identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C1491DAE351E519D993C0346C023D45C.text	C1491DAE351E519D993C0346C023D45C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe barbata Moore 1910	<div><p>Eunoe barbata Moore, 1910</p><p>Fig. 21</p><p>Eunoe barbata Moore, 1910: 334, pl. 28, figs 1–6. — Imajima and Hartman 1964: 29, pl. 2, figs a – f. — Uschakov 1982: 182, T. LXVII, figs 1–4. — Jirkov 2001: 145, figs 1–4 on page 145.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Paratype • USNM 17291 (1 spm) .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Pacific Ocean, Admiralty Inlet, Washington; Santa Cruz, California</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>• USNM 43580 (1 spm), USNM 17291 (1 spm), USNM 25201 (2 spms), USNM 25203 (3 spms), USNM 25205 (4 spms), USNM 25191 (1 spm), USNM 25195 (1 spm), USNM 25189 (1 spm), USNM 25194 (1 spm), USNM 25187 (1 spm), USNM 25198 (1 spm), USNM 25190 (3 spms), USNM 25199 (1 spm), USNM 25193 (1 spm), USNM 25185 (1 spm), USNM 25196 (3 spms), USNM 25200 (1 spm), USNM 25192 (2 spms), USNM 25197 (1 spm), USNM 25186 (2 spms), USNM 25204 (3 spms), USNM 25188 (1 spm), USNM 25202 (4 spms), USNM 25207 (18 spms).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Elytra with fringe of filiform papillae on outer lateral margin, with tuft of significantly longer papillae on mid-posterior margin. Elytral macrotubercles cylindrical to slightly clavate, apically coronate with small, rounded branches, forming crenulate apex; located near posterior edge of elytra. Antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles with dense, filiform papillae; without spines. Extra lobes absent on elytrophores and dorsal tubercles; present on cirrophores. Notochaetae with truncate tips.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Based on examined material. Length ≤ 41 mm, width including parapodia 13 mm, with 38 segments. Color in ethanol: body tan with brown longitudinal stripe (Fig. 21 A); antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles white with brown spot distally (Fig. 21 A, B); nuchal flap brown (Fig. 21 A); nephridial papillae sometimes brown (Fig. 21 A); elytra white with brown spot, macrotubercles golden brown (Fig. 21 B).</p><p>Cephalic peaks absent in some specimens, present as small and pointed in others. Eyes large. Anterior pair of eyes larger than posterior, located laterally or dorsolaterally on widest part of prostomium. Palps thick, covered with six longitudinal rows of papillae, 4.5 × longer than prostomium, 2 × longer than lateral antennae (Fig. 21 A). Antennal styles covered with dense filiform papillae; without spines. Tentacular cirri subequal; styles with dense filiform papillae; without spines. Styles of antennae, tentacular cirri abruptly tapering subdistally. Nuchal flap present on segment 2. Facial tubercle not examined.</p><p>Elytra 15 pairs on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32. Extra lobes on elytrophores absent. Elytra rounded to reniform; with fringe of filiform papillae on outer lateral margin, with distinct tuft of significantly longer papillae on mid-posterior margin (Fig. 21 C, G). Numerous furcate microtubercles and rare, simple spines present on anterior and median parts of elytra. Macrotubercles cylindrical to slightly clavate, apically coronate with small branches with rounded tips, forming crenulate apex; located near posterior edge of elytra (Fig. 21 B, G).</p><p>Dorsal tubercles without extra lobe. Cirrophores with extra lobe on one side (Fig. 21 B). Dorsal cirri covered with numerous long filiform papillae, spines absent; abruptly tapering subdistally (Fig. 21 D).</p><p>Nephridial papillae often inconspicuous ventrally, sometimes visible (Fig. 21 E).</p><p>All notochaetae covered with small rows of spinules ending with truncate tips (Fig. 21 F). All neurochaetae unidentate, covered with distinct rows of spinules, with long, bare, and slightly falcate tips.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The examined material of Eunoe barbata agrees well the descriptions by Moore (1910), Imajima and Hartman (1964), and Uschakov (1982) in overall body size (≤ 41 mm), the number and arrangement of elytra (15 pairs), densely papillate antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles, abruptly tapering subdistally, a long marginal fringe on elytra with a distinct tuft of longer papillae posteriorly, and the chaetal morphology, notochaetae with truncate tips; neurochaetae unidentate with a long, bare, slightly falcate tip. In addition, we document variation in the cephalic peaks, which are absent in some specimens but small and pointed in others, and clarify the elytral ornamentation by distinguishing the abundant furcate microtubercles from the macrotubercles, which are cylindrical to slightly clavate, apically coronate with rounded branch tips, and located along the posterior edge of the elytra. Earlier accounts described the elytral macrotubercles as knoblike, bearing on the summit two, three, or more stout, sharp points, sometimes surrounded by a raised ring (Moore 1910), as irregular, with pointed, minutely denticulated branches (Imajima and Hartman 1964), or as elongated spinules with a denticulate or stellate apex (Uschakov 1982). We also record the presence of extra lobes on cirrophores, the absence of extra lobes on elytrophores and dorsal tubercles, and the absence of spines on the antennostyles and cirrostyles.</p><p>Pettibone (1954) synonymized Eunoe barbata with E. oerstedi . However, the species was treated as valid by Imajima and Hartman (1964), Uschakov (1982), and Jirkov (2001). Uschakov (1982) disagreed with the synonymy proposed by Pettibone (1954) and stated that the specimens from Hokkaido, Japan, and Puget Sound, Washington, were in fact E. barbata . We examined specimens from the western coast of the USA, identified by Pettibone as E. oerstedi in 1954, and found them to belong to E. barbata . Despite their close resemblance, these two species can be differentiated by the absence of spines on the antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles, the presence of extra lobes on the cirrophores, and the truncate tips of notochaetae in E. barbata (Fig. 21 D, F) versus the presence of spines on the antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles, the absence of extra lobes, and subacute tips of notochaetae in E. oerstedi (Uschakov 1982) . Additionally, the filiform papillae on the edge of the elytra of E. barbata form a thick fringe with a prominent tuft of significantly longer papillae (Fig. 21 C). Furthermore, papillae on the dorsal cirri are more numerous