identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
96F758C9E31458D59FB7F2E8AE13DF29.text	96F758C9E31458D59FB7F2E8AE13DF29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epipactis papillosa Franch. & Sav.	<div><p>Epipactis papillosa Franch. &amp; Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 519 (1878). — TYPE: JAPAN. Yéso [Hokkaido], 1874, K. U. Kramer s. n. (type: P [P 00301867]!)</p><p>Figs 12, 13, 14, 15</p><p>≡ Limodorum papillosum (Franch. &amp; Sav.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891).</p><p>≡ Epipactis latifolia var. papillosa (Franch. &amp; Sav.) Maxim. ex Kom., Fl. Manshur. 1: 523 (1901).</p><p>≡ Helleborine papillosa (Franch. &amp; Sav.) Druce, Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 589 (1908).</p><p>≡ Amesia papillosa (Franch. &amp; Sav.) A. Nelson &amp; J. F. Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 472 (1913).</p><p>≡ Epipactis helleborine var. papillosa (Franch. &amp; Sav.) T. Hashim., Proc. World Orchid Conf. 12: 120 (1987).</p><p>≡ Epipactis helleborine subsp. papillosa (Franch. &amp; Sav.) Fateryga, Turczaninowia 21 (4): 24 (2018).</p><p>= Epipactis sayekiana Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 2: 22 (1918).</p><p>= Serapias sayekiana (Makino) Makino, J. Jap. Bot. 6: 8 (1929).</p><p>= Epipactis papillosa var. sayekiana (Makino) T. Koyama &amp; Asai, J. Jap. Bot. 33: 226 (1958).</p><p>= Epipactis helleborine var. sayekiana (Makino) T. Hashim., Proc. World Orchid Conf. 12: 121 (1987).</p><p>= Epipactis papillosa var. imkoeensis Y. N. Lee &amp; K. S. Lee, Bull. Korea Pl. Res. 2: 38 (2002).</p><p>Korean name.</p><p>Cheong-dalg-ui-nancho (청닭의난초).</p><p>Common name.</p><p>Green-flower helleborine.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Terrestrial herbs. Plants 30–80 cm tall. Rhizome with shortened internodes, 0.5–2 cm; roots fleshy, elongate, horizontal, becoming fibrous. Stem solitary, rarely 2–4 together, erect, uniformly brown and papillose-pubescent, with 3–4 basal sheaths; internodes elongated. Leaves 4–6, ovate to broadly ovate; upper cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate, 6–14 × 2–6 cm; lowermost leaf ovate, somewhat smaller; adaxially white papillose-puberulent along the veins and margins; apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, rather loosely many-flowered; rachis 10–20 cm, brown papillose-pubescent, laxly to subdensely 5–20 (30) - flowered; floral bracts 4–9 × 0.5–1.5 cm, horizontal or ascending; lower floral bracts foliaceous, exceeding the flowers, much longer than the upper ones, rough on the margin due to whitish papillae, linear to linear-lanceolate, with apex long, acute to acuminate. Flowers spreading horizontally or nodding, resupinate, rather pendent, not widely opening and likely self-pollinating, pale green to green; lip pale green; ovary and pedicel 12–18 mm, ribbed, green to dark green; ovary sparsely papillose; pedicels more or less pubescent. Sepals keeled dorsally, pale green to green; dorsal sepal elliptic, 8–9 × 3–4 mm, apex acute; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, oblique, 9–10 × 4–5 mm, apex acuminate. Petals keeled dorsally, broadly ovate, slightly oblique, 7–8 × 4–4.5 mm, apex acute. Lip not 3 - lobed, entire, 7–8 × 4–4.5 mm, without mesochile; hypochile subglobose – saccate, deeply concave, ridges raised, without lateral lobes; epichile narrowly cordate or triangular, 3.5–4 × 3–3.5 mm, margin erose and slightly undulate, disc pendent, apex acute, with 2 globose calli at the base. Column 4–5 mm, short, terete, thick, and expanded into wings, with right-angled, papillate auricles at both apical corners. Rostellum ovate, depressed, large; viscidium globose; stigma porrect, semiglobose. Anther narrowly ovate, 2.5–3 mm, pale yellow; pollinia 2, mealy. Capsule horizontal or ascending, ovoid, 15–20 × 5–10 mm. Chromosome number: 2 n = 38, 40 (Chen et al. 2009; Inoue 2016).</p><p>Flowering and fruiting.</p><p>Flowering June – July; fruiting July – August.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Shaded, moist forest edges; deciduous and mixed forests; primarily calcareous soils; tolerates moderately acidic soils.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Northeast), Japan, Korea, Russia (Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Islands, Primorye, Sakhalin, Ussuri) (GBIF 2025; POWO 2025) (Fig. 16).