identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C854FB3B416EFFC5FFBCF986FC12F8E0.text	C854FB3B416EFFC5FFBCF986FC12F8E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cephalaeschna viridifrons (Fraser 1923)	<div><p>Cephalaeschna viridifrons (Fraser, 1923) (Fig. 2)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♂, Karnali province, Salyan district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.05898&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.41067" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.05898/lat 28.41067)">Kupinde Daha</a> (28°24'38.41"N, 82°03'32.33”E, 1127 m a.s.l.), 7-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). Thorax with reddish-brown with pale green to yellow antehumeral stripes. Abdomen cylindrically tapered, black with the fine yellow dorsal stripe from segments 2–8. Laterally, broadly yellow, turning reddish-brown towards the end. Segments 9–10 immaculate. Ovipositor process long, extending beyond the abdominal end.</p><p>Distribution. India, and Nepal (Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416EFFC5FFBCF986FC12F8E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416EFFC6FFBCF82CFA42FA3A.text	C854FB3B416EFFC6FFBCF82CFA42FA3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gynacantha incisura Fraser 1935	<div><p>Gynacantha incisura Fraser, 1935 (Figs 3–4)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♀, Karnali province, Salyan district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.05898&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.41067" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.05898/lat 28.41067)">Kupinde Daha</a> (28°24'38.41"N, 82°03'32.33”E, 1127 m a.s.l.), 1-v-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♀). Body olivaceous-green. Thorax without well-defined dark stripes. wings hyaline, unmarked at base. Abdomen tumid at base, markedly constricted at segment 3; dark reddish-brown dorsally with olivaceous paired spots on segments 3–8. Segments 9–10 unmarked. Anal appendages deep reddish-brown, narrow at basal region, then gradually expanding to apex. Ventral plate forked.</p><p>Distribution. Bhutan, Nepal, and Thailand (Pierce &amp; Makbun, 2020; Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416EFFC6FFBCF82CFA42FA3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416DFFC6FF4DFA09FA43F8E9.text	C854FB3B416DFFC6FF4DFA09FA43F8E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gynacanthaeschna sikkima (Karsch 1891)	<div><p>Gynacanthaeschna sikkima (Karsch, 1891) (Fig. 5)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♂, Karnali province, Achham district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.46635&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.22939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.46635/lat 29.22939)">Ramaroshan Lake</a> (29°13'45.80"N, 81°27'58.86”E, 2404 m a.s.l.), 6-x-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). Thorax dark reddish-brown, marked with grass-green narrow antehumeral stripes. First abdominal segment with a large quadrate green spot laterally, segment 2 with a broad interrupted yellow stripe each side. Segments 3–8 with small baso-lateral spots, small paired jugal spots and apical dorsal lunules. Segment 9 with its apical border very narrowly green and a small baso-lateral spot; segment 10 with a large yellow spot on each side. Cerci narrow at base, dark reddish-brown then markedly dilated, about twice the length of segment 10; epiproct two-thirds the length of cerci, narrowly triangular, curled gently upwards at apex.</p><p>Distribution. Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan (Zhang, 2017; Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416DFFC6FF4DFA09FA43F8E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416DFFC7FF4DF808FAA8FE1D.text	C854FB3B416DFFC7FF4DF808FAA8FE1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lamelligomphus risi (Fraser 1922)	<div><p>Lamelligomphus risi (Fraser, 1922) (Fig. 6)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♂, Karnali province, Surkhet District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.54213&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.599508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.54213/lat 28.599508)">Girighat</a> (28°35'58.23"N, 81°32'31.67"E, 422 m a.s.l.), 6-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). First abdominal segment with large inferior lateral spot and a linear transverse apical dorsal spot. Segment 2 broadly yellow laterally and a linear mid-dorsal stripe. Segments 3–6 with basal rings. Segment 7 with rather more than basal greenish yellow, segments 8–10 unmarked; anal appendages about the length of segments 8–9 together, cerci yellowish and curled.</p><p>Distribution. Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal (Zhang, 2017; Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416DFFC7FF4DF808FAA8FE1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFC9FFA8AFBCD.text	C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFC9FFA8AFBCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur 1842)	<div><p>Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur, 1842) (Fig. 8)</p><p>Material Examined. 3♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.61955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.58227" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.61955/lat 28.58227)">Bulbule lake</a> (28°34'56.17"N, 81°37'10.38"E, 646 m a.s.l.), 6-vi-2023. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♀). Thorax reddish-brown on the sides and more blackish-brown on the dorsum, with citron-yellow stripe markings extending to the first abdominal segment. Rusty brown with a mid-dorsal yellow stripe extending from the base of the head to the segment 4 of the abdomen.