identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
CD2E87D2FFBCFFC0FD53FDB600B7CC79.text	CD2E87D2FFBCFFC0FD53FDB600B7CC79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthicini Bleeker 1862	<div><p>Tribe  Acanthicini Bleeker, 1862 -1863</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Acanthicus Agassiz, 1829:2 (in Spix, Agassiz, 1829).</p><p>Type-species:  Acanthicus hystrix Spix &amp; Agassiz, 1829 .</p><p>Leporacanthicus Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1989:544 . Type-species:  Leporacanthicus galaxias Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1989 .</p><p>Megalancistrus Isbrücker, 1980:52 . Type-species:  Chaetostoma gigas Boulenger, 1895 .</p><p>Pseudacanthicus Bleeker, 1862:2 . Type-species:  Chaetostomus serratus Valenciennes, 1840 (in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1840). Synonym: Stoniella Fowler, 1914.</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Anterohyal greatest width greater than half its length (1:1), loss of flap on quadrate extending below symplectic foramen (66:0), mesethmoid disk extending anterior to main body of mesethmoid (101:1), large fenestrae in compound pterotic (109:1, reversed in  Leporacanthicus), tip of transverse process of Weberian complex centrum not contacting compound pterotic (135:1, reversed in  Leporacanthicus), eight or more dorsal-fin rays (142:1), hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin (188&gt;1), and keels of lateral plates well developed (198:1).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Acanthicini can be separated from all other  Hypostominae except some  Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858 (particularly  P. weberi) by having lateral-plate keels made of long, stout odontodes, from all other  Hypostominae except  Colossimystax and  Pterygoplichthys by having more than seven dorsal-fin rays, and from  Pterygoplichthys with keels by having strongly evertible cheek odontodes (vs. weakly evertible), by having fewer odontodes dorsal and ventral to keel rows (vs. odontodes normally distributed). In addition,  Acanthicus can be separated from  Pterygoplichthys by lacking an adipose fin (vs. adipose fin present),  Acanthicus and  Megalancistrus can be separated from  Pterygoplichthys by having compound pterotic extending beyond posteriormost insertion of pectoral fin (vs. maximally through ~3/4 of pectoral-fin base); and  Leporacanthicus and  Pseudacanthicus can be separated from  Pterygoplichthys by having 10 or fewer teeth per jaw ramus (vs. more than 20).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Restricted to larger, main river channel habitats in cis-Andean drainages from the Paraná and São Francisco basins northward, including the Amazon and Orinoco basins and north-flowing Guiana Shield basins.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFBCFFC0FD53FDB600B7CC79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBAFFD9FC92FF50074CCA24.text	CD2E87D2FFBAFFD9FC92FF50074CCA24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peckoltini	<div><p>Tribe  Peckoltini,  new tribe urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C1105224-245D-4807-A57A-C91C39D34EDC</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Ancistomus Isbrücker, Seidel in Isbrücker et al., 2001:17.</p><p>Type-species:  Ancistrus snethlageae Steindachner, 1911 .</p><p>Aphanotorulus Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1983:105 . Type-species:  Aphanotorulus frankei Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1983 (synonym of  A. unicolor (Steindachner, 1908)) . Synonym:  Squaliforma Isbrücker &amp; Michels, 2001 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001).</p><p>‘Baryancistrus’  beggini Lujan, Arce, Armbruster, 2009:51 .</p><p>‘Baryancistrus’  demantoides Werneke, Sabaj Pérez, Lujan, Armbruster, 2005a:535 .</p><p>‘Hemiancistrus’  guahiborum Werneke, Armbruster, Lujan, Taphorn, 2005b:544 .</p><p>‘  Hemiancistrus ’ landoni group (includes ‘  H. ’ landoni Eigenmann, 1916 (with ‘  H. ’ hammarlundi Rendahl, 1937 as a synonym) and ‘ H. ’ furtivus Provenzano &amp; Barriga Salazar, 2017).</p><p>‘Hemiancistrus’  subviridis Werneke, Sabaj Pérez, Lujan, Armbruster, 2005a:538 .</p><p>Hypancistrus Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1991:347 . Type-species:  H. zebra Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1991 . Synonym:  Micracanthicus Lujan &amp; Armbruster, 2011 .</p><p>Isorineloricaria Isbrücker, 1980:15 . Type-species:  Plecostomus spinosissimus Steindachner, 1880 .</p><p>Panafilus Lujan et al., 2017:332. Type-species:  Panaque albomaculatus Kanazawa, 1958 .</p><p>Panaqolus Isbrücker, Schraml, in Isbrücker et al., 2001:20. Type-species:  Panaque gnomus Schaefer &amp; Stewart, 1993 . With three subgenera (Panafilus,  Panaqolus and Panaqoco per Lujan et al., 2017).</p><p>Peckoltia Miranda Ribeiro, 1912:1912. Type-species:  Chaetostomus vittatus Steindachner, 1881 . Synonym:  Etsaputu Lujan, Armbruster &amp; Rengifo, 2011 .</p><p>Peckoltichthys Miranda Ribeiro, 1917:49. Type-species:  Peckoltichthys filicaudatus Miranda Ribeiro, 1917 (synonym of  Chaetostomus bachi Boulenger, 1898). Synonym:  Sophiancistrus Isbrücker &amp; Seidel, 2001 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001).</p><p>Pseudoqolus Lujan et al., 2017:333 . Type-species:  Panaqolus koko Fisch-Muller, Covain, 2012 (in Fisch-Muller, Montoya-Burgos, le Bail, Covain, 2012).</p><p>Scobinancistrus Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1989:542 . Type-species:  Scobinancistrus pariolispos Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1989 .</p><p>‘Spectracanthicus’  immaculatus Chamon, Rapp Py-Daniel, 2014:12 .</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. No unambiguous character states were found to support  Peckoltini .</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Peckoltini is a diverse group of genera not easily separated as a group from other members of the  Hypostominae .  