identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
78AC0032E9675B52ADD39C232EBD40D1.text	78AC0032E9675B52ADD39C232EBD40D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptophallus Bock 1913	<div><p>Cryptophallus Bock, 1913</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Cryptophallus wahlbergi Bock, 1913 .</p><p>Emended diagnosis.</p><p>Cryptophallus is characterized by: i) the presence of small knob-like tentacles; ii) the presence of tentacular, cerebro-frontal, and marginal eyespots; iii) the male copulatory apparatus not enclosed by a muscular bulb and situated beneath the posterior end of the pharynx, with spermiducal bulbs and a small prostatic vesicle, the latter lined with a smooth or slightly folded epithelium and positioned vertically above a wide, conical, unarmed penis papilla; and iv) ductus vaginalis and vagina externa opening into a common pore.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In its original description, the genus Cryptophallus included seven species: Cryptophallus wahlbergi Bock, 1913, Cryptophallus bartschi Kaburaki, 1923, Cryptophallus sondaicus Bock, 1925, Cryptophallus magnus Freeman, 1933, Cryptophallus eximius Kato, 1937, Cryptophallus aegypticus Melouk, 1940, and Cryptophallus japonicus Kato, 1944 . Cryptophallus magnus has been recognized as a synonym of Kaburakia excelsa Bock, 1925 (Kato 1937). Faubel (1983) reassigned C. aegypticus, C. eximius, and C. bartschi to the family Callioplanidae Hyman, 1953, a family characterized by a smooth or somewhat wavy inner epithelium of the prostatic vesicle. While the remaining two species, C. wahlbergi and C. sondaicus, had been placed in the family Pseudostylochidae Faubel, 1983, in which the inner epithelium of the prostatic vesicle is tubularly chambered. Within Callioplanidae, he further assigned C. aegypticus and C. eximius to the genus Trigonoporus Lang, 1884, with the ductus vaginalis opening to the exterior well behind the female pore, and assigned C. bartschi to the genus Tokiphallus Faubel, 1983, based on the male apparatus being enclosed in a common muscular bulb. However, our review of the original descriptions shows that Faubel’s statement of the ductus vaginalis was incorrect. In fact, in the original descriptions of C. aegypticus and C. eximius, the authors clearly stated that the ductus vaginalis and vagina externa open into a common pore, which was also illustrated in the schematic figures of the copulatory apparatus of C. aegypticus (Melouk 1940: fig. 5) and C. eximius (Kato 1937: fig. 11). In addition, C. wahlbergi and C. sondaicus were originally described as having small folds in the proximal part of the prostatic vesicle (see Bock 1913, 1925), and thus do not possess a “ tubularly chambered ” epithelium. Therefore, Faubel’s classification of C. wahlbergi and C. sondaicus appears to be inaccurate. Taken together, we suggest that C. aegypticus, C. eximius, C. wahlbergi and C. sondaicus should be returned to Cryptophallus . Although C. bartschi differs from Cryptophallus in having the male apparatus enclosed in a common muscular bulb and the male copulatory organ positioned slightly posterior to the pharyngeal cavity (Kaburaki 1923), whether these characteristics are sufficient to classify it as a different genus ( Tokiphallus) still requires further investigation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/78AC0032E9675B52ADD39C232EBD40D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Hai-Long;He, Bing-Bing;Li, Shuang-Fei;Wang, An-Tai;Hu, Zhang-Li;Zhang, Yu	Liu, Hai-Long, He, Bing-Bing, Li, Shuang-Fei, Wang, An-Tai, Hu, Zhang-Li, Zhang, Yu (2026): Morphology and phylogeny of two acotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) from the genera Cryptophallus and Limnoplana in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1275: 211-227, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1275.180665
6ECB32CB53A553129EFE67B9D6151956.text	6ECB32CB53A553129EFE67B9D6151956.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptophallus sinensis Liu 2026	<div><p>Cryptophallus sinensis Liu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name is an adjective derived from the Latin sinensis, meaning “ Chinese ”, referring to the species being found in Chinese waters.