in E. barbata than in E. oerstedi and may appear as a white coating, likely due to detritus adhering to the papillae (Fig. 21 D). These species can be further differentiated by their macrotubercles, which are cylindrical to slightly clavate and apically coronate with small rounded branches forming a crenulate apex in E. barbata, whereas E. oerstedi has “ horn-like ” macrotubercles that are broader at the base and bear few or no apical branches, although some overlap in shape may occur (Fig. 4 C, G). Uschakov (1982) also pointed out the difference in the length of the median antenna style being shorter in E. barbata than in E. oerstedi . However, this character could not be evaluated consistently here because median antennae were missing in most examined specimens of E. barbata, and in the few specimens with intact median antennae, the relative length overlapped with E. oerstedi . While the morphological data suggest that E. barbata is a valid species, molecular data are lacking to corroborate this conclusion.</p><p>We studied the specimen USNM 43580 (Strait of La Perouse, Sea of Okhotsk, North-West Pacific Ocean) identified as E. barbata by Annenkova (Fig. 21 H – J). This specimen exhibited dorsal cirri sparsely covered with filiform papillae with spines having an intermediate shape between E. oerstedi and E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01, but the macrotubercles were more similar to those of E. barbata, and E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01, and the tips of notochaetae were truncate. This suggests that the West Pacific specimens might represent a closely related but different species from E. barbata, E. oerstedi, and E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01 . This requires further clarification with molecular data.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Based on morphological data and literature records (Imajima and Hartman 1964; Uschakov 1982), Eunoe barbata occurs in the Eastern Pacific region from the Bering Sea to the coast of California. Depth range 0–180 m. It prefers pebbles and stones (Uschakov 1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1491DAE351E519D993C0346C023D45C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
97E19D17620251648BC544CCF964E99B.text	97E19D17620251648BC544CCF964E99B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe ciliata (Moore 1902) Everett & Koroleva & Straube & Budaeva 2026	<div><p>Eunoe ciliata (Moore, 1902) comb. nov.</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Gattyana ciliata Moore, 1902: 263, pl XIII, figs 14–19, pl. XIV, fig. 20; — Pettibone 1954: 228; — Uschakov 1982: 154, pl. LIII, figs 1–6; — Jirkov 2001: 149, figs on page 150 (1–6).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>• USNM 32241 (1 spm), USNM 1077218 (1 spm), USNM 43590 (1 spm), USNM 5596 (1 spm), USNM 1512583 (1 spm).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Pacific Ocean, Alaska.</p><p>Comparative material.</p><p>Gattyana cirrhosa: • ZMBN 94800 (1 spm), ZMBN 117341 (1 spm), ZMBN 126064 (1 spm).</p><p>Gattyana cf. cirrhosa: • ZMBN 130148 (1 spm), ZMBN 136834 (1 spm), ZMBN 126075 (1 spm).</p><p>Gattyana amondseni: • ZMBN 104862 (1 spm).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Elytra with dense long papillae on outer lateral margin; shorter papillae on posterior margin. Long papillae scattered on surface of elytra closer to outer lateral margin. Macrotubercles conical with blunt, roughened tips occasionally covered with nodular papillae. Extra lobes on dorsal tubercles, on both sides of cirrophores, small on elytrophores. Antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles without spines. Nephridial papillae visible. All notochaetae with capillary tips.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Based on examined material. Length ≤ 40 mm, width including chaetae 20 mm. Color in ethanol: body white (Fig. 11 A), elytra tan-colored with golden macrotubercles (Fig. 11 E), dorsal cirri white with brown spot (Fig. 11 F).</p><p>Cephalic peaks lacking or short, blunt. Eyes small, anterior pair slightly larger than posterior, visible dorsally, on widest part of prostomium (Fig. 11 A). Palps long, thin, 8 × longer than prostomium (Fig. 11 C). Lateral antennal styles about twice as long as prostomium. Tentacular cirri 2–2.5 × longer than lateral antennae. Antennostyles and tentacular cirrostyles with filiform papillae, spines absent; abruptly tapering subdistally. Nuchal flap present on segment 2. Facial tubercle not examined.</p><p>Elytra 15 pairs; oval to reniform; with dense long papillae on outer lateral margin; shorter papillae on posterior margin (Fig. 11 E). Elytrophores with small extra lobes (Fig. 11 A). Long papillae scattered on surface of elytra closer to outer lateral margin (Fig. 11 D). Microtubercles numerous, conical, pointed, hooked, and some bifid; intermediate-sized tubercles usually elongated, conical, some bifid, in several rows arranged diagonally from center of elytron laterally. Macrotubercles conical with blunt, roughened tips occasionally covered with nodular papillae, usually near posterior edge of elytra, variable in number, size, and shape (Fig. 11 E).</p><p>Extra lobes on dorsal tubercles, on both sides of cirrophores (Fig. 11 A). Dorsal cirrostyles with filiform papillae, spines absent; abruptly tapering subdistally (Fig. 11 F).</p><p>Nephridial papillae long, slender, visible ventrally in anterior segments (Fig. 11 C), directed dorsally, placed between parapodia posterior segments (making them invisible ventrally).</p><p>All notochaetae with capillary tips (Fig. 11 B). All neurochaetae unidentate, covered with distinct rows of spinules, with long, bare, slightly falcate tips.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Examined specimens generally agreed with those described by Pettibone (1954) and Uschakov (1982), except for several minor characters. In our material, body length reached ≤ 60 mm, compared to 63–65 mm in Pettibone and ≤ 80 mm in Uschakov; examined specimens were incomplete, whereas Pettibone reported 36–37 segments and Uschakov reported 38–40 segments. We measured the relative length of the palps, ~ 8 × longer than the prostomium, observed extra lobes on the dorsal tubercles, on both sides of the cirrophores, and on the elytrophores, confirmed the absence of spines on the antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles, and did not observe the large, dark, bulging tubercles resembling a fungoid cap reported by Uschakov on some elytra (Uschakov 1982). Examined specimens were missing tentacular cirri, Uschakov reported that tentacular cirri were 2–2.5 × longer than lateral antennae.