Peckoltini genera tend to have hypertrophied odontodes on lateral plates, especially along the caudal peduncle, while this character is not seen in other  Hypostominae; however, these hypertrophied caudal trunk odontodes are also unknown or presumed absent in some species of  Peckoltini . Of  Peckoltini genera, only  Ancistomus lacks a recent taxonomic review, and it is largely separated from all other  Hypostominae by having a gray head and body base color with black spots (vs. base color, white, tan, brown, or black).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Peckoltini is widely distributed throughout the Amazon, Orinoco, Essequibo and other coastal basins of the Guianas as well as the trans-Andean Guayas and Esmeraldas drainages in Ecuador, the Magdalena River, and the Lake Maracaibo basin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFBAFFD9FC92FF50074CCA24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBFFFC3FC95FF500009CC23.text	CD2E87D2FFBFFFC3FC95FF500009CC23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrini Kner 1854	<div><p>Tribe  Ancistrini Kner, 1854</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Ancistrus Kner, 1854:272 .</p><p>Type-species:  Hypostomus cirrhosus Valenciennes, 1836 (in Valenciennes, 1834–39).</p><p>Synonyms:  Pristiancistrus Fowler, 1945,  Thysanocara Regan, 1906, and  Xenocara Regan, 1904 .</p><p>Araichthys Zawadzki et al., 2016:362 . Type-species: A. loro Zawadzki, Bifi &amp; Mariotto, 2016.</p><p>Corymbophanes Eigenmann, 1909:5 . Type-species:  Corymbophanes andersoni Eigenmann, 1909 .</p><p>Cryptancistrus Fisch-Muller et al., 2018:50 . Type-species:  C. similis Fisch-Muller, Mol &amp; Covain, 2018 .</p><p>Dekeyseria Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985:178 . Type-species:  D. amazonica Rapp Py-Daniel, 1985 . Synonym:  Zonancistrus Isbrücker, 2001 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001).</p><p>Guyanancistrus Isbrücker, 2001:19 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001). Type-species:  Lasiancistrus brevispinis Heitmans, Nijssen &amp; Isbrücker, 1983 .</p><p>Hopliancistrus Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1989:543 . Type-species:  H. tricornis Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1989 .</p><p>Lasiancistrus Regan, 1904:224 . Type-species:  Chaetostomus heteracanthus Günther, 1869 . See Armbruster, 2005.</p><p>Neblinichthys Ferraris et al., 1986:70 . Type-species:  N. pilosus Ferraris, Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1986 .</p><p>Lithoxancistrus Isbrücker et al., 1988:14 . Type-species:  L. orinoco Isbrücker, Nijssen &amp; Cala, 1988 .</p><p>Paulasquama Armbruster, Taphorn, 2011:46 . Type-species:  P. callis Armbruster &amp; Taphorn, 2011 .</p><p>Pseudolithoxus Isbrücker, Werner, 2001:21 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001). Type-species:  Lasiancistrus tigris Armbruster &amp; Provenzano, 2000 . Synonym:  Soromonichthys Lujan &amp; Armbruster, 2011 .</p><p>Yaluwak Lujan, Armbruster, 2019 (in Lujan et al., 2019). Type-species:  Yaluwak primus Lujan, Armbruster &amp; Werneke (in Lujan et al., 2019).</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. No characters unite tribe  Ancistrini as all character state changes at the node are reversed in a majority of taxa. Character state changes found at the node are hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin (188:1), snout and pectoral-fin odontode sheaths separated from odontode forming short tentacules (208:1, 209:1).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis. The diversity of forms within  Ancistrini results in no characteristics that can readily separate it from all other tribes.  Ancistrus,  Araichthys,  Corymbophanes,  Dekeyseria,  Lasiancistrus,  Neblinichthys, and  Pseudolithoxus can be separated from all  Hypostomini by having three rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. five, rarely four).  Araichthys,  Corymbophanes, some  Neblinichthys, and  Yaluwak can be separated from most other  Hypostominae by lacking an iris operculum (the dorsal flap that bifurcates the dorsal part of the eye in most loricariids).  Hopliancistrus can be separated from all other  Hypostominae by generally having three large, stout, continuously curved evertible cheek odontodes (vs. no hypertrophied cheek odontodes or more or less than three with odontodes generally slender and hooked only distally, not curved throughout).  Cryptancistrus,  Hopliancistrus, and  Lasiancistrus can be separated from all other  Hypostominae by having hypertrophied odontodes at anterior corner of snout (see Armbruster, 2005).  Guyanancistrus is not readily diagnosable from other  Hypostominae, see Fisch-Muller et al. (2018) for review.</p><p>Geographical distribution. Found in all cis-Andean drainages from the La Plata River basin northward (including Trinidad) and trans-Andean basins from southern Ecuador to just east of the Herrera Peninsula, Panamá.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFBFFFC3FC95FF500009CC23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFBEFFC5FD48FF0D0137CA24.text	CD2E87D2FFBEFFC5FD48FF0D0137CA24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaetostomatini Fowler 1958	<div><p>Tribe  Chaetostomatini Fowler, 1958</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Andeancistrus Lujan et al., 2015b:652 .</p><p>Type-species:  Chaetostomus platycephalus Boulenger, 1898 .</p><p>Chaetostoma Tschudi, 1846:25 . Type-species:  Chaetostomus loborhynchos Tschudi, 1846 . Synonyms:  Hypocolpterus Fowler, 1943,  Lipopterichthys Norman, 1935, and  Loraxichthys Salcedo, 2013 .</p><p>Cordylancistrus Isbrücker, 1980:48 . Type-species:  Pseudancistrus torbesensis Schultz, 1944 .</p><p>Dolichancistrus Isbrücker, 1980:47 . Type-species:  Pseudancistrus pediculatus Eigenmann, 1918 [a junior synonym of  Dolichancistrus fuesslii (Steindachner, 1911].</p><p>Leptoancistrus Meek, Hildebrand, 1916:254 . Type-species:  Acanthicus canensis Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1913 .</p><p>Transancistrus Lujan et al., 2015b:657 . Type-species:  Cordylancistrus santarosensis Tan &amp; Armbruster, 2012 .