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: China • hermaphrodite; Guangdong Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.75083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.749166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.75083/lat 22.749166)">Huidong</a>; 22°44.95'N, 114°45.05'E; 15 Apr. 2025; Hai-Long Liu leg.; sagittal sections on 8 slides; GenBank accession: PZ 111956 (COI), PZ 111958 (16 S), PZ 112129 (18 S) and PZ 112134 (28 S); MBM 288501 . Paratypes: China • hermaphrodite; same data as for holotype; sagittal sections on 7 slides; GenBank accession: PZ 111959 (16 S), PZ 112130 (18 S) and PZ 112135 (28 S); MBM 288502 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Body is elongate oval, both ends are round (Fig. 1 A, B). Anesthetized specimens are 31– 25 mm in length and 15 mm in width. Dorsal surface is grayish brown, slightly darker in the median (Fig. 1 A), and the ventral paler. The extreme marginal of body is colorless. Brain and genital regions are reddish. A pair of small knob-like nuchal tentacles are located 6 mm from the anterior end and 1.7 mm apart from each other. Each has 5–8 tentacular eyespots. Numerous cerebral eyespots form a crowded cluster, within which two groups can be faintly distinguished (Fig. 1 C). Frontal eyespots are scattered over the anterior end of the body (Fig. 1 C). Marginal eyespots are distributed around the entire body.</p><p>A ruffled pharynx is located at the center of the body, measuring 18–22 mm in length (Fig. 1 B). The mouth is located in the posterior region of the pharynx, approximately 5 mm from the posterior end of the pharynx (Fig. 1 B). The male pore is 6 mm from the posterior end of the body, and the female pore opens 2.5 mm behind the male pore (Fig. 1 B).</p><p>The male copulatory apparatus is not enclosed by a muscular bulb and is comprised of the spermiducal bulbs, a free prostatic vesicle, and an unarmed penis papilla. A pair of vasa deferntia run ventrally along the outer sides of the uteri, and extend anteriorly to the region posterior to the brain (Fig. 1 B). With the musculature slightly increasing in thickness in the distal part, they develop into elongate tubular spermiducal bulbs that are difficult to distinguish from the vasa deferntia as separate organs. They converge near the proximal end of the prostatic vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct. The prostatic vesicle is very small and club-shaped, located beneath the posterior end of the pharynx, and positioned nearly vertically to the base of the penis (Fig. 2 A, E). The prostatic vesicle is lined with a simple ciliated epithelium and bears small epithelial folds at its proximal end (Fig. 2 C). The prostatic duct joins the ejaculatory duct near the tip of the penis papilla (Fig. 2 A, E). A wide, conical penis projects vertically into the male atrium, which is lined with ciliated epithelium (Fig. 2 A, E).</p><p>Ovaries are situated dorsally. A pair of coiled uteri commence from the level of anterior end of the pharynx and run posteriorly along both sides of the pharynx (Fig. 1 B). The female copulatory apparatus is generally similar to that of other species in the genus, comprising a ductus vaginalis that lacks an outer opening of its own and opens together with the vagina into a common antrum (Fig. 2 B, E). The vagina extends upward from the female genital pore for a moderate distance, then runs anteriorly parallel to the ventral side of the body, curves sharply upwards and backwards, and after a short distance unite in a common oviduct (Fig. 2 B, D). Beyond this point, the ductus vaginalis loops back towards the female antrum (Fig. 2 B, E). In the sharply upward-curving portion of the vagina, it is twisted into a distinct spiral coil, making approximately five complete turns (Fig. 2 D). Cement glands are stained with acid fuchsin, empty into the portions of the vagina that run parallel to the ventral side of the body and that curve sharply upward (Fig. 2 B, D, E).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Huidong, Guangdong, China; Singapore.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Intertidal, under the stone.</p><p>Molecular phylogeny.</p><p>Cryptophallus sinensis sp. nov. is sister to a clade composed of Leptostylochus cf. gracilis and Leptostylochus victoriensis with poor support (51 / 0.54) and nested within Stylochoidea (Fig. 5; Suppl. material 1: fig. S 1).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>As aforementioned, the revised genus currently comprises five species. Cryptophallus sinensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from its four congeners (except C. japonicus) by having a grayish-brown dorsal pattern with darker in the median region (Table 1). Additionally, the new species has fewer tentacular eyespots (5–8) than those in C. eximius, C. sondaicus, and C. wahlbergi (all&gt; 13, Table 1). In C. aegypticus and C. sondaicus, the ejaculatory duct and prostatic duct open separately at the distal end of the penis, whereas in C. sinensis sp. nov. the ejaculatory duct connects distally to the prostatic duct (Table 1). Furthermore, C. eximius has the mouth opening in the anterior part of the body; C. wahlbergi possesses a prostatic vesicle with a proximally enlarged lumen (Bock 1913: textfig. 