</p><p>Although Eunoe ciliata comb. nov. bears notochaetae with capillary tips, it is nested within the Eunoe s. str. clade. Eunoe ciliata comb. nov. differs from the species in the Gattyana s. str. clade in having exclusively capillary-tipped notochaetae. All the species from the latter exhibit two types of notochaetae: with blunt tips in some notochaetae from the dorsal bundle, while all notochaetae from the ventral bundle bear capillary tips (Moore 1902; Uschakov 1982; Jirkov 2001). Another character that differentiates E. ciliata comb. nov. from the species in the Gattyana s. str. clade and combines it with Eunoe s. str. species is the placement of the anterior pair of eyes. All species in the Gattyana s. str. clade have the anterior pair of eyes located ventrally on the prostomium, making them invisible in dorsal view, similar to E. s. l. senta (Fig. 16 A, C). In E. ciliata comb. nov., the anterior pair of eyes is located on the widest part of the prostomium and is visible dorsally (Fig. 11 A). Moreover, E. ciliata comb. nov. and all the species from Eunoe s. str. clade have a prostomium with blunt or underdeveloped cephalic peaks, whereas Gattyana s. str. species have prominent and pointed cephalic peaks. The macrotubercles of E. ciliata comb. nov. lack branches, but their tips are sometimes covered with nodular papillae (Figs 4 B, 11 E) resembling those of E. nodosa (Figs 4 A, 5 E).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Based on sequences from GenBank and BOLD (Suppl. material 1: table SS 1), Eunoe ciliata comb. nov. was found in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska (41 m), and San Juan Channel, WA, USA.</p><p>Based on morphological data and literature records (Uschakov 1982), Eunoe ciliata comb. nov. is known in the Northwestern part of the Sea of Japan (Peter the Great Bay, Tatar Strait), Sea of Okhotsk, Kuril Islands, the southeastern coast of Kamchatka, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Vancouver Island area, and Washington, Puget Sound. Depth range 8–550 m. It prefers silty sediments (Uschakov 1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97E19D17620251648BC544CCF964E99B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
46ACAD8C8FA252818C55F358FCE9E23A.text	46ACAD8C8FA252818C55F358FCE9E23A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe Malmgren 1865	<div><p>Eunoe Malmgren, 1865</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Eunoe Malmgren, 1865: 61, in part.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Polynoe nodosa M. Sars, 1861 (type subsequently designated by Uschakov, 1955).</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Havösund, Nordkap.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Amended from Barnich and Fiege (2010). Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with ≤ 50 segments; dorsum more or less covered by elytra or short posterior region uncovered. Fifteen pairs of elytra on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 29, and 32. Elytra with micro- and macrotubercles often branching. Prostomium with or without distinct cephalic peaks and three antennae; lateral antennae inserted ventrally to median antenna. Palps with six longitudinal rows of small papillae. Anterior pair of eyes dorsolateral at widest of prostomium, posterior pair dorsal near hind margin. Parapodia with elongate acicular lobes; both aciculae penetrating epidermis; neuropodia with supra-acicular process. Notochaetae stout with distinct rows of spinules, with acute, subacute, blunt, or truncate tips; notochaetae capillary. Neurochaetae stout, with distinct rows of spinules distally and exclusively unidentate tips.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The generic diagnosis was amended from Barnich and Fiege (2010) by adding the palp character, six longitudinal rows of small papillae; adding elytral ornamentation, micro- and macrotubercles, often branching; replacing “ rows of spines ” with “ rows of spinules ” for chaetal ornamentation; and broadening the notochaetal character to include stout notochaetae with acute, subacute, blunt, or truncate tips, as well as capillary notochaetae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/46ACAD8C8FA252818C55F358FCE9E23A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
5A38CF05962C5A9FB527CD0C6A19B6C0.text	5A38CF05962C5A9FB527CD0C6A19B6C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe nodosa (M. Sars 1861)	<div><p>Eunoe nodosa (M. Sars, 1861)</p><p>Figs 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 A</p><p>Polynoë nodosa M. Sars, 1861: 58 .</p><p>Polynoë scabra Theel, 1879: 7 [part].</p><p>Polynoë (Eunoë) islandica Hansen, 1878: 2, T. I fig. 4, T. II, figs 2, 3, 5–7.</p><p>Polynoë arctica Hansen, 1878: 267, T. I, figs 1–5.</p><p>Polynoë spinnulosa Hansen, 1882, Hansen 1880: 225, T. II, figs 6–10.</p><p>Polynoë foramenifera Hansen, 1882, Hansen 1880: 226, T. III, figs 6–11.</p><p>Eunoë nodosa . — Malmgren 1865: 64, pl. VIII fig. 4; Pettibone 1954: 217, fig. 26 c.</p><p>Eunoa nodosa . — Malmgren 1867: 6; McIntosh 1900: 291, pl. 27 fig. 9, pl. 32, fig. 3, pl 37, figs 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, pl. 42, fig. 28.</p><p>Harmothoë (Eunoe) nodosa . — Pettibone 1963: 44, fig. 9 a – c.</p><p>Eunoe nodosa . — Loshamn, 1980: 185, fig. 91 A-f; — Uschakov 1982: 176, pl. LXV, figs 6–7; — Jirkov 2001: 147, figs on page 148 (1–4); — Barnich and Fiege 2010: 6, fig. 2 A – K.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Lectotype (here designated) • NHMO IN-5334 (1 spm) (former acc. number NHMO C 5274). Elytra detached from the lectotype (NHMO IN-5334): NHMO IN-5303 (former acc. number ZMO/ NHMO C 5243; listed as ZMO C 5243 in Barnich and Fiege 2010) and NHMO IN-5335 (former acc. number NHMO C 5275) . Paralectotype • NHMO IN-5336 (1 spm) (former acc. number NHMO C 5276) .</p><p>Additional type material (not examined).</p><p>Paralectotype • NHMO IN-5304 (1 spm) (former acc. number ZMO/ NHMO C 5244; listed as ZMO C 5244 in Barnich and Fiege 2010) .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Havösund, Nordkap.