</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Anterior edge of the anterohyal sinusoidal (2:1, reversed in  Cordylancistrus torbesensis and  Dolichancistrus cobrensis), mesial facing process on branchiostegal 3 (6:1, unique), reversal to a large interhyal (27:0), long opercular condyle of the hyomandibula (38:1), tall levator arcus palatini crest (44:2), mesial wall of metapterygoid channel much taller than lateral wall (55:1, reversed in  Cordylancistrus torbesensis), ventral process on quadrate for articulation with canal plate (65:1), wide, blunt articular condyle of quadrate (67:1), bar-shaped opercle (75:2), maximum forward position of opercle to posterolateral corner of the quadrate (77:1, reversed in  Andeancistrus and some  Chaetostoma), canal plate covered in skin or plates and not directly supporting odontodes (84:1, unique), tall ridge on lateral ethmoid for contact with metapterygoid (97:2), mesethmoid flares anteriorly (102:1), eight or more dorsal-fin rays (142:1), nuchal plate covered by skin or plates (147:1, nuchal plate may be exposed and supporting odontodes in nuptial male  Dolichancistrus), reversal to a large space between posterior process of coracoid strut and posterior process of coracoid (164:0), reversal to tall ventral ridge of pelvic basipterygium (172:0), and widened first (unbranched) ray of pelvic fin (177:1, reversed in  Dolichancistrus).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Chaetostomatini can be separated from all other  Hypostominae except  Acanthicini,  Collosimystax new genus, and  Pterygoplichthys by having eight or more branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. seven); from  Acanthicini and  Pterygoplichthys by lacking elongate patches of sharp odontodes on lateral plate keels (most species lack lateral plate keels entirely,  Andeancistrus platycephalus and  Chaetostoma spondylus have round patches of elevated, keel-like odontodes on lateral plates); from  Collosimystax new genus by mature males having usually zero and maximally two cheek odontodes extending past the head (vs.&gt;40), and by having plates in ventral series posterior to anal fin broadly convex (vs. dorsal halves of plates concave, forming a strong keel); and from  Pterygoplichthys by lacking plates on abdomen (vs. abdominal plates present), and by having caudal fin truncate or maximally emarginate (vs. forked).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Most species with exclusively Andean distribution, including cis-Andean streams from southern Peru to the Caribbean Andes west of Caracas (including the Caribbean slope) and trans-Andean basins from the Tumbes River in Northern Peru to the Chagres River of Panamá. Three species of  Chaetostoma occur in scattered drainages east of the Andes, such as the Caroni, Caura, and Branco rivers draining the Guiana Shield north in Venezuela and south in Brazil, and a few northern and southern tributaries of the lower Amazon in Brazil (Meza-Vargas et al., 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFBEFFC5FD48FF0D0137CA24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.text	CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colossimystax Armbruster & Lujan 2024	<div><p>Colossimystax Armbruster &amp; Lujan,  new genus</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3F6C7DC3-24AC-4BE2-8D7F-BE77FC4CAAD5</p><p>(Figs. 1A, 2C)</p><p>Type-species.  Pseudancistrus pectegenitor Lujan, Armbruster &amp; Sabaj Pérez, 2007</p><p>Included species.</p><p>Pseudancistrus pectegenitor Lujan, Armbruster, Sabaj Pérez, 2007:164, figs. 1b, 2-3.</p><p>Río Casiquiare, 73 kilometers northeast of San Carlos de Río Negro, 02.3525°, -066.5753°, Amazonas, Venezuela.</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Spindle-shaped hypohyal (21: 0&gt;1), upper pharyngeal jaw with invagination in shelf (29: 0&gt;1), reversal to horizontally oriented preopercle (61: 1&gt;0), wide, blunt articulating condyle of quadrate (67: 0&gt;1), tall ridge on lateral ethmoid for contact with metapterygoid (97:2), reduction to three to eight vertebrae from first normal neural spine posterior to dorsal fin to spine under preadipose plate (120: 1&gt;0; this is concomitant with a unique shortening of the body posterior to the dorsal fin), flared distal margin of rib of sixth vertebral centrum (128: 0&gt;1), ten dorsal-fin rays (142: 0&gt;1), reduction to five or six dorsal-fin radial elements with transverse processes (145: 1&gt;0), reversal to wide posterior process of coracoid (158: 2&gt;1), presence of dentary papillae (180: 0&gt;1), presence of tentacules on hypertrophied snout and pectoral-fin spine odontodes, tentacules shorter than associated odontodes (208: 0&gt;1, 209: 0&gt;1). Further,  Colossimystax has a larger supraoccipital crest than  Stellantia or other species currently or formerly in  Pseudancistrus, with crest most similar to  Hemiancistrus medians but still taller and with a greater ventromedial lamina (Fig. 6).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Colossimystax is readily distinguished from all other  Hypostominae except  Acanthicini,  Chaetostomatini, and  Pterygoplichthys by having 10 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 7); from all other  Hypostominae except  Stellantia by having the dorsal lamina of each ventral plate of the caudal peduncle concave, accentuating the ventrolateral keel of the caudal peduncle (vs. ventral plates on caudal peduncle lacking strongly concave dorsal lamina or plates rounded and keel absent); from other species with more than seven dorsal-fin rays except  Dolichancistrus by nuptial males having hypertrophied cheek odontodes reaching to at least the edge of the third plate of the midventral series (vs. maximally reaching the first plate); from  Dolichancistrus by nuptial males having many hypertrophied cheek odontodes (vs. 1 or 2); from  Hypostominae except  Chaetostoma and  Lithoxancistrus by having a single or small cluster of enlarged papillae located medially on dentaries interior to tooth rows (vs. all papillae small).