</p><p>Distribution. Austria, Bangladesh, China, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Sri Lanka (Kalkman &amp; Orr, 2014; Zhang, 2017; Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFC9FFA8AFBCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFE6AFB24FD5E.text	C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFE6AFB24FD5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scalmogomphus bistrigatus (Hagen in Selys 1854)	<div><p>Scalmogomphus bistrigatus (Hagen in Selys, 1854) (Fig. 7)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♂, Lumbini province, East Rukum district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.62418&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.6127" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.62418/lat 28.6127)">Kamal Daha</a> (28°36'45.72"N, 82°37'27.05"E, 1564 m a.s.l.), 7-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). Thorax black on the dorsum, marked with yellow hook-like stripes. Abdomen black with yellow markings on Segements 2–7. Segments 8–10 dorsally black, segments 8–9 widened and lateral spots present and cerci longer than epiproct and curled.</p><p>Distribution. Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan (Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFE6AFB24FD5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFB3AFF39F9AA.text	C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFB3AFF39F9AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetrathemis platyptera Selys 1868	<div><p>Tetrathemis platyptera Selys, 1868 (Figs 9–10)</p><p>Material Examined. 2♂♂ Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.61955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.58227" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.61955/lat 28.58227)">Bulbule lake</a> (28°34'56.17"N, 81°37'10.38"E, 646 m a.s.l.), 3-viii-2022 ; 10♂♂, 5♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.51376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.668238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.51376/lat 28.668238)">Hurke</a> (28°40'5.66"N, 81°30'49.54"E, 783 m a.s.l.), 6-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂ ♀). Thorax blackish with broad bright yellow stripes marking on sides. Wings transparent, the base of the wings tinted with amber-yellow. Abdomen black with yellow spots on sides up to segment 7 and segments 8–10 unmarked. Female very similar to male, but the ambercoloured areas of the wing much deeper and more robust abdomen.</p><p>Distribution. Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, and Nepal (Kalkman et al., 2020; Gurung et al., 2022; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCFB3AFF39F9AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCF99BFF3EF82C.text	C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCF99BFF3EF82C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urothemis signata subsp. signata (Rambur 1862)	<div><p>Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1862) (Figs 11–12)</p><p>Material Examined. 2♂♂, 5♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.61955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.582262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.61955/lat 28.582262)">Bulbule lake</a> (28°34'56.14"N, 81°37'10.38"E, 646 m a.s.l.), 3-viii-2022 .</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂ ♀). Thorax reddish dorsally and olivaceous with reddish suffusion laterally. Wings transparent with crimson reticulation and base of wings has a golden amber-yellow spot. Abdomen bloody red with some black markings on segments 8–9. Female with yellowish-olivaceous abdomen bearing black spots on segments 3–7; segments 8 and 9 with black dorsal marks.</p><p>Distribution. India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416CFFC7FFBCF99BFF3EF82C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416CFFC1FFBCF81BFB91FE1A.text	C854FB3B416CFFC1FFBCF81BFB91FE1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur 1842	<div><p>Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842 (Fig. 13)</p><p>Material Examined. 3♂♂, 2♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.61955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.582262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.61955/lat 28.582262)">Bulbule lake</a> (28°34'56.14"N, 81°37'10.38"E, 646 m a.s.l.), 3-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Figures 2–13. Anisoptera . 2. Cephalaeschna viridifrons, female; 3. Gynacantha incisura, female; 4. Gynacantha incisura, dorsal view; 5. Gynacanthaeschna sikkima, male; 6. Lamelligomphus risi, male; 7. Scalmogomphus bistrigatus, male; 8. Rhodothemis rufa, female; 9. Tetrathemis platyptera, male; 10. Tetrathemis platyptera, mating; 11. Urothemis signata signata, male; 12. Urothemis signata signata, teneral, female; 13. Zyxomma petiolatum, male.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂ ♀). Abdomen relatively enormously dilated from the first segment to the base of third segment then abruptly contracted, slim and cylindrical to the end. Cerci as long as segments 9–10 combining, slim and sinuous, acuminate at apex. Wings transparent with broad brown apices (Fig. 13).</p><p>Ecology. These are crepuscular species meaning they fly shortly before dusk or in the late afternoon. Two males were chasing each other near the edge of the water outlet canal of the Lake on date 3-viii- 2022. The next morning, a single female was perching on tangled vegetation at the edge of the Lake.</p><p>Distribution. This species is currently known from Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam (Kalkman et al., 2020), and Nepal (new record).