</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>• ZMBN 104861 (1 spm), ZMBN 104887 (1 spm), ZMBN 104896 (1 spm), ZMBN 116524 (1 spm), ZMBN 116525 (1 spm), ZMBN 120373 (1 spm), ZMBN 120375 (1 spm), ZMBN 108081 (1 spm), ZMBN 114338 (1 spm), ZMBN 116162 (1 spm), ZMBN 149383 (1 spm), ZMBN 150361 (1 spm), ZMBN 150362 (1 spm), ZMBN 150363 (1 spm), ZMBN 150364 (1 spm), ZMBN 150365 (1 spm), ZMBN 150367 (1 spm), ZMBN 150368 (1 spm), ZMBN 150369 (1 spm), ZMBN 150370 (1 spm), ZMBN 150371 (1 spm), ZMBN 150372 (1 spm), ZMBN 150373 (1 spm), ZMBN 150374 (1 spm), ZMBN 150375 (1 spm), ZMBN 150376 (1 spm), ZMBN 150377 (1 spm), ZMBN 150378 (1 spm), ZMBN 150379 (1 spm), ZMBN 150380 (1 spm), ZMBN 150381 (1 spm), ZMBN 150382 (1 spm), ZMBN 150383 (1 spm), ZMBN 150384 (1 spm), ZMBN 150385 (1 spm), ZMBN 150386 (1 spm), ZMBN 150387 (1 spm), ZMBN 150388 (1 spm), ZMBN 150389 (1 spm), ZMBN 150390 (1 spm), ZMBN 150391 (1 spm), ZMBN 150392 (1 spm), ZMBN 150394 (1 spm), WS 14316 (1 spm), WS 20633 (1 spm), WS 20634 (1 spm), WS 20635 (1 spm), WS 12090 (1 spm), WS 2009 (1 spm), WS 24107 (1 spm), WS 22479 (1 spm), WS 21584 (1 spm), WS 24325 (1 spm), INV 0000810 (1 spm), INV 0002256 (1 spm), INV 0002267 (1 spm), INV 0002287 (1 spm), INV 0002257 (1 spm), USNM 43576 (2 spm), USNM 1702605 (12 spm), USNM 1702608 (3 spm), USNM 1715000 (1 spm), USNM 1714995 (5 spm), USNM 1648308 (1 spm), USNM 1714985 (1 spm), USNM 1702658 (1 spm), USNM 21611 (1 spm), USNM 41654 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 12090 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 10858 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 14316 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 20633 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 20634 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 20635 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 2009 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 24107 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 22479 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 21584 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 24325 (1 spm), ZMBN 1996 (1 spm, former Polynoe arctica), ZMBN 1997 (1 spm, former Polynoe arctica), ZMBN 1990 (1 spm, former Polynoe foraminifera), ZMBN 1991 (1 spm, former Polynoe foraminifera), ZMBN 1992 (1 spm, former Polynoe foraminifera), ZMBN 1987 (1 spm, former Polynoe islandica), ZMBN 2007 (1 spm, former Polynoe spinulosa).</p><p>Comparative material.</p><p>Eunoe s. l. depressa: holotype • USNM 5517 (1 spm), paratype • USNM 5590 (1 spm), USNM 1512664 (1 spm), USNM 1714992 (1 spm), USNM 1714994 (1 spm), USNM 1714997 (1 spm), USNM 1715001 (1 spm), USNM 1715005 (1 spm).</p><p>Harmothoe globifera (G. O. Sars, 1873): • ZMBN 159270 (1 spm), ZMBN 159271 (1 spm), ZMBN 159272 (1 spm), ZMBN 159273 (1 spm), ZMBN 159274 (1 spm), ZMBN 130954 (1 spm), ZMBN 104916 (1 spm), ZMBN 116515 (1 spm), ZMBN 116519 (1 spm), ZMBN 108083 (1 spm), ZMBN 120503 (1 spm), ZMBN 125403 (1 spm), ZMBN 125424 (1 spm).</p><p>Harmothoe fragilis: holotype • USNM 17148 (1 spm).</p><p>Gattyana cirrhosa: • ZMBN 117341 (1 spm), ZMBN 126064 (1 spm).</p><p>Gattyana cf. cirrhosa: • ZMBN 130148 (1 spm), ZMBN 136834 (1 spm), ZMBN 126075 (1 spm).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Elytra with long papillae along outer lateral margin; posterior margin with short, scattered papillae. Elytral macrotubercles apically arborescent, long in small specimens, becoming shorter conical or cylindrical in larger specimens. Large specimens with additional unbranched semiglobose macrotubercles with nodular papillae. Macrotubercles in posterior row. Elytrophores with extra lobe. Dorsal tubercles with extra lobe. Antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles without spines. Nephridial papillae covered by nephridial sacs. Stout notochaetae with subacute tips (not truncate or capillary).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Redescription based on lectotype NHMO IN-5334; variation based on other material examined. Lectotype complete, 54 mm long, 11 mm wide, 37 segments. Other specimens 37–39 segments; ≤ 86 mm long and 20 mm wide. Color (ethanol): body pale yellowish-white; rarely with brownish dorsal pigmentation. Dorsal cirri with brown spot. Elytra white with brown to orange-brown spots distally. Macrotubercles brown or golden brown. Recently fixed specimens with more prominent brown spots on dorsal cirri (Fig. 5 B, F).</p><p>Prostomium bilobed. Cephalic peaks conical in small specimens, weakly developed in large specimens, rarely absent. Two pairs of large eyes, anterior pair larger, located laterally or dorsolaterally at widest part of prostomium; posterior dorsal near hind margin (Fig. 5 B). Palps thick, 3 × prostomial length, with six longitudinal rows of small papillae. Ceratophores of lateral antennae attached ventrally. Antennostyles with filiform papillae, spines absent; abruptly tapering subdistally. Median antenna about twice as long as laterals. Tentaculophores without distinct chaetae in lectotype; 0–2 chaetae in other examined material. Dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri subequal in length; ventral often appears shorter in fixed specimens; styles with filiform papillae, spines absent; abruptly tapering subdistally. Nuchal flap present on segment 2. Segment 2 with buccal cirri, papillate, abruptly tapering subdistally. Buccal cirri ~ 5 × longer than ventral cirri of following segments. Ventral cirri from segment 3 short, tapering, slightly papillate; not extending beyond chaetal lobes. In lectotype, pharynx everted with ring of terminal papillae (9 + 9), paired jaws. Facial tubercle not examined.</p><p>Elytra 15 pairs on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32. Elytrophores on elytrigerous segments with extra lobe (Fig. 5 D). Elytra reniform (Fig. 5 E, G). Outer lateral margin of elytra with long, dense filiform papillae. Posterior margin with short, scattered papillae (Figs 5 E, 6 A, 6 C, 6 D). Elytral surface with sparsely distributed short papillae (Fig. 6 A, C, F). Elytral microtubercles low, semiglobose to weakly branched and scattered over dorsal surface, gradually increase into macrotubercles (Figs 6 G, 8 A – F). Elytral macrotubercles of two types. First type: conical to cylindrical, branching confined to apex, often dichotomous; more rounded with shorter branches in larger specimens (Figs 6 B, 8 D – F); hereafter referred to as apically arborescent macrotubercles (Fig. 6 D). Second type: unbranched, semiglobose to cylindrical, distally rounded, bearing nodular papillae apically (Fig. 5 E, G, 6 B). Macrotubercles in posterior row (Fig. 5 E, G).</p><p>Cirrigerous segments with dorsal tubercles. Dorsal tubercles with extra lobe (Fig. 5 D). Cirrophores with extra lobe on one side (Fig. 5 A, D). Dorsal cirrostyles ≤ 5.5 mm long; filiform papillae, spines absent, abruptly tapering subdistally.</p><p>In the lectotype, nephridial papillae from segment 4 on left side, segment 5 on right side, covered by nephridial sac, only visible if sac moved aside. In other specimens, nephridial papillae from segments 4 and 5, usually covered by nephridial sac (Figs 5 C, 7 E), sometimes visible in smaller specimens.