</p><p>Description. See Tab. S3 and Lujan et al. (2007).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Found in main channels and major tributaries of the  Orinoco River upstream of San Fernando de Atabapo and in the Casiquiare River above its confluence with the Negro River, including the lower Ventuari River. Currently known exclusively from Venezuela but may also occur in neighboring basins of Colombia and Brazil (Fig. 5).</p><p>Etymology.  Colossimystax is from the Latin colossicon for gigantic and mystax for moustache in reference to the very long cheek odontodes that look like a moustache, a masculine noun.</p><p>Conservation status.  Colossimystax pectegenitor was evaluated as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN (Echevarría, 2019). Only three disjunct localities are known, but all are main channel habitats, suggesting a likely contiguous distribution throughout a remote area of southern Venezuela in which the most threatening impact is gold mining.</p><p>Material examined.   Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 54797 [ex AUM 42130], 241.6 mm SL,  Río Casiquiare .   Paratypes: ANSP 182801 [ex AUM 42181], 1, 225.1 mm SL,  Río Orinoco;   AUM 42202, 1, 227.0 mm SL,  Río Casiquiare;   AUM 43192, 1 c&amp;s, 173.6 mm SL,  Río Orinoco .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFA1FFDFFD00FB400780CDB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB3FFC0FC8FFA8606FCC962.text	CD2E87D2FFB3FFC0FC8FFA8606FCC962.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypostominae Kner 1853	<div><p>Subfamily  Hypostominae</p><p>Included tribes (with unrecognized tribes and subtribes listed as synonyms).</p><p>Acanthicini Bleeker, 1862 –63:2. Synonym: Pseudacanthicini Isbrücker, 1980.</p><p>Ancistrini Kner, 1854:256 . Synonyms: Corymbophanini Armbruster, 2004a, Hopliancistrini Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1989.</p><p>Chaetostomatini Fowler, 1958:14</p><p>Hypostomini Kner, 1853 a:279. Synonyms: Plecostiformes Bleeker, 1862, Pterygoplichthyini Armbruster, 2004a</p><p>Lithoxini Isbrücker, 1980:77</p><p>Peckoltini,  new tribe</p><p>Pseudancistrini,  new tribe</p><p>Spectracanthicini Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1989</p><p>Stellantini,  new tribe</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Accessory process of first ceratobranchial same length as main body and wide (7:2, 8:2), interhyal contacting bony portion of quadrate (26:2), either hyomandibula, quadrate or both with projections towards one another or sutured (33:1), preopercle with short posterior section appearing to be oriented almost vertically (61:1), quadrate with posteroventral projection that extends below symplectic foramen (66:1), a sickle-shaped opercle (75:1; note that opercle shape is especially variable within  Hypostominae), one or more plates between suprapreopercle and opercle (81:1), one small canal plate (83:1), canal plate contacting the suspensorium (85:1), two or more plates between canal plate and opercle (88:2), 8–11 vertebrae from first normal neural spine behind dorsal fin up to, but not including, the hypural plate (121:2), ventral half of hypural plate longer than dorsal (123:1), reversal to a V-shaped spinelet (148:0), anterolateral process of basipterygium wide through entire length (169:1), posterovenral ridge of basipterygium present (173:1), hypertrophied cheek odontodes present regardless of season or sex (183:2), fully or slightly evertible cheek plates (184:1– 2; ability to at least partially evert cheek plates is unique to  Hypostominae with the possible exception of ‘  Pseudancistrus ’ genisetiger), pectoral fin inserted ventrally such that it is aligned with and reaches or overlaps the pelvic fin (190:1; only seen in  Pogonopoma outside of  Hypostominae and reversed in  Corymbophanes).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis. There are no universal character states that diagnose all  Hypostominae from all other  Loricariidae . The most widely diagnostic character states are cheek plates that evert forming a 30° to just greater than 90° from side of head (vs. not evertible; angle depends on species) and pectoral fin inserted ventrally such that it is aligned with and reaches or overlaps the pelvic fin (vs. pectoral fins distinctly dorsal to pelvic fins in all loricariids except  Pogonopoma;  Corymbophanes of the  Hypostominae has the pectoral fins just slightly dorsal to the pelvics).  Hypostominae can be separated from  Lithogeninae by having the body fully plated (vs. anterior plates missing or nonoverlapping); from  Delturinae by having an adipose-fin spine followed by a membrane or a postdorsal ridge made of azygous plates with maximally a very small membrane (vs. postdorsal ridge made of azygous plates followed by an adipose-fin spine and membrane); from Rhinelepinae and  Loricariinae by generally having an adipose fin or postdorsal ridge of azygous plates (vs. adipose fin and postdorsal ridge absent), from Rhinelepinae by generally having an iris operculum (vs. absent, some hypostomines lack an iris operculum, but they all have adipose fins or postdorsal ridges); from  Loricariinae by generally not being extremely dorsoventrally flattened and elongated (only exceptions may be members of  Lithoxini, which have evertible cheek plates present vs. absent and an adipose fin, and  Isorineloricaria which has an adipose fin and five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle vs. three); from  Hypoptopomatinae (except Neoplecostomini) by having maximally the lateral portion of the pectoral girdle exposed and supporting odontodes (vs. most or all of pectoral girdle exposed and supporting odontodes); from  Hypoptopomatinae: Neoplecostomini by having hypertrophied odontodes generally absent along the snout of nuptial males or, when hypertrophied odontodes are present, they are not in thick integument (vs. generally having males with hypertrophied snout odontodes that are embedded in integument skin); and from ‘  Pseudancistrus ’ genesetiger and ‘  P.’ papariae by having three or five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. four), and by either not having hypertrophied odontodes along the snout or on the cheek or having them clearly separated by plates contiguous with remaining plates of the snout and head (vs. hypertrophied snout and cheek odontodes supported by deeply embedded, flesh-covered, hidden plates that are sunken medially such that other snout plates and the opercle form a shelf dorsal and lateral to the bases of the odontodes).