemal spines (122: 1), first neural spine anterior to first dorsal-fin pterygiophore (125: 1), tip of transverse process of Weberian complex centrum not contacting compound pterotic (135: 1), reduction of exposed portion of cleithral process (157: 1), reversal to large space between posterior process of coracoid strut and posterior process of cleithrum (164: 0), curved anterolateral processes of basipterygium meeting or nearly meeting at midline (167: 0), loss of posteroventral ridge of basipterygium (173: 0), enlarged teeth (205: 2). Comparative diagnosis. The Lithoxini can be separated from all except Leporacanthicus by having a nearly round, flat oral disk with mandibular barbels located and directed anterolaterally (vs. lips oval and mandibular barbels located and directed posterolaterally) and from Leporacanthicus by having more than two premaxillary teeth and all teeth of similar length (vs. two teeth per premaxilla and premaxillary teeth much longer than dentary teeth; see Lujan et al., 2018, for more detail).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB8FFC7FCA8F9CD0142CEA9.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Lithoxini is distributed exclusively within the Guiana Shield, from right bank tributaries of the Orinoco River, to the upper Negro and Branco rivers, to north-flowing basins from the Essequibo eastward to the Oyapock, and drainages flowing south from the Guianas into the lower Amazon.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA5FFD8FCB2FE70074ACF53.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Hypostomus barbatus Valenciennes, 1840 (in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1840).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA5FFD8FCB2FE70074ACF53.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. With Pseudancistrus megacephalus, Pseudancistrini is diagnosed by hyomandibula contacting only the compound pterotic (no prootic contact; 35: 0> 1), walls of metapterygoid channel tall (56: 0> 1), straight, spoon-shaped anterior process on metapterygoid (58: 0> 1, shared with Stellantini), sphenotic lacking external contact with posteriormost infraorbital (117: 0> 1). All taxa except P. megacephalus are diagnosed by: anterohyal greatest width greater than half length (1: 0> 1), hyomandubula deflected beyond posterior margin such that posterior margin is visible when mesial surface of hyomandibula is viewed (46: 0> 1), almost vertically-oriented preopercle (61: 1> 0), reduction in gap between anterior process of compound pterotic and main body (111: 2> 1), forward extension of anterior process of compound pterotic halfway or greater through orbit (112: 0> 1), distal margin of rib of sixth vertebral centrum flared distally such that tip is wider than shaft (128: 0> 1), reversal to moderately evertible cheek plates (184: 2> 1), hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin (188: 0> 1), sheaths of snout odontodes long and well separated from odontode, forming tentacules (208: 0> 1). Comparative diagnosis. Pseudancistrini (except P. megacephalus) differs from most other Hypostominae except Corymbophanes, Cryptancistrus Fisch-Muller, Mol & Covain, 2018, some Guyanancistrus Isbrücker, 2001 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001), Hopliancistrus, Lithoxancistrus Isbrücker, Nijssen & Cala, 1988, Neblinichthys Ferraris, Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1986, and Pseudolithoxus by having hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin of nuptial males; from Corymbophanes by having hypertrophied, evertible cheek odontodes (vs. no evertible cheek odontodes); from Cryptancistrus, Guyanancistrus, and Hopliancistrus by having snout odontodes evenly arranged along entire snout margin and thin (vs. only at anterolateral corners and thick); from Araichthys, Corymbophanes, and Neblinichthys (and maybe Paulasquama and Yaluwak Lujan, Armbruster in Lujan et al., 2019) by lacking hypertrophied odontodes on top of snout; from Lithoxancistrus and Colossimystax by lacking enlarged papillae behind dentary teeth); and from Stellantini by having slight keel on midventral plate row on caudal peduncle, with dorsal laminae of plates largely flat (vs. plates strongly keeled with dorsal laminae strongly convex).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA5FFD8FCB2FE70074ACF53.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Found in north-flowing drainages of the eastern Guiana Shield from the Caroni and Essequibo basins east to the Oyapock, the south-flowing Branco, Negro, and Trombetas drainages, more eastward northern tributaries of the lower Amazon, and the Tapajós and Xingu rivers draining the northern Brazilian Shield.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA5FFD8FCB2FE70074ACF53.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Placement of P. megacephalus in Pseudancistrus is uncertain, thus the phylogenetic diagnosis above is provided with and without P. megacephalus. Pseudancistrus megacephalus has a deeper body than congeners, lacks hypertrophied odontodes along the snout, and the skull (Fig. 4) contains significant differences. These include the posterior shelf of the pterotic being largely parallel with the main body of the hyomandibula in P. megacephalus (vs. bent medially), the anterior process of the pterotic being longer and more separated from the main body of the pterotic, and the lateral wall of the pterygoid channel being differently shaped. The orientation of the suspensorium (turquoise in Fig. 4, also indicated) forms almost a right angle at the posteroventral corner when viewed laterally (vs. forming almost a straight line), the preopercle lacks a process for articulation with the canal plate (vs. process present; the canal plate is the fulcrum for rotation of the evertible cheek odontodes), and the metapterygoid condyle to the suspensorium is tall (vs. short). Pseudancistrus megacephalus has not been collected within its range in Guyana and Suriname since 1909 despite several fairly intensive collecting efforts, suggesting it may be either regionally extirpated or extinct (Armbruster, 2023 a). The MBUCV collection has five lots and 19 specimens identified as Pseudancistrus megacephalus from the Cuyuni River in Venezuela, all collected in 1987 and 1991. Thus the Cuyuni may remain a refuge, although it has suffered from even worse mining impacts than other parts of the species’ range.