</p><p>Parapodia biramous. Notopodium smaller, with ventral elongate acicular lobe. Neuropodium with elongate prechaetal acicular lobe; digitiform supra-acicular process; postchaetal lobe rounded. Acicular tips penetrate epidermis. Notochaetae numerous; wider than neurochaetae; unidentate; subacute tips, tapering to blunt point; covered with rows of small spinules almost to tip (Fig. 7 C). Upper notochaetae few; short; curved. Lower notochaetae longer; straighter. Neurochaetae numerous; all unidentate; slightly falcate; with distinct rows of spinules; spinules absent distally (Fig. 7 D).</p><p>Pygidium with one pair of pygidial cirri.</p><p>Morphological variation of material with associated molecular data.</p><p>In small specimens (body length &lt;5 mm; Fig. 8 A, B), microtubercles are spines (occasionally bifid) and low semiglobose elements. Macrotubercles in the middle of the elytra are apically arborescent with dichotomous branching. The largest macrotubercles are slender, cylindrical, with an apical crown of short dichotomous branchlets, forming a posterior row near the posterior margin of the elytra.</p><p>Medium specimens (5–10 mm; Fig. 8 C, D) differ from small specimens in the posterior macrotubercles, which become elongate conical to cylindrical with reduced apical branching, or appear unbranched and bear apical nodular papillae (Fig. 8 C, D). In some small and medium specimens, elongated conical to cylindrical macrotubercles with an apically arborescent crown reach the edge of the next elytron (Fig. 8 B).</p><p>Large specimens (&gt; 10 mm; Fig. 8 E, F) have both apically arborescent macrotubercles and unbranched semiglobose macrotubercles with apical nodular papillae. Macrotubercles form a row near the posterior and outer lateral margins of the elytra (Fig. 5 E, G). Microtubercles are low, semiglobose to weakly branched. Occasionally, flattened microtubercles, slightly protruding above the surface of the elytra, were present, with bumps on the posterior edge, or sometimes along the entire perimeter (Figs 5 D, 8 F).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The detached elytra of the lectotype were assembled on a fishing line by Loshamn (Fig. 5 E). As already mentioned by Loshamn (1980), Eunoe nodosa can be clearly distinguished from E. oerstedi by the presence of additional lobes on elytrophores and dorsal tubercles. In this study, we propose the presence of spines on antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles (Figs 12 G, 14 A, 14 C, 14 D) as an additional diagnostic character of E. oerstedi versus the complete absence of spines in E. nodosa . The presence of spines in E. oerstedi was reported by Uschakov (1982), but this character was never used in identification keys. Both characters can be observed even in specimens lacking elytra, which is very common in the preserved material. Elytral characters, such as apically arborescent macrotubercles in E. nodosa and “ horn-like ” macrotubercles in E. oerstedi, help differentiate the species in most but not all cases. The elytral ornamentation is variable, and both species may show arborescent macrotubercles (Figs 6 D, 13 F, 13 G), which contributed to past confusion in the use of these names. We therefore recommend prioritizing body characters for identification, using elytral characters only as an additional aid. Importantly, we retained the locality information for panels B and G (Greenland and Alaska, Fig. 5 B, G) to emphasize that the diagnostic elytral morphology is consistent across large geographic distances. Another useful character is the color pattern, more obvious in the recently fixed specimens but still present in the type material. Eunoe nodosa has a pale yellowish-white body, rarely with a brown dorsal side (Fig. 5 A, B, D), whereas E. oerstedi has a pattern of dark-brown spots on the dorsal side of the body. Elytra of E. nodosa are white with brown to orange-brown spots (Fig. 5 F) and brown or golden-brown macrotubercles often arranged in a posterior row (Fig. 5 E, G). In E. oerstedi, elytral spots are darker (Fig. 12 I), and macrotubercles are dark brown, almost black in some specimens, and more irregularly distributed near the posterior margin (Fig. 12 I).</p><p>Eunoe nodosa is often confused with Harmothoe globifera because both species exhibit semiglobose macrotubercles covered with nodular papillae (Figs 5 E, 5 G, 6 B, 8 D – F) (Barnich and Fiege 2010). The easiest-to-spot difference is that the elytra of H. globifera are white and always lack arborescent macrotubercles, whereas the elytra of E. nodosa always have brown spots and apically arborescent macrotubercles. If a specimen lacks elytra, it can be distinguished by the exclusively unidentate neurochaetae in E. nodosa and uni- and bidentate neurochaetae in H. globifera .</p><p>Eunoe nodosa can also be confused with E. s. l. depressa, Harmothoe fragilis, and Gattyana cirrhosa . We examined the holotype and the paratype of E. s. l. depressa (USNM 5517, USNM 5590) and found their morphology to be identical to that of the specimen of E. s. l. depressa included in our phylogenetic analysis, USNM 1512664 (ASGRD 061-18). In E. s. l. depressa, the macrotubercles were very low, sessile mammilliform, unbranched at the tip, and did not form a posterior row (Fig. 9 D – F), in contrast to the apically arborescent and semiglobose macrotubercles of E. nodosa, which typically form a posterior row near the posterior margin of the elytra (Fig. 5 E – G). The prostomium of E. s. l. depressa closely resembled that of E. nodosa, with small, pointed cephalic peaks and large eyes, with the anterior pair slightly larger and positioned laterally or dorsolaterally on the widest part of the prostomium (Fig. 9 B, C). These two species can be differentiated by the absence of extra lobes on the elytrophores and dorsal tubercles in E. s. l. depressa (Fig. 9 A, B, D). Their notochaetae with subacute tips covered in rows of small spinules (Fig. 9 G) were similar to those of most species within Eunoe s. str. The neurochaetae of the examined specimens were only briefly studied, and no secondary tooth was observed at the tip (Fig. 9 H).</p><p>Harmothoe fragilis and E. nodosa have a similar pattern of coloration, and that might be the reason for the misidentification of SMNH 118963. Nonetheless, H. fragilis is differentiated from the latter by bidentate neurochaetae, absence of apically arborescent macrotubercles, and prominent cephalic peaks. In Gattyana cirrhosa, the arborescent macrotubercles are very similar to those of E. nodosa, but the clear difference is the presence of notochaetae with capillary tips in the former. Based on the elytra, the two species can be distinguished by the more uniform distribution of macrotubercles in G. cirrhosa .