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Hypostominae is broadly distributed throughout cis-Andean South America from the Parana basin northward, and throughout trans-Andean drainages from the Tumbes basin in northern Peru to the Terraba River in eastern Costa Rica.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFB3FFC0FC8FFA8606FCC962	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB9FFC4FCABFE7007CFCEA9.text	CD2E87D2FFB9FFC4FCABFE7007CFCEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypostomini Kner 1853	<div><p>Tribe  Hypostomini Kner, 1853</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>‘  Hemiancistrus ’ chlorostictus group (Armbruster et al., 2015).</p><p>Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803:144 .</p><p>Type-species:  Hypostomus guacari Lacépède, 1803 .</p><p>Synonyms:  Cheiridodus Eigenmann, 1922,  Cochliodon Heckel, 1854 (in Kner, 1854),  Plecostomus Gronow 1763, and  Watawata Isbrücker &amp; Michels, 2001 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001).</p><p>Pterygoplichthys Gill, 1858:408 . Type-species:  Hypostomus duodecimalis Valenciennes, 1840 (in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1840). Synonyms:  Glyptoperichthys Weber, 1991 and  Liposarcus Günther, 1864 .</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. No unambiguous character states were found to support  Hypostomini .</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Hypostomini contains most of the large, stout-bodied loricariids, but these can be difficult to distinguish from other  Hypostominae except by genus or species group.  Hypostomus (with the exception of  H. cerrado) differs from all other  Hypostomini as well as all other tribes (except  Corymbophanes of the  Ancistrini,  Aphanotorulus,  Isorineloricaria, and  Peckoltia relictum of the  Peckoltini, and  Spectracanthicus murinus of the  Spectracanthicini) by having the cheek plates evertible to only about 30° from the head and lacking hypertrophied odontodes (vs. 75°+ from the head and having hypertrophied odontodes;  Pseudancistrus have hypertrophied cheek odontodes, but cannot evert their cheek odontodes beyond 30°); from  Corymbophanes by having either an adipose fin or fin completely missing without replacement by azygous plates (vs. adipose fin replaced by postdorsal ridge of raised azygous plates) and by having an iris operculum (vs. iris operculum absent); from  Aphanotorulus and  Isorineloricaria by lacking hypertrophied odontodes on the lateral trunk plates of nuptial males (vs. lateral plates and/or caudal-fin spines covered in large odontodes in nuptial males), by generally being brown with black spots or saddles or dark gray with light spots ( Hypostomus yaku is uniformly brown, Martins et al., 2014) (vs. almost white to light tan with black spots); and by having a small buccal papilla (vs. single large or many small buccal papillae); from  Peckoltia relictum by completely lacking hypertrophied cheek odontodes (vs. very small cheek odontodes); and from  S. murinus by having dorsal fin free from adipose (vs. posterior membrane of dorsal fin expanded, entirely adnate to body reaching adipose-fin spine).</p><p>Pterygoplicthys can be separated from all other  Hypostominae except  Acanthicini,  Chaetostomatini, and  Colossimystax by having nine to 14 dorsal-fin rays (vs. seven); from  Acanthicini by having relatively weak lateral plate keels and associated odontodes (vs. strong/sharp), by having odontodes evenly distributed across lateral plates (vs. odontodes reduced above and below keel rows), and by having a weaker ability to evert cheek-odontodes; and from  Chaetostomatini and  Colossimystax by having elongate lateral plate keels (vs. keels absent or with rounded clusters of odontodes in  Andeancistrus platycephalus and  Chaetostoma spondylus Salcedo &amp; Ortega, 2015) and by having plates on the abdomen (vs. plates absent).  Hypostomus cerrado and the ‘  Hemiancistrus ’ chlorostictos group have evertible cheek plates with hypertrophied odontodes.</p><p>Hypostomus cerrado can be separated from most other  Hypostominae tribes by having weak lateral plate keels and a distally expanded pectoral-fin spine forming a club-like structure in adults (vs. no lateral plate keels in most other tribes or very strong keels and associated odontodes in  Acanthicini and no expansion of the pectoral-fin spine). The ‘  Hemiancistrus ’ chlorostictos group can be separated from  Ancistrus,  Araichthys,  Corymbophanes,  Dekeyseria,  Lasiancistrus,  Neblinichthys, and  Pseudolithoxus by having five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. three); from  Ancistomus by either being almost black with white spots or tan with black spots (vs. gray with black spots); from  Aphanotorulus and  Isorineloricaria by either being almost black with white spots or tan with medium black spots (vs. very light gray or tan with small black spots), by nuptial males lacking hypertrophied odontodes on lateral plates (vs. nuptial males with hypertrophied odontodes dense and widespread on lateral plates, especially caudally), from  Aphanotorulus by having a small buccal papilla (vs. buccal papilla large or numerous and widespread); from  Baryancistrus, ‘  Baryancistrus ’,  Parancistrus, and  Spectracanthicus, by having a small posterior membrane of the dorsal fin (vs. posterior membrane of dorsal fin expanded, reaching the adipose-fin spine in all except  B. longipinnis); from Panafilus,  Panaqolus,  Panaque, many  Peckoltia,  Peckoltichthys,  Pseudoqolus, and  Scobinancistrus by having dentaries long and forming an oblique angle with many small teeth (vs. dentaries short and forming an acute angle with fewer, larger teeth) and from remaining  Peckoltia by being either almost black with white spots or tan with large black spots (vs. with dorsal saddles, with very large dark spots, being almost colorless, or having a golden tan background color with no spots); from ‘  B.’ demantoides, ‘  H. ’ guahiborum, and ‘  H.’ subviridis by lacking a light edge to the dorsal and/or caudal fins (vs. yellow or orange bands along edges of dorsal and/or caudal fins).