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416CFFC1FFBCF81BFB91FE1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCFD9EFAA9FBA9.text	C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCFD9EFAA9FBA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aristocypha spuria Selys 1879	<div><p>Aristocypha spuria Selys, 1879 (Figs 14–16)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♂, 3♀♀, Karnali province, Dailekh district, River near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.62811&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.76895" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.62811/lat 28.76895)">Upper Dungeshwar</a> (28°46'8.22"N, 81°37'41.19"E, 626 m a.s.l.), 6-v-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). This species closely resembles the Aristocypha quadrimaculata (Selys, 1853) . It can be diagnosed by an apical vitreous spot large, lying almost entirely proximal to the line of pterostigma; mid row of spots consisting of well separated four spots (vs apical vitreous spot moderately large lying partly proximal to line of pterostigma (Fig. 14); mid row of spots well separated, almost always three in number in Aristocypha quadrimaculata).</p><p>Ecology. A single male was observed in fast-flowing river stream in May 2022. It was perching on broken twigs of tree. Later on in August 2023 two males and a single female were perching on stone. This species was observed during May–August.</p><p>Distribution. China, India, Myanmar (Mitra, 2018; Kalkman et al., 2020), and Nepal (new record).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCFD9EFAA9FBA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCFBD6FF49F9D6.text	C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCFBD6FF49F9D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Copera marginipes (Rambur 1842)	<div><p>Copera marginipes (Rambur, 1842) (Figs 17–19)</p><p>Material Examined. 3♂♂, 2♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.61955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.582262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.61955/lat 28.582262)">Bulbule lake</a> (28°34'56.14"N, 81°37'10.38"E, 646 m a.s.l.), 3-viii-2022 . 2♂ Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.51376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.668238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.51376/lat 28.668238)">Hurke</a> (28°40'5.66"N, 81°30' 49.54"E, 783 m a.s.l.), 6-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂ ♀). Thorax bronze black with fine yellow lines on the sides. The stripe on the sides narrow and pale greenish-yellow. Legs bright yellowish-orange. Abdomen bronzed black above, segments 3–6 have a pale stripe along the side and a narrow pale greenish-white ring at the end of each segment. Cerci half of segment 10 and tip strongly pointed curled ventral; paraproct half four times longer than cerci, broad at the base, and tapers to a round tip. Female, with brown abdomen above and broad rings towards the end. Half of the segment 8 and the entire segments 9–10 pale brownish white. Anal appendages shorter than segment 10, vulvar scales brown.</p><p>Distribution. Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal (Zhang, 2017; Kalkman et al., 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCFBD6FF49F9D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCF932FA44F7A2.text	C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCF932FA44F7A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Copera vittata (Selys 1863)	<div><p>Copera vittata (Selys, 1863) (Fig. 20)</p><p>Material Examined. 2♂♂, 2♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.51376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.668238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.51376/lat 28.668238)">Hurke</a> (28°40'5.66"N, 81°30'49.54"E, 783 m a.s.l.), 6-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂ ♀). Thorax black and chocolate brown with a few coarse yellow spots. Legs reddish-yellow. Abdominal segments 1–2 reddish-yellow. Pale blue rings are present at the front end of the segments 3–7. Segment 9 has a blue spot, and segment 10 entirely blue. Paraproct twice the length of the cerci, broad at the base and tapers towards the end. In females, abdomen pale brown with dark purplish-black. Segments 1–2 pale yellowish-brown. Segments 3–7 bear pale brown anterior rings. The 9th segment has a broad, pale brown T-shaped mark. Segment 10 pale brown.</p><p>Distribution. Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal (Zhang, 2017; Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B416AFFC1FFBCF932FA44F7A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFBBBFDFEFA0E.text	C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFBBBFDFEFA0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aciagrion occidentale Laidlaw 1919	<div><p>Aciagrion occidentale Laidlaw, 1919 (Fig. 25)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.61955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.582262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.61955/lat 28.582262)">Bulbule lake</a> (28°34'56.14"N, 81°37'10.38"E, 646 m a.s.l.), 3-viii-2022 ; 3♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.00121&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.457958" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.00121/lat 28.457958)">Baluwa Sangrahi</a> (28°27'28.65"N, 82°00' 4.36"E, 544 m a.s.l.), 7-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♀). Thorax pale yellow to bluish antehumeral stripes. Abdomen slender, with segments 1–7 black dorsally, and segments 8–10 blue, with a black triangle on the dorsum of segment 8 (Fig. 25).</p><p>Ecology. A single female was seen in the Lake’s marshes. Later, three females were observed perching in paddy near the fast-flowing river in August 2022.