</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>Epipactis papillosa was described by Franchet and Savatier (1878) from Japan and belongs to sect. Epipactis s. str. It has often been compared with E. helleborine, which is widely distributed across Europe, North Africa, and Asia. In contrast, E. papillosa is restricted to East Asia, including Korea, northeastern China, the Russian Far East, and Japan (Chen et al. 2009; Efimov 2018, 2020; Fateryga et al. 2018 b; GBIF 2025; POWO 2025). The taxonomic status of E. papillosa has been debated due to its morphological similarity to E. helleborine and has recently been treated as E. helleborine subsp. papillosa (Fateryga and Fateryga 2018 a) . However, E. papillosa differs in having brown, papillose-pubescent stems, fewer leaves and flowers, and a shorter lip (7–8 mm vs. 9–12 mm) (Brown and Argus 2002; Chen et al. 2009), supporting its recognition as a distinct species. Epipactis sayekiana and E. papillosa var. imkoeensis are here treated as synonyms of E. papillosa, as they do not show consistent morphological differentiation at the population level.</p><p>In Korea, sect. Epipactis is represented only by E. papillosa, which occurs in eastern coastal regions of Gyeongsang and Gangwon Provinces, inland areas of central and northern Korea, several western coastal islands, and northern regions (Fig. 16).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/96F758C9E31458D59FB7F2E8AE13DF29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lee, Jung-Sim;Koo, Jee-Yeon;Kim, Min-Ha	Lee, Jung-Sim, Koo, Jee-Yeon, Kim, Min-Ha (2026): Taxonomic revision of Epipactis Zinn (Orchidaceae) on the Korean Peninsula. PhytoKeys 278: 205-231, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.278.195337
2C67E362EEBF52CB9E771AF1A0862681.text	2C67E362EEBF52CB9E771AF1A0862681.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epipactis thunbergii A. Gray	<div><p>Epipactis thunbergii A. Gray, Narr. Exp. China Japan 2: 319 (1856). — TYPE: JAPAN. Shizuoka, Shimoda, s. d., S. W. Williams &amp; J. Morrow (holotype: GH [GH 00052493]!)</p><p>Figs 2, 3, 4, 5</p><p>≡ Limodorum thunbergii (A. Gray) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 672 (1891).</p><p>≡ Helleborine thunbergii (A. Gray) Druce, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 547 (1909).</p><p>≡ Amesia thunbergii (A. Gray) A. Nelson &amp; J. F. Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 473 (1913).</p><p>≡ Epipactis gigantea var. thunbergii (A. Gray) M. Hiroe, Orchid Flowers 1: 63 (1971).</p><p>≡ Arthrochilium thunbergii (A. Gray) Szlach., Orchidee (Hamburg) 54: 588 (2003).</p><p>= Helleborine chinensis Soó, Ann. Hist. - Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 380 (1929).</p><p>= Epipactis thunbergii f. subconformis Sakata, J. Jap. Bot. 35: 224 (1960).</p><p>= Epipactis thunbergii f. flava Ohwi, Fl. Jap., ed. rev.: 1438 (1965).</p><p>Korean name.</p><p>Dalg-ui-nancho (닭의난초).</p><p>Common name.</p><p>Thunberg’s helleborine.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Terrestrial herbs. Plants 30–70 cm tall. Rhizome elongate, creeping, with internodes, 2–4 (7) cm; roots fleshy, long, horizontal, with many roots arising from the internodes. Stem erect, glabrous and green, purplish only at base, with 3–5 basal sheaths. Leaves 6–9, uniformly arranged, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–13 × 1.5–3.5 cm, glabrous, base shortly petiolate and amplexicaul, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, glabrous; rachis 5–15 cm, laxly 3–15 (20) - flowered; floral bracts 2–3.3 × 0.5–1.2 cm, horizontal or ascending, lower floral bracts foliaceous, exceeding flowers, much longer than upper ones, ovate-elliptic, apex acute. Flowers spreading, resupinate, fully opening, dark to light greenish-yellow; lip white-purple to yellow-purple, with dark purple to light purple venation on side lobes and orange spots on disk; ovary and pedicel 15–22 mm long, clavate, ribbed, curved, glabrous or slightly pubescent, green to brownish-yellow. Sepals dark to light greenish-yellow; dorsal sepal elliptic, 10–11 × 4–4.5 mm, apex acute; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, oblique, 10–11 × 4–5 mm, apex acuminate. Petals broadly ovate, slightly oblique, 9–10 × 5–6 mm, apex acute. Lip 3 - lobed, 10–11 × 8–9 mm, with two deeply split lateral lobes spreading outward, and a short mesochile connecting the hypochile and epichile; hypochile cymbiform concave, with lateral lobes, 4–5 × 8–9 mm, inside with purplish striations; lateral lobes erect 3.5–4 × 2 mm; mesochile sometimes inconspicuous, oblong, 1–2 mm; epichile obovate, when flattened, panduriform, 4–5 × 3–3.5 mm, margin slightly undulate, with a pair of low keels and a purplish blotch between them. Column 6–7 mm, including anther, glabrous, terete, relatively thick, and expanded into porrect wings. Rostellum ovate, bearing a lens-shaped viscidium positioned between two globose stigma edges. Anther narrowly ovate, pyriform, 2.5–3 mm, and papillate, pale green; pollinia 2, mealy. Capsule pendulous, ellipsoid, 18–28 × 8–10 mm. Chromosome number: 2 n = 40 (Chen et al. 2009; Inoue 2016).