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Based on our molecular data and sequences from GenBank and BOLD (Suppl. material 1: table SS 1) Eunoe nodosa inhabits the coastal areas of Norway, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, Laptev Sea, Bering Sea, and Chukchi Sea, as well as the Arctic Canadian regions including Thomas Lee Inlet, Resolute Bay, Hudson Bay, Cornwallis Island, Devon Island, Disco Island, Anaktalak Fiord, Saglek Fiord, and Sletvik. Depth range 8–501 m.</p><p>Based on morphological data and literature records (Pettibone 1963; Loshamn 1980; Uschakov 1982; Barnich and Fiege 2010), Eunoe nodosa is a widely spread Arctic-boreal species with a circumpolar distribution in the Arctic Ocean. It occurs from the Bering Sea to the Sea of Japan in the Western Pacific region; to New Jersey on the coast of North America in the Western Atlantic region, and as far south as the English Channel along the European coast in the Eastern Atlantic region. It was not found on the Pacific coast of North America. Depths down to 1144 m in the Greenland Sea and 100–200 m in the Barents Sea. It lives on mixed sediments, prefers silt with stones; in the temperature ranges from – 1.8 ° C to 7.3 ° C. The paralectotype localities are Komagfjord and Varangerfjord.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5A38CF05962C5A9FB527CD0C6A19B6C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
51A57E96B6B85B53B94933133514E9E6.text	51A57E96B6B85B53B94933133514E9E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe oerstedi Malmgren 1865	<div><p>Eunoe oerstedi Malmgren, 1865</p><p>Figs 10 B, 12–15</p><p>Lepidonote scabra Örsted, 1843: 164–166, pl. I figs 2, 7, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18.</p><p>Polynoë scabra Theel, 1879: 7 . [part]</p><p>Eunoe oerstedi Malmgren, 1865: 61, pl. 8, fig. 3 A – D; — Pettibone 1954: 219, fig. 26 D [part, not Eunoe barbata Moore, 1910]; — Loshamn 1980: 181, fig. 89 a – g; — Uschakov 1982: 177, pl. 67 figs 9–10; — Jirkov 2001: 148, figs 1–3 on page 148; — Barnich and Fiege 2010: 8, fig. 3 A – H.</p><p>Harmothoe (Eunoe) oerstedi . — Pettibone 1963: 44, fig. 9 d [part, not Eunoe barbata Moore, 1910].</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Lectotype (here designated) • SMNH 2391 (1 spm) . Paralectotypes • SMNH 2387 (2 spm), SMNH 2388 (3 spm), SMNH 2389 (1 spm), SMNH 2390 (1 spm), SMNH 2392 (2 spm), SMNH 2393 (1 spm), SMNH 2394 (4 spm), SMNH 2395 (5 spm), SMNH 2396 (3 spm), SMNH 2397 (1 spm) .</p><p>Additional type material (not examined).</p><p>Paralectotype • NHMUK 1865.9. 23.21 (database type status: syntype) .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Svalbard, 78.00, 20.00, 46 m, mud.</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>• ZMBN 150359 (1 spm), ZMBN 150360 (1 spm), ZMBN 159262 (1 spm), ZMBN 159264 (1 spm), ZMBN 159267 (1 spm), ZMBN 159268 (1 spm), ZMBN 159269 (1 spm), ZMBN 159265 (1 spm), ZMBN 159266 (1 spm), ZMBN 159263 (1 spm), ZMBN 161425 (1 spm), ZMBN 161426 (1 spm), NTNU-VM 78191 (1 spm), INV 0000809 (1 spm), INV 0000810 (1 spm), INV 0000811 (1 spm), USNM 1666882 (1 spm), USNM 1702662 (20 spm), USNM 25185 (1 spm), USNM 26622 (1 spm), USNM 43577 (6 spm), USNM 7772 (2 spm), USNM 97536 (2 spm), USNM 97537 (3 spm), ZMBN 2003 (1 spm), ZMBN 2005 (1 spm), ZMBN 2086 (1 spm), ZMBN 2090 (1 spm), ZMBN 2111 (1 spm), ZMBN 18474 (1 spm), ZMBN 18484 (1 spm), ZMBN 18490 (1 spm), ZMBN 24938 (1 spm), ZMBN 25250 (1 spm), ZMBN 25465 (1 spm), ZMBN 27489 (1 spm), ZMBN 31553 (1 spm), ZMBN 32257 (1 spm), ZMBN 32891 (1 spm), ZMBN 36711 (1 spm), ZMBN 36712 (1 spm), ZMBN 60473 (1 spm), ZMBN 60474 (1 spm), ZMBN 60475 (1 spm), ZMBN 60476 (1 spm), ZMBN 60477 (1 spm), ZMBN 60478 (1 spm), ZMBN 60479 (1 spm), ZMBN 60480 (1 spm), ZMBN 60481 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 17144 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 10718 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 10862 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 22352 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 22364 (1 spm), ZMMU WS 11960 (3 spm).</p><p>Comparative material.</p><p>Eunoe s. l. senta: • USNM 17028 (1 spm), USNM 17029 (2 spm), USNM 17030 (1 spm), USNM 41649 (4 spm), USNM 5489 (1 spm), USNM 5598 (1 spm), USNM 5599 (3 spm), USNM 5600 (2 spm), USNM 5601 (1 spm), USNM 5602 (3 spm), USNM 5603 (1 spm).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Elytra with marginal papillae absent in larger specimens and present in smaller specimens. Microtubercles conical to cylindrical, distally simple, bifid, or multifid, becoming larger towards posterior margin of elytra; horn-like and arborescent macrotubercles present, located on posterior margin of elytra. Elytrophores, dorsal tubercles, and cirrophores lack extra lobes. Antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles with filiform papillae; conical spines often present. Nephridial papillae distinct, not covered by nephridial sac. Notochaetae some ending with subacute, rounded tips and some with blunt, rounded tips.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Redescription based on lectotype SMNH 2391; variation based on other material examined. Lectotype complete specimen in two fragments, 70 mm long, 21 mm wide, with 38 segments in total. Other specimens of 37–39 segments, ≤ 90 mm long and 30 mm wide. Color in ethanol: lectotype pale yellowish white (Fig. 12 A). Macrotubercles and some microtubercles dark brown, rest of microtubercles white (Fig. 12 H). Some paralectotypes with white macrotubercles. Recently fixed specimens with dorsal brown segmental pattern, every other parapodium with brown spot, dorsal cirri variable from white to brown, nephridial papillae often brown (Fig. 12 B, D, F). Macrotubercles dark brown (Fig. 12 I). Spines and chaetae golden-colored (Fig. 12).