</p><p>Distribution. Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam (Mitra, 2010; Kalkman et al., 2020), and Nepal (new record).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFBBBFDFEFA0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4CFA7AFE2EF8FF.text	C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4CFA7AFE2EF8FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Agriocnemis clauseni Fraser 1992	<div><p>Agriocnemis clauseni Fraser, 1992 (Fig. 26)</p><p>Material Examined. 2♂♂, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.51376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.668238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.51376/lat 28.668238)">Hurke</a> (28°40'5.66"N, 81°30'49.54"E, 783 m a.s.l.), 6-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). Thorax back with narrow greenish-blue antehumeral stripes, pale blue below. Abdomen azure blue with black markings, on the back of segment 2 a cobra-hood marking present, segment 7 with a quadrate black spot, segments 8–10 black. Cerci slightly longer than segment 10, paraproct shorter with a robust spine pointing backwards.</p><p>Distribution. Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Thailand (Zhang, 2017; Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4CFA7AFE2EF8FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFF4DFB6EFE60.text	C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFF4DFB6EFE60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prodasineura autumnalis (Fraser 1922)	<div><p>Prodasineura autumnalis (Fraser, 1922) (Fig. 21)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♂, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.00121&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.457958" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.00121/lat 28.457958)">BaluwaSangrahi</a> (28°27'28.65"N, 82°00' 4.36"E, 544 m a.s.l.), 7-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). Thorax black on the dorsum, with black sides and a whitish band. Abdomen black, segments 3–7 with paired creamy white spots.</p><p>Distribution. Bangladesh, India, and Nepal (Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFF4DFB6EFE60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFDACFC18FC7C.text	C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFDACFC18FC7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudocopera ciliata (Selys 1863)	<div><p>Pseudocopera ciliata (Selys, 1863) (Figs 22–24)</p><p>Material Examined. 2♂♂, 3♀♀, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.51376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.668238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.51376/lat 28.668238)">Hurke</a> (28°40'05.66"N, 81°30'49.54"E, 783 m a.s.l.), 6-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂ ♀). Thorax black with pale blue stripe. Abdomen black with bronze tinge, segments 9—10 pale blue. Whitish legs with black bands at the joint of the femur and tibia, and the tip of cerci is blackish in males (Fig. 22). Adult female are similar to male but in teneral females, legs and thorax are light reddish, reddish-orange or pinkish (Fig. 23).</p><p>Ecology. An adult male, an adult female and an immature female were observed perching in a small brook by shrubby vegetation. The vegetation provides a shady environment.</p><p>Distribution. Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (Dow, 2018; Kalkman et al., 2020), and Nepal (new record).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B4169FFC2FF4DFDACFC18FC7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
C854FB3B4169FFC3FF4CF8CDFA61F798.text	C854FB3B4169FFC3FF4CF8CDFA61F798.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer 1865)	<div><p>Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865) (Fig. 27)</p><p>Material Examined. 1♂, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.61955&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.582262" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.61955/lat 28.582262)">Bulbule lake</a> (28°34'56.14"N, 81°37'10.38"E, 646 m a.s.l.), 3-viii-2022 ; 2♂♂, Karnali province, Surkhet district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=81.51376&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.668238" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 81.51376/lat 28.668238)">Hurke</a> (28°40'05.66"N, 81°30'49.54"E, 783 m a.s.l.), 6-viii-2022. Coll. M. Sharma.</p><p>Figures 14–27. Zygoptera: 14. Aristocypha spuria, wings; 15. Aristocypha spuria, general habitus, male; 16. Aristocypha spuria, thorax; 17. Copera marginipes, male; 18. Copera marginipes, female; 19. Copera marginipes, teneral male; 20. Copera vittata, copulating; 21. Prodasineura autumnalis; 22. Pseudocopera ciliata, male; 23. Pseudocopera ciliata, immature female; 24. Pseudocopera ciliata, female; 25. Aciagrion occidentale, female; 26. Agriocnemis clauseni; 27. Ceriagrion cerinorubellum .</p><p>Field diagnosis (♂). Thorax green above, fading blue on the sides and yellow below. Abdomen bright red at the basal end of segments 1–2 and segments 8–10, segments 3–7 blue grey with a black band on the dorsum.</p><p>Distribution. Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (Kalkman et al., 2020; Current study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C854FB3B4169FFC3FF4CF8CDFA61F798	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sharma, Manoj;Oli, Buddhi Ram;Gautam, Ishan	Sharma, Manoj, Oli, Buddhi Ram, Gautam, Ishan (2024): Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the western region of Nepal with new records of four species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (3): 535-546, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.3.535, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.3.535