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Hypostomini is broadly distributed across cis-Andean South American drainages from the La Plata River northward (including Trinidad), and trans-Andean drainages from northern Ecuador to the Terraba River of Costa Rica (extending further into Central America than any other loricariid lineage). Introduced populations of mainly  Pterygoplichthys but also  Hypostomus are found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFB9FFC4FCABFE7007CFCEA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFB8FFC7FCA8F9CD0142CEA9.text	CD2E87D2FFB8FFC7FCA8F9CD0142CEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithoxini Isbrucker 1980	<div><p>Tribe  Lithoxini Isbrücker, 1980</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Avalithoxus Lujan et al., 2018:10 .</p><p>Type-species:  Lithoxus jantjae Lujan, 2008</p><p>Lithoxus Eigenmann, 1910:405 . Type-species:  Lithoxus lithoides Eigenmann, 1912 .</p><p>Exastilithoxus Isbrücker, Nijssen in Isbrücker, 1979:88. Type-species:  Pseudacanthicus (Lithoxus) fimbriatus Steindachner, 1915 .</p><p>Paralithoxus Boeseman, 1982:46 . Type-species:  Ancistrus bovallii Regan, 1906 .</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Reversal to a short, narrow accessory process of the first ceratobranchial (7:1, 8:1), reversal to a narrow fifth ceratobranchial (10:0), loss of the accessory process on the first epibranchial (14:0), loss of the posterior shelf on the fourth epibranchial (17:0), reversal to a narrow hypohyal (20:0), an elongate first hypobranchial (23:1), reversal to the anterohyal being located on or behind the hyomandibula (26:0), reversal to a round upper pharyngeal jaw with evenly distributed teeth (30:0), lateral wall of posterohyal absent so that posterohyal forms a half cylinder (32:1), reversal to no mesial contact of hyomandibula and quadrate (33:0), posterior portion of hyomandibula forming a shelf dorsally such that suture to pterotic-supracleithrum is nearly perpendicular to preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge (40:1), posterior process of hyomandibula incorporated into main body of hyomandibula (41:1, unique), branched preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge (48:1), reversal to loss of metapterygoid channel and dorsal surface of the metapterygoid being only slightly split, forming a narrow channel (52:1, 53:0), dentary tooth rows forming acute angle (69:0), maxilla expanded ventrally (71:1), bar-shaped opercle (75:2), two to four plates between canal plate and opercle (88:2), reversal to small mesethmoid disk (100:1), wide ventral process of sphenotic (116:1), bifid hemal spines (122:1), first neural spine anterior to first dorsal-fin pterygiophore (125:1), tip of transverse process of Weberian complex centrum not contacting compound pterotic (135:1), reduction of exposed portion of cleithral process (157:1), reversal to large space between posterior process of coracoid strut and posterior process of cleithrum (164:0), curved anterolateral processes of basipterygium meeting or nearly meeting at midline (167:0), loss of posteroventral ridge of basipterygium (173:0), enlarged teeth (205:2).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis. The  Lithoxini can be separated from all except  Leporacanthicus by having a nearly round, flat oral disk with mandibular barbels located and directed anterolaterally (vs. lips oval and mandibular barbels located and directed posterolaterally) and from  Leporacanthicus by having more than two premaxillary teeth and all teeth of similar length (vs. two teeth per premaxilla and premaxillary teeth much longer than dentary teeth; see Lujan et al., 2018, for more detail).</p><p>Geographical distribution.  Lithoxini is distributed exclusively within the Guiana Shield, from right bank tributaries of the Orinoco River, to the upper Negro and Branco rivers, to north-flowing basins from the Essequibo eastward to the Oyapock, and drainages flowing south from the Guianas into the lower Amazon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFB8FFC7FCA8F9CD0142CEA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA5FFD8FCB2FE70074ACF53.text	CD2E87D2FFA5FFD8FCB2FE70074ACF53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudancistrini Armbruster & Lujan 2024	<div><p>Tribe  Pseudancistrini,  new tribe urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CE2CF701-3692-40FF-A9FE-D926399A8807</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Pseudancistrus Bleeker, 1862:2 .</p><p>Type-species:  Hypostomus barbatus Valenciennes, 1840 (in Cuvier, Valenciennes, 1840).</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. With  Pseudancistrus megacephalus, Pseudancistrini is diagnosed by hyomandibula contacting only the compound pterotic (no prootic contact; 35:0&gt;1), walls of metapterygoid channel tall (56: 0&gt;1), straight, spoon-shaped anterior process on metapterygoid (58: 0&gt;1, shared with  Stellantini), sphenotic lacking external contact with posteriormost infraorbital (117: 0&gt;1).