</p><p>Flowering and fruiting.</p><p>Flowering June – July; fruiting July – August.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Sunny to semi-shaded humid meadows, forest swamp edges, moist valley edges, and moist rocky areas along the coast.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Zhejiang), Japan, Korea (Chen et al. 2009; GBIF 2025) (Fig. 6).</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>Epipactis thunbergii is characterized by a short and sometimes inconspicuous mesochile and a cymbiform hypochile with two deeply split lateral lobes. The epichile bears a pair of low keels. In contrast, E. xanthophaea has an elongated mesochile (5–6 mm), a smooth hypochile lacking ridges, and an epichile without keels. These differences in lip structure provide reliable diagnostic characters distinguishing the two species (Table 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C67E362EEBF52CB9E771AF1A0862681	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lee, Jung-Sim;Koo, Jee-Yeon;Kim, Min-Ha	Lee, Jung-Sim, Koo, Jee-Yeon, Kim, Min-Ha (2026): Taxonomic revision of Epipactis Zinn (Orchidaceae) on the Korean Peninsula. PhytoKeys 278: 205-231, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.278.195337
F18B1EFCD98851E185EF0599936B9010.text	F18B1EFCD98851E185EF0599936B9010.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Epipactis xanthophaea Schltr. 2026	<div><p>Epipactis xanthophaea Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 341 (1922). — TYPE: CHINA. Tschili: Jehol, feuchte Plätze am Passe Ba buo tse ling, nördlich Ma lan yün, im Bannwalde d. östlichen Kaisergräber, 4 July 1917, Limpricht H. W. 2915 (lectotype, designated here: WU [WU 0061592]!)</p><p>Figs 7, 8, 9, 10</p><p>≡ Amesia xanthophaea (Schltr.) Hu, Rhodora 27: 106 (1925).</p><p>≡ Helleborine xanthophaea (Schltr.) Soó, Ann. Hist. - Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 26: 381 (1929).</p><p>≡ Arthrochilium xanthophaeum (Schltr.) Szlach., Orchidee (Hamburg) 54: 588 (2003).</p><p>= Epipactis gigantea var. manshurica Maxim. ex Kom., Trudy Imp. S. - Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 20: 524 (1901).</p><p>= Epipactis thunbergii var. manshurica (Maxim. ex Kom.) Tang &amp; F. T. Wang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 67 (1951).</p><p>Korean name.</p><p>Jang-dalg-ui-nancho (장닭의난초).</p><p>Common name (proposed here).</p><p>Yellowish-red helleborine.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Terrestrial herbs. Plants 40–90 cm tall. Rhizome elongate, creeping, with internodes, 2–6 cm; roots slender, simple, long, and horizontal, with roots arising along the rhizome, including at the nodes and indistinct internodes. Stem erect, glabrous and green, purplish only at base, sparsely papillose towards the apex, with 4–7 (8) basal sheaths. Leaves 5–8, spreading, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, with rounded to broadly rounded bases, 6–16 × 4–6 (8) cm, glabrous, base amplexicaul, apex acute to sub-acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, glabrous; rachis 10–22 (28) cm, sub-laxly 5–20 (25) - flowered, subsecund; floral bracts 4–8 × 1–2 cm, horizontal or ascending, lower floral bracts foliaceous, exceeding flowers, much longer than upper ones, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apex long acuminate. Flowers spreading, resupinate, fully opening, rather large, yellowish-brown, yellowish-red to red, or rarely pale red; lip yellowish-red, with yellow to pale yellow; ovary and pedicel 15–25 mm, clavate, ribbed, curved, finely papillose-puberulent, pale purplish green. Sepals yellowish-brown, yellowish-red to red; dorsal sepal elliptic, 14–15 × 5–6 mm, apex acute; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, oblique, 15–16 × 6–7 mm, apex acuminate. Petals broadly ovate, slightly oblique, 14–15 × 7–8 mm, apex acute. Lip 3 - lobed, 13–15 × 8–12 mm, with slightly inward-facing, erect, ovate-suborbicular lateral