13), and C. sondaicus presents a rudimentary duct connected with the ductus vaginalis, which further distinguish these congeners from C. sinensis sp. nov. (Table 1). Cryptophallus sinensis sp. nov. differs from C. japonicus by its body color (grayish-brown dorsal pattern vs. light silvery black) and the arrangement of the cerebral eyespots (two scarcely separate clusters vs. a single cluster) (Table 1). In addition, the middle portion of the vagina forms a distinct spiral coil with approximately five complete turns in the new species, while in C. japonicus it is raised to nine (Kato 1938: fig. 6).</p><p>The 28 S rDNA sequence of C. sinensis sp. nov. shows high similarity with that of Acotylea 9 (ZRC.PLA.0269, ZRC.PLA.0273) collected from Singapore (Ong and Tong 2018; Diong et al. 2025), with BLAST identities of 99.89 % (PQ 863117) and 99.79 % (PQ 863131), respectively. By contrast, the sequence identity between the two Singaporean Acotylea 9 specimens was 99.39 %. This level of intraspecific sequence variation, together with the matching color pattern (see fig. 16 A, B in Ong and Tong 2018) suggest that these specimens may be conspecific. Nevertheless, we acknowledge that this hypothesis should be further tested using additional molecular markers and detailed comparisons of internal morphology, due to the limited ability of 28 S rDNA to distinguish species (Oya and Kajihara 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6ECB32CB53A553129EFE67B9D6151956	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Hai-Long;He, Bing-Bing;Li, Shuang-Fei;Wang, An-Tai;Hu, Zhang-Li;Zhang, Yu	Liu, Hai-Long, He, Bing-Bing, Li, Shuang-Fei, Wang, An-Tai, Hu, Zhang-Li, Zhang, Yu (2026): Morphology and phylogeny of two acotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) from the genera Cryptophallus and Limnoplana in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1275: 211-227, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1275.180665
1890092E77995F078F75F4135CC93F3F.text	1890092E77995F078F75F4135CC93F3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Limnoplana obscuriviridis Liu 2026	<div><p>Limnoplana obscuriviridis Liu sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3, 4</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name is a compound of the Latin adjective obscure (dark) and virid (green), referring to the dark-green dorsal coloration of the body.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: China • hermaphrodite; Guangdong Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.951&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.522167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.951/lat 22.522167)">Shenzhen</a>; 22°31.33'N, 113°57.06'E; 6 Dec. 2024; Bing-Bing He leg.; underneath stones in the mangroves; sagittal sections on 19 slides; GenBank accession: PZ 111957 (COI), PZ 111960 (16 S), PZ 112131 (18 S) and PZ 112136 (28 S); MBM 288503 . Paratypes: China • 1 hermaphrodite; same data as for holotype; sagittal sections on 18 slides; GenBank accession: PZ 111961 (16 S), PZ 112132 (18 S) and PZ 112137 (28 S); MBM 288504 • 1 hermaphrodite; same data as for holotype; sagittal sections on 18 slides; GenBank accession: PZ 111962 (16 S), PZ 112133 (18 S) and PZ 112138 (28 S); MBM 288505 .</p><p>Description.</p><p>The body is thin and elongate oval, with the posterior end slightly narrowed (Fig. 3 A). Anesthetized specimens are 16–35 mm long and 4–7 mm wide, while mature adults are approximately 30 mm long and 7 mm wide. The dorsal surface is dark green or khaki greenish, with two darker stripes running along the midline (Fig. 3 A, B). The ventral surface is lighter than the dorsal. Some of the smaller specimens (approximately 12 mm long and 4 mm wide) are somewhat reddish. The extreme margin of the body is colorless, and while the heart-shaped brain region is reddish (Fig. 3 B, D). Tentacles are absent. Tentacular eyespots are arranged in two long clusters, each consisting of 18–35 eyespots (Fig. 3 D). Cerebral eyespots are scattered between tentacular eyespots, totaling approximately 30 eyespots (Fig. 3 D). Marginal eyespots encircle the entire body, with more than one layers in the anterior 1 / 4 of the body (Fig. 3 D), while only one sparse layer in the remaining regions of the body.</p><p>A ruffled pharynx is located in the anterior half of the body, measuring 6–10 mm in length (Fig. 3 C). The mouth is located in the middle region of the pharynx, approximately at the anterior one-third of the body. (Fig. 3 C). Genital pores are situated at the posterior end of the body: the male pore is located approximately 0.3 mm from the posterior end, and the female pore opens about 0.1 mm behind the male pore (Fig. 4 B, E).