</p><p>All taxa except  P. megacephalus are diagnosed by: anterohyal greatest width greater than half length (1: 0&gt;1), hyomandubula deflected beyond posterior margin such that posterior margin is visible when mesial surface of hyomandibula is viewed (46: 0&gt;1), almost vertically-oriented preopercle (61: 1&gt;0), reduction in gap between anterior process of compound pterotic and main body (111: 2&gt;1), forward extension of anterior process of compound pterotic halfway or greater through orbit (112: 0&gt;1), distal margin of rib of sixth vertebral centrum flared distally such that tip is wider than shaft (128: 0&gt;1), reversal to moderately evertible cheek plates (184: 2&gt;1), hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin (188: 0&gt;1), sheaths of snout odontodes long and well separated from odontode, forming tentacules (208: 0&gt;1).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Pseudancistrini (except  P. megacephalus) differs from most other  Hypostominae except  Corymbophanes,  Cryptancistrus Fisch-Muller, Mol &amp; Covain, 2018, some  Guyanancistrus Isbrücker, 2001 (in Isbrücker et al., 2001),  Hopliancistrus,  Lithoxancistrus Isbrücker, Nijssen &amp; Cala, 1988,  Neblinichthys Ferraris, Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1986, and  Pseudolithoxus by having hypertrophied odontodes along snout margin of nuptial males; from  Corymbophanes by having hypertrophied, evertible cheek odontodes (vs. no evertible cheek odontodes); from  Cryptancistrus,  Guyanancistrus, and  Hopliancistrus by having snout odontodes evenly arranged along entire snout margin and thin (vs. only at anterolateral corners and thick); from  Araichthys,  Corymbophanes, and  Neblinichthys (and maybe  Paulasquama and  Yaluwak Lujan, Armbruster in Lujan et al., 2019) by lacking hypertrophied odontodes on top of snout; from  Lithoxancistrus and  Colossimystax by lacking enlarged papillae behind dentary teeth); and from  Stellantini by having slight keel on midventral plate row on caudal peduncle, with dorsal laminae of plates largely flat (vs. plates strongly keeled with dorsal laminae strongly convex).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Found in north-flowing drainages of the eastern Guiana Shield from the Caroni and Essequibo basins east to the Oyapock, the south-flowing Branco, Negro, and Trombetas drainages, more eastward northern tributaries of the lower Amazon, and the Tapajós and Xingu rivers draining the northern Brazilian Shield.</p><p>Remarks. Placement of  P. megacephalus in  Pseudancistrus is uncertain, thus the phylogenetic diagnosis above is provided with and without  P. megacephalus .  Pseudancistrus megacephalus has a deeper body than congeners, lacks hypertrophied odontodes along the snout, and the skull (Fig. 4) contains significant differences. These include the posterior shelf of the pterotic being largely parallel with the main body of the hyomandibula in  P. megacephalus (vs. bent medially), the anterior process of the pterotic being longer and more separated from the main body of the pterotic, and the lateral wall of the pterygoid channel being differently shaped. The orientation of the suspensorium (turquoise in Fig. 4, also indicated) forms almost a right angle at the posteroventral corner when viewed laterally (vs. forming almost a straight line), the preopercle lacks a process for articulation with the canal plate (vs. process present; the canal plate is the fulcrum for rotation of the evertible cheek odontodes), and the metapterygoid condyle to the suspensorium is tall (vs. short).  Pseudancistrus megacephalus has not been collected within its range in Guyana and Suriname since 1909 despite several fairly intensive collecting efforts, suggesting it may be either regionally extirpated or extinct (Armbruster, 2023a). The MBUCV collection has five lots and 19 specimens identified as  Pseudancistrus megacephalus from the Cuyuni River in Venezuela, all collected in 1987 and 1991. Thus the Cuyuni may remain a refuge, although it has suffered from even worse mining impacts than other parts of the species’ range.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFA5FFD8FCB2FE70074ACF53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA4FFDAFD16FB660166CA42.text	CD2E87D2FFA4FFDAFD16FB660166CA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spectracanthicini Isbrucker & Nijssen 1989	<div><p>Tribe  Spectracanthicini Isbrücker &amp; Nijssen, 1989</p><p>Type-genus.  Sepctracanthicus Nijssen &amp; Isbrücker, 1987</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Baryancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, 1989:245 . Type-species:  Hypostomus niveatus Castelnau, 1855 . See Rapp Py-Daniel et al. (2011).</p><p>Hemiancistrus Bleeker, 1862:2 . Type-species:  Ancistrus medians Kner, 1854 . See Fisch-Muller et al. (2012) and Armbruster et al. (2015).</p><p>Parancistrus Bleeker, 1862:2 . Type-species:  Hypostomus aurantiacus Castelnau, 1855 . See Rapp Py-Daniel (1989) and Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon (2005). Synonym:  Acanthodemus Marschall, 1873 .</p><p>Spectracanthicus Nijssen, Isbrücker, 1987:93 . Type-species:  Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen &amp; Isbrücker, 1987 . See Rapp Py-Daniel (1989) and Chamon, Rapp Py-Daniel (2014).</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Posterior region of hyomandibula deflected mesially causing opercle to sit at almost right angle to main body axis (42:1), opercle not supporting odontodes (79:1), and curved anterolateral processes of basipterygium that meet or nearly meet at midline (167:0).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Spectracanthicini cannot be separated from all other hypostomines as a group.  Baryancistrus, ‘  B. ’ beggini, ‘  B. ’ demantoides,  Parancistrus, and  Spectracanthicus can be separated from all except ‘  Spectracanthicus ’ immaculatus of the  Peckoltini by having a fully adnate dorsal fin and a posterior extension of the dorsalfin membrane that reaches either the adipose fin or at least two plates posterior to the insertion of the posteriormost dorsal-fin ray (vs. posterior dorsal-fin membrane maximally extending one plate from the insertion of the posteriormost dorsal-fin ray and never reaching adipose fin); all of these except ‘ B ’.  beggini can be separated from ‘ S.  ’ immaculatus by having light spots (vs. solid gray or black).  