lobes, and a broad mesochile connecting hypochile and epichile; hypochile cymbiform, concave, with lateral lobes, 6–8 × 11–12 mm, erect ovate-suborbicular, obtuse, with scattered verrucas and brownish-red striations along the median line at and above the base; mesochile 5–6 × 4–5 mm, with longitudinally protruding, obtuse lateral margins, dilated into a cordate outline, and a pair of subtriangular lamellae, 3.5 × 3 mm, enclosed by a thin membrane, yellow; epichile ovate-orbicular, 5–6 × 4–5 mm, margin smooth, without keels, pale yellow. Column 5–6 mm, including anther, glabrous, terete, thick, and expanded into porrect wings. Rostellum ovate, bearing a lens-shaped viscidium positioned between two large, trapezoidal-rhombic stigma edges. Anther long ovoid, 3–3.5 mm, pale brownish-yellow; pollinia 2, mealy. Capsule pendulous, oblong-ellipsoid, 25–32 × 10–20 mm.</p><p>Flowering and fruiting.</p><p>Flowering June – July; fruiting July – August.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Sunny and moist areas with muddy wetland soil, such as the edges of wetlands, within wetlands, and the edges of waterways covered with trees or grass. The rhizomes of the plant are submerged in a mixture of silt and water deposited in the wetland.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong), Russia (Far East), Korea (Chen et al. 2009; POWO 2025) (Fig. 11).</p><p>Taxonomic note.</p><p>Epipactis xanthophaea was described by Schlechter (1922) based on material collected in Jehol, China. The species has long been poorly understood and frequently misinterpreted as E. thunbergii in regional floras. A review of the literature and herbarium specimens indicates that Epipactis gigantea var. manshurica Maxim. ex Kom. is conspecific with E. xanthophaea rather than E. thunbergii . Although originally compared with E. gigantea, this taxon differs clearly from that species in plant size, floral morphology, and lip structure (Brown and Argus 2002). Russian plants previously referred to Epipactis thunbergii are better interpreted as E. xanthophaea based on concordant morphology, supported by literature, herbarium specimens, and photographic evidence (Regel 1861: 145; Komarov 1901, 1935; Efimov 2004, 2018; Kozhevnikov et al. 2015, 2019; Fateryga and Fateryga 2018 a). Epipactis xanthophaea was previously considered to be restricted to northeastern China (Chen et al. 2009; POWO 2025; Plant Photo Bank of China 2025; iPlant. cn 2025; Chinese Virtual Herbarium 2025). However, it is now known to occur in the Russian Far East and Korea, extending from the southern slopes of the Baekdudaegan to central and northeastern regions. Specimens collected by Komarov from northeastern China and northern Korea and preserved at LE provide evidence of a continuous distribution across this region (Kropotkin 1898; Komarov 1901, 1935; Fig. 11 a – d; LE 01042583, LE 01042584, LE 01012227, LE 01042585).</p><p>In Korea, its occurrence is confirmed in four northern regions based on herbarium specimens and in eight southern regions based on specimens and field observations. However, its presence in three regions remains unconfirmed (Fig. 11 e – g): one is supported only by photographs (Fig. 11 f), another is based solely on historical records (Fig. 11 g; TI 00014572), and the third is represented by a single specimen without recent confirmation (Fig. 11 e; KH 1420121). Accordingly, the confirmed distribution in Korea includes Jagang-do (Huchang-gun), Hamgyeongbuk-do, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Incheon (Fig. 11).</p><p>Lectotype designation of Epipactis xanthophaea Schltr.</p><p>No holotype was designated in the protologue of Epipactis xanthophaea Schltr., and the original material is presumed to have been deposited in the Berlin Herbarium (B), where it was likely destroyed during the air raids of 1943 (Ames 1944). In accordance with Articles 9.3, 9.11, and 9.12 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland et al. 2018), the specimen Limpricht 2915 (WU 0061592), collected by the original collector and currently preserved at WU, is designated here as the lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F18B1EFCD98851E185EF0599936B9010	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Lee, Jung-Sim;Koo, Jee-Yeon;Kim, Min-Ha	Lee, Jung-Sim, Koo, Jee-Yeon, Kim, Min-Ha (2026): Taxonomic revision of Epipactis Zinn (Orchidaceae) on the Korean Peninsula. PhytoKeys 278: 205-231, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.278.195337