</p><p>The male copulatory apparatus is comprised of a true seminal vesicle, a free prostatic vesicle, and an unarmed penis. A pair of vasa deferntia run ventrally, enter the proximal end of the elongate tubular seminal vesicle separately (Fig. 4 C, F). The seminal vesicle (0.5–0.7 mm in its long axis) has a distinct muscular wall, and is situated beneath the prostatic vesicle (Fig. 4 E). Its distal end gradually narrows to form the ejaculatory duct, which runs obliquely backward and upward for a short distance, then bends sharply before opening at the tip of the penis (Fig. 4 E, F). The prostatic vesicle (0.7–1 mm in its long axis) is an elongate tube running in a wavy manner, with a strong muscular wall and is lined with smooth epithelium (Fig. 4 E, F). The prostatic secretion is strongly stained by acid fuchsin, taking on a somewhat dirty red hue (Fig. 4 E). The prostatic duct receives the ejaculatory duct at the base of penis (Fig. 4 B). A conical penis without stylet projects vertically into the male atrium (Fig. 4 B, E, F).</p><p>The ovaries are situated dorsally. The distal ends of a pair of uteri fuse at the midline to form a common oviduct, which runs upward to enter the vagina (Fig. 4 A, F). From this point, Lang’s duct with numerous radial folds runs postero-ventrally, and leads to Lang’s vesicle (Fig. 4 A, F). Lang’s vesicle is “ U ” shaped, with both ends swollen into a spherical form (Fig. 3 E), and lined with a thin columnar epithelium. Lang’s vesicle contains granular secretion that stain blue with aniline blue (Fig. 4 A). The vagina extends anterior for a short distance, then curves postero-ventrally, running along ventral side to near the proximal end of the prostatic vesicle; then vagina runs obliquely upward and backward, extending for some distance close to the dorsal side, eventually turning ventrally to open at the female gonopore (Fig. 4 A, D, E, F). The vagina is lined with both ciliated and smooth epithelium. From the common oviduct to the proximal end of the prostatic vesicle, the vagina is surrounded by cement glands, which are stained with acid fuchsin (Fig. 4 A, F).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The species is known from Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The specimens were collected from the estuary of the Dasha River, where the salinity is approximately 4 ‰ and mangroves are present. They were found intertidally underneath stones in the mangroves.</p><p>Molecular phylogeny.</p><p>Limnoplana obscuriviridis sp. nov was positioned inside the Stylochoidea superfamily with high support (96 / 0.94), clustering with all other stylochoids except Callioplana marginata (Fig. 5; Suppl. material 1: fig. S 1).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>There are two recognized species in this genus: Limnoplana annardalei (Kaburaki, 1918) and Limnoplana amara (Kaburaki, 1918), which were described from Koh Yaw Island, Talé Sap and Singgora, Thailand, respectively. Limnoplana obscuriviridis sp. nov. can be distinguished from two congeners by three key morphological characters: i) presence of a true seminal vesicle (absent in L. annardalei and L. amara); ii) the two swollen ends of Lang’s vesicle (not illustrated as swollen in L. annardalei; Kaburaki 1918: plate VIII, fig. 1; L. amara described as similar to L. annardalei; this character was possibly overlooked or not explicitly described by Kaburaki); and iii) a distinct dorsal pattern characterized by two dark longitudinal stripes along the midline (uniform olive-greenish without any marking in L. annardalei and L. amara) (Kaburaki 1918). In addition, the new species differs from L. annardalei by the position of the genital organ (the male pore is situated at the posterior tenth of the body, about 1 mm from the posterior end in L. annardalei; while in L. obscuriviridis sp. nov, it is closer to the posterior end of the body, approximately 0.3 mm from the posterior end); and the shape of the brain (kidney-shaped in L. annardalei vs. heart- shaped in L. obscuriviridis sp. nov.) (Kaburaki 1918). Notably, the tentacular and cerebral eyespots blend together in L. amara, which distinguishes it from L. obscuriviridis sp. nov. (Kaburaki 1918).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1890092E77995F078F75F4135CC93F3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Hai-Long;He, Bing-Bing;Li, Shuang-Fei;Wang, An-Tai;Hu, Zhang-Li;Zhang, Yu	Liu, Hai-Long, He, Bing-Bing, Li, Shuang-Fei, Wang, An-Tai, Hu, Zhang-Li, Zhang, Yu (2026): Morphology and phylogeny of two acotylean flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) from the genera Cryptophallus and Limnoplana in the South China Sea. ZooKeys 1275: 211-227, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1275.180665