Hemiancistrus medians can be separated from all other hypostomines except the  Acanthicini by having all odontodes on the head and lateral plates arranged in lines (vs. scattered) and from the  Acanthicini by having many very small odontodes in lines (vs. very few, fairly large odontodes) and by having seven dorsal-fin rays (vs. eight to 10). Some  Baryancistrus, ‘  B. ’ demantoides, ‘  H. ’ guahiborum, and ‘  H. ’ subviridis can be separated from most other  Hypostominae by having a light-colored (white, yellow, or orange) margin to the dorsal fin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFA4FFDAFD16FB660166CA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.text	CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stellantia Armbruster & Lujan 2024	<div><p>Stellantia Armbruster &amp; Lujan,  new genus</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 894AA6EB-3851-4EA7-B4FB-24724F2A0491</p><p>(Figs. 1B, 2B)</p><p>Type-species.  Pseudancistrus sidereus Armbruster, 2004b</p><p>Included species.</p><p>Pseudancistrus sidereus Armbruster, 2004b:8, fig. 3.</p><p>Río Siapa from 10–15 kilometers downstream,  Río Casiquiare -  Río Negro drainage, 01.50000°, -065.71667°,  Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela.</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Reversal to large interhyal (27: 1&gt;0), tall walls of metapterygoid channel (56: 0&gt;1), reversal to narrow quadrate (64: 1&gt;0), loss of flap of quadrate extending below symplectic foramen (66: 1&gt;0), reversal to two to four cheek plates between canal plate and opercle (88: 3&gt;2); no contact between infraorbital 4 and orbit (90: 1&gt;2), anterior margin of mesethmoid flared (102: 0&gt;1), loss of exterior contact between sphenotic and posteriormost infraorbital (117: 0&gt;1), and increase in number of vertebrae to 12–15 from first normal neural spine posterior to dorsal fin up to and excluding the hypural (121:1).</p><p>Comparative diagnosis.  Stellantia is readily identified from all other  Hypostominae except  Colossimystax by having the dorsal lamina of each ventral plate of the caudal peduncle concave, accentuating the caudal peduncle keel (vs. caudal peduncle ventral plates rounded, lacking concave dorsal lamina, caudal peduncle keel weak or absent); and from  Colossimystax by having seven branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 10).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Known from main channels of the upper  Orinoco River basin upstream of San Fernando de Atabapo, including the lower Ventuari River, and the Casiquiare River basin upstream of its confluence with the Negro River, including the lower Siapa River, exclusively in Amazonas, Venezuela.</p><p>Description. See Tab. S3 and Armbruster (2004b).</p><p>Etymology. An abstract, feminine noun modified from the Latin adjective stellans for starry in reference to the dark body with white to yellow spots which appear like a field of stars, a feature that inspired the species epithet as well.  Stellantia requires a change of ending for the single species in the genus:  Stellantia siderea .</p><p>Conservation status.  Stellantia siderea was evaluated as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN (Armbruster, 2023b). The species is common throughout its range.</p><p>Material examined.   Río Orinoco drainage, Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 26125, 175.6 mm SL ,  Paratypes: AUM 37562, 1, 148.7 mm SL;  FMNH 105294, 4, 149.5– 176.7 mm SL;  MCNG 48261, 1 c&amp;s, 149.8 mm SL .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFA2FFD1FD66FBF600D1C884	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
CD2E87D2FFA6FFDAFD05FE96072CCD59.text	CD2E87D2FFA6FFDAFD05FE96072CCD59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stellantini Armbruster & Lujan 2024	<div><p>Tribe  Stellantini Armbruster &amp; Lujan,  new tribe urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1D1E1710-3653-4CFA-A6BB-1975401D6ADF</p><p>(Fig. 1; Tabs. 1 and S3)</p><p>Type-genus.  Stellantia,  new genus</p><p>Included genera.</p><p>Colossimystax,  new genus</p><p>Stellantia,  new genus</p><p>Phylogenetic diagnosis. Hyomandibula contacting prootic (0&gt;1), posteromedial invagination of ceratobranchial 5 (11: 0&gt;1), straight, spoon-shaped anterior process on metapterygoid (58: 0&gt;1, shared with  Pseudancistrini), forward extent of anterior process of compound pterotic long, halfway through orbit or greater (112: 0&gt;1), and straight anterolateral processes of pelvic basipterygium (167: 1&gt;2). In addition,  Stellantini uniquely possesses plates along ventral series on the caudal peduncle that are strongly bent to form a keel with the keel accentuated by having the dorsal lamina of the plates strongly concave.</p><p>Comparative diagnosis. Morphometric data reported in Tab. 1. The two species of  Stellantini are dramatically different from one another, but the tribe can be identified from other  Hypostominae by having a strong keel on the ventral plate series on the caudal peduncle made by the ventral lamina of each plate being strongly convex and the dorsal lamina of each plate being strongly concave (vs. maximally having a slight keel made predominantly of odontodes and the dorsal lamina of each ventral plate being flat to very slightly concave).</p><p>Geographical distribution. Both species of  Stellantini are found in main channels of the upper Orinoco and Negro river basins, including the Casiquiare River, in Venezuela, Colombia, and possibly also northernmost Brazil, though no Brazilian specimens have been observed or reported (Fig. 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD2E87D2FFA6FFDAFD05FE96072CCD59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lujan, Nathan K.	Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lujan, Nathan K. (2024): New tribe-level classification of Hypostominae (Loricariidae) based on optimization of morphological states on DNA-based relationships, with descriptions of three new tribes and two new genera. Neotropical Ichthyology 22 (4): e 240108, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0108