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA4FFDAFD16FB660166CA42.taxon	type_taxon	Type-genus. Sepctracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA4FFDAFD16FB660166CA42.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Posterior region of hyomandibula deflected mesially causing opercle to sit at almost right angle to main body axis (42: 1), opercle not supporting odontodes (79: 1), and curved anterolateral processes of basipterygium that meet or nearly meet at midline (167: 0). Comparative diagnosis. Spectracanthicini cannot be separated from all other hypostomines as a group. Baryancistrus, ‘ B. ’ beggini, ‘ B. ’ demantoides, Parancistrus, and Spectracanthicus can be separated from all except ‘ Spectracanthicus ’ immaculatus of the Peckoltini by having a fully adnate dorsal fin and a posterior extension of the dorsalfin membrane that reaches either the adipose fin or at least two plates posterior to the insertion of the posteriormost dorsal-fin ray (vs. posterior dorsal-fin membrane maximally extending one plate from the insertion of the posteriormost dorsal-fin ray and never reaching adipose fin); all of these except ‘ B ’. beggini can be separated from ‘ S. ’ immaculatus by having light spots (vs. solid gray or black). Hemiancistrus medians can be separated from all other hypostomines except the Acanthicini by having all odontodes on the head and lateral plates arranged in lines (vs. scattered) and from the Acanthicini by having many very small odontodes in lines (vs. very few, fairly large odontodes) and by having seven dorsal-fin rays (vs. eight to 10). Some Baryancistrus, ‘ B. ’ demantoides, ‘ H. ’ guahiborum, and ‘ H. ’ subviridis can be separated from most other Hypostominae by having a light-colored (white, yellow, or orange) margin to the dorsal fin.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 894 AA 6 EB- 3851 - 4 EA 7 - B 4 FB- 24724 F 2 A 0491 (Figs. 1 B, 2 B)	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Pseudancistrus sidereus Armbruster, 2004 b	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	materials_examined	Río Siapa from 10 – 15 kilometers downstream, Río Casiquiare - Río Negro drainage, 01.50000 °, - 065.71667 °, Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Reversal to large interhyal (27: 1> 0), tall walls of metapterygoid channel (56: 0> 1), reversal to narrow quadrate (64: 1> 0), loss of flap of quadrate extending below symplectic foramen (66: 1> 0), reversal to two to four cheek plates between canal plate and opercle (88: 3> 2); no contact between infraorbital 4 and orbit (90: 1> 2), anterior margin of mesethmoid flared (102: 0> 1), loss of exterior contact between sphenotic and posteriormost infraorbital (117: 0> 1), and increase in number of vertebrae to 12 – 15 from first normal neural spine posterior to dorsal fin up to and excluding the hypural (121: 1). Comparative diagnosis. Stellantia is readily identified from all other Hypostominae except Colossimystax by having the dorsal lamina of each ventral plate of the caudal peduncle concave, accentuating the caudal peduncle keel (vs. caudal peduncle ventral plates rounded, lacking concave dorsal lamina, caudal peduncle keel weak or absent); and from Colossimystax by having seven branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 10).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Known from main channels of the upper Orinoco River basin upstream of San Fernando de Atabapo, including the lower Ventuari River, and the Casiquiare River basin upstream of its confluence with the Negro River, including the lower Siapa River, exclusively in Amazonas, Venezuela.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	description	Description. See Tab. S 3 and Armbruster (2004 b).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	etymology	Etymology. An abstract, feminine noun modified from the Latin adjective stellans for starry in reference to the dark body with white to yellow spots which appear like a field of stars, a feature that inspired the species epithet as well. Stellantia requires a change of ending for the single species in the genus: Stellantia siderea.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Stellantia siderea was evaluated as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN (Armbruster, 2023 b). The species is common throughout its range.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 26125, 175.6 mm SL, Paratypes: AUM 37562, 1, 148.7 mm SL; FMNH 105294, 4, 149.5 – 176.7 mm SL; MCNG 48261, 1 c & s, 149.8 mm SL.	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA6FFDAFD05FE96072CCD59.taxon	description	(Fig. 1; Tabs. 1 and S 3)	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA6FFDAFD05FE96072CCD59.taxon	type_taxon	Type-genus. Stellantia, new genus	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA6FFDAFD05FE96072CCD59.taxon	diagnosis	Phylogenetic diagnosis. Hyomandibula contacting prootic (0> 1), posteromedial invagination of ceratobranchial 5 (11: 0> 1), straight, spoon-shaped anterior process on metapterygoid (58: 0> 1, shared with Pseudancistrini), forward extent of anterior process of compound pterotic long, halfway through orbit or greater (112: 0> 1), and straight anterolateral processes of pelvic basipterygium (167: 1> 2). In addition, Stellantini uniquely possesses plates along ventral series on the caudal peduncle that are strongly bent to form a keel with the keel accentuated by having the dorsal lamina of the plates strongly concave. Comparative diagnosis. Morphometric data reported in Tab. 1. The two species of Stellantini are dramatically different from one another, but the tribe can be identified from other Hypostominae by having a strong keel on the ventral plate series on the caudal peduncle made by the ventral lamina of each plate being strongly convex and the dorsal lamina of each plate being strongly concave (vs. maximally having a slight keel made predominantly of odontodes and the dorsal lamina of each ventral plate being flat to very slightly concave).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA6FFDAFD05FE96072CCD59.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Both species of Stellantini are found in main channels of the upper Orinoco and Negro river basins, including the Casiquiare River, in Venezuela, Colombia, and possibly also northernmost Brazil, though no Brazilian specimens have been observed or reported (Fig. 5).	en	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