</p><p>Prostomium bilobed. Cephalic peaks weakly developed, rarely absent. Two pairs of large eyes, anterior pair slightly larger, located dorsally on widest part of prostomium (Fig. 12 A, B). In lectotype, prostomium with two palps, two lateral antennae, median antenna missing. Ceratophores of lateral antennae attached ventrally. Palps thick, 3 × longer than prostomium, with six longitudinal rows of small papillae. In lectotype, antennal styles with filiform papillae, but no obvious spines; abruptly tapering subdistally. Paralectotypes and other examined specimens with conical spines with pointed tips on antennostyles (Fig. 12 B); abruptly tapering subdistally. Median antenna ~ 2 × longer than lateral. In lectotype, tentaculophores attached on both sides of prostomium, each with dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri with filiform papillae, without spines; abruptly tapering subdistally. Paralectotypes and other specimens with spines on tentacular cirrostyles (Fig. 12 B); abruptly tapering subdistally. Ventral tentacular cirri slightly shorter than dorsal. In lectotype, two notochaetae present only on left tentaculophore, acicula present on both sides. In other specimens, tentaculophores with 0–2 notochaetae. Nuchal flap present on segment 2. Buccal cirri on segment 2 abruptly tapering subdistally; 5 × longer than ventral cirri in following segments. Ventral cirri from segment 3 not extending beyond chaetal lobe. In lectotype, first ventral cirrus on left side longer than on right side, and half of buccal cirrus present (possibly a malformation). In other examined specimens, all ventral cirri of approximately same length. In lectotype, pharynx not everted, cut out from ventral side for DNA extraction. In other specimens, pharynx with ring of papillae (9 + 9) and jaws. Facial tubercle not examined.</p><p>Fifteen pairs of elytra, on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32. Elytrophores without extra lobe (Fig. 12 A – D). Elytra reniform anteriorly, becoming more rounded in mid-body. Outer lateral margin of elytra with numerous papillae in small specimens; smooth or with only sparse short papillae in large specimens. Elytral surface with scattered papillae. Elytral macrotubercles of two types. First type, apically arborescent macrotubercles: conical to cylindrical, with non-dichotomous branching confined to apex; irregular apical crown of short, sharp processes (Figs 12 I, 13 F, 13 G). Second type, horn-like macrotubercles: tall conical, with dominant main axis; occasionally with lateral branch (monopodial appearance); hereafter referred to as horn-like macrotubercles (Figs 12 H, 12 I, 13 A – E). Macrotubercles increase in size towards posterior edge of elytra. Microtubercles scattered over elytral surface, conical spines (Fig. 13 I), and apically bifid or multifid cones (Fig. 13 H).</p><p>Dorsal tubercles and cirrophores lack extra lobe (Fig. 12 A – D). Dorsal cirrostyles ≤ 7 mm long, with filiform papillae, conical spines may be present (Figs 12 G, 14 A, 14 C, 14 D); abruptly tapering subdistally. Spines less obvious in large specimens and may not be present on all cirri. Lectotype with spines on cirri from segment 32 and on detached cirri found in the jar, presumably belonging to same specimen.</p><p>Nephridial papillae from segment 5. Obvious in lectotype and other specimens, longer than 5 mm (Figs 12 E, 12 F, 14 E). In smaller specimens, nephridial papillae may be covered by nephridial sac.</p><p>Parapodia biramous. Notopodium smaller, with ventral elongate acicular lobe. Neuropodium with elongate prechaetal acicular lobe and a digitiform supra-acicular process; postchaetal lobe rounded. Aciculae tips penetrating epidermis. Notochaetae numerous, wider than neurochaetae, covered with small rows of spinules, some ending with subacute, rounded tips (Fig. 14 F, G) and some with blunt, rounded tips (Fig. 14 G). Few upper notochaetae short and curved, lower notochaetae longer, straighter. Neurochaeta numerous, all unidentate with slightly falcate tips, covered with distinct rows of spinules (Fig. 14 B).</p><p>Lectotype with only one pygidial cirrus, second missing; other specimens with two cirri.</p><p>Morphological variation of material with associated molecular data.</p><p>Small specimens (body length &lt;5 mm; Fig. 15 A, B) are dominated by apically arborescent macrotubercles: conical to cylindrical tubercles with branching confined to the apex, forming an irregular, non-dichotomous crown of short, sharp branchlets. Occasionally, one branch is more prominent than the others, producing a weakly monopodial appearance. Posterior macrotubercles become larger, giving the elytra a spiny appearance.</p><p>Medium specimens (5–10 mm; Fig. 15 C, D) show two macrotubercle morphotypes. Apically arborescent macrotubercles remain common, whereas the largest macrotubercles become horn-like, i. e., tall conical tubercles with a dominant main axis and only occasional lateral branching (monopodial appearance).</p><p>Large specimens (&gt; 10 mm; Fig. 15 E, F) are dominated by very tall conical horn-like macrotubercles with a dominant axis, occasionally bearing a lateral branch. Apically arborescent macrotubercles with non-dichotomous branching are less frequent and smaller (Fig. 15 F, G).</p><p>Microtubercles in all specimens were spines, occasionally bi- and multifid.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The description of Eunoe oerstedi provided by Barnich and Fiege (2010) was based on two Svalbard specimens. Our study re-examined the original SMNH type series and designated a lectotype, thereby stabilizing the application of the name. We additionally provide an expanded redescription based on the lectotype and a broad set of newly examined material, documenting size-related variation in elytral marginal papillae, present in smaller specimens and reduced or absent in larger ones, and in elytral macrotubercle morphology, with apically arborescent and horn-like morphotypes dominating in different size classes. Finally, we clarify the variability of conical spines on the antennae, tentacular cirri, and dorsal cirri, confirm the consistent absence of extra lobes on elytrophores, dorsal tubercles, and cirrophores, and link these morphological observations to specimens with associated molecular data, including new sequences generated from the lectotype SMNH 2391, improving diagnosis and separation of E. oerstedi from the frequently confused E. nodosa .</p><p>Eunoe oerstedi can be distinguished from E. nodosa by the lack of extra lobes on elytrophores and dorsal tubercles (present in E. nodosa, Fig. 5 D; absent in E. oerstedi, Fig. 12 A – D) and the presence of spines on the antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles, which are usually present but may be reduced or absent in some specimens. Eunoe oerstedi and E. nodosa were often confused in the past when identified based on elytra (Barnich and Fiege 2010). The large specimens of these species can be differentiated by the brown horn-like macrotubercles in the former and macrotubercles assembled in a row on the posterior edge resembling semiglobose macrotubercles without branches covered with nodular papillae in the latter. Elytra of smaller specimens are easily confused due to the presence of the arborescent macrotubercles in both species.</p><p>However, the apically arborescent macrotubercles in E. oerstedi differ from those in E. nodosa in having conical and pointed non-dichotomous branches. We recommend using the characters on the elytra only as an additional identification aid because E. oerstedi and E. nodosa can be clearly distinguished by body characters. Recently fixed specimens of E. oerstedi can be easily distinguished by the specific brown pattern on the dorsal side of the body, dark-brown macrotubercles, and brown nephridial papillae on the ventral side of the body, while most of the other Eunoe s. str. species have white or light brown bodies and golden-brown macrotubercles (except E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01).</p><p>Eunoe oerstedi can be confused with Eunoe s. l. senta (Loshamn 1980), whose type locality was first published as Greenland and later corrected to Alaska (Moore 1905). This possibly led to the assumption that E. s. l. senta occurs in the Arctic Ocean and the coast of Norway (Loshamn 1980). Upon examining the specimens identified by Pettibone as Okudahermadion senta, we suggest they belong to Eunoe s. l. senta. This species can be distinguished by golden antler-like, long-branched arborescent macrotubercles with distally pointed branchlets that resemble “ chicken feet ” (Fig. 16 D) in contrast to the dark-brown horn-like macrotubercles of E. oerstedi . It is also different from E. oerstedi in the placement of nephridial papillae, which are not visible ventrally (Fig. 16 F). Another differentiating characteristic is that the anterior pair of eyes is twice as large as the posterior pair and is located ventrally (Fig. 16 C, E). The latter unites E. s. l. senta with Gattyana s. str. species and may validate the original description of E. senta as Gattyana, even though it does not exhibit the traditionally used Gattyana character of notochaetae with capillary tips (Fig. 16 G).</p><p>The species Eunoe barbata (Fig. 21), E. hozawai Okuda, 1939, E. sentiformis Uschakov, 1958 (Fig. 20), and E. shirikishinai (Fig. 19) all resemble E. oerstedi . However, they differ from the latter by the absence of spines on the antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles and by the truncated tips of notochaetae versus subacute to rounded tips in E. oerstedi .</p><p>Eunoe oerstedi, E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01, and E. spinicirris have spines on the cirrostyles. In E. oerstedi, the spines are conical with pointed tips. In E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01, the spines are numerous and cylindrical, with rounded tips (Fig. 17 G, J). In E. spinicirris, the spines are conical with sharp tips and are also present on the elytra (Fig. 18 B, E, F).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Based on our molecular data and sequences from GenBank and BOLD (Suppl. material 1: table SS 1), Eunoe oerstedi has been found in the Arctic regions: New Brunswick (Canada), Norwegian Sea, Greenland Sea, Barents Sea, White Sea, and Laptev Sea. Depth range 3–487 m.</p><p>Based on morphological data and literature records (Pettibone 1963; Loshamn 1980; Uschakov 1982; Barnich and Fiege 2010), Eunoe oerstedi is widely distributed in the Arctic Ocean and extends along the western Atlantic coast of North America to Rhode Island. In the Pacific Ocean, it is replaced by E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01 (from the Bering Sea to the Yellow Sea) and E. barbata (from the Bering Sea to the coast of California). Depth range 10–945 m. The paralectotype localities are Hornsundöyene, Bellsund, Isfjorden, Treurenberg bay, and Storfjorden.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/51A57E96B6B85B53B94933133514E9E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
1EE4A8C5EFD451FD98114893CB8AA8FA.text	1EE4A8C5EFD451FD98114893CB8AA8FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe shirikishinai Imajima & Hartman 1964	<div><p>Eunoe shirikishinai Imajima &amp; Hartman, 1964</p><p>Fig. 19</p><p>Eunoe shirikishinai Imajima &amp; Hartman, 1964: 30, pl. 3, figs a – d.</p><p>Type material examined.</p><p>Holotype • USNM 74051 (1 parapodium, 1 elytron) .</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Hokkaido Island, Shirikishinai, Japan.</p><p>Comparative material.</p><p>Eunoe sentiformis: • USNM 43582 (1 spm).</p><p>Eunoe spinosa: • USNM 23762 (1 spm).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Cirrophores with extra lobes. Elytral macrotubercles sharply pointed with short branches all ending with sharp, pointed tips, near posterior edge of elytra. Dorsal cirrus without spines. Notochaetae with truncate tips bearing a long spinous, minutely serrated region.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Based on examined material (one elytron and one parapodium). Color in alcohol: elytra white with brown spot, macrotubercles golden brown.</p><p>Cirrophore with extra lobe. Dorsal cirrus without spines; abruptly tapering subdistally.</p><p>Elytron reniform (Fig. 19 A). Microtubercles horn-like and bifurcated spines on anterior and median areas of elytra. Macrotubercles spiniform, sharply pointed with short branches, all ending with sharp, pointed tips, near posterior edge of elytron (Fig. 19 A, B). Outer lateral and posterior margin with short, scarce papillae.</p><p>All notochaetae covered with small rows of spinules, ending with truncate tips with long, spinous, minutely serrated region (Fig. 19 E). All neurochaetae unidentate, covered with distinct rows of spinules, with long, bare, and slightly falcate tips (Fig. 19 D).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The holotype of Eunoe shirikishinai (USNM 74051, from Hokkaido, Japan) comprised only a single parapodium and one elytron, with the body absent. Therefore, our redescription above is restricted to characters observable from these fragments. All other characters for the species are taken verbatim from the original description by Imajima and Hartman (1964) and could not be verified. Those include body size, length 57 mm, width including parapodia 20 mm; segment number, 38 segments; absence of cephalic peaks; position of the anterior eyes, laterally, on the widest part of the prostomium; and palps, thick, ~ 3.5 × longer than lateral antennae, with triangular papillae arranged in six longitudinal rows. Additional head structures, such as nuchal flap and facial tubercle, extra lobes, spines on body appendages, and papillation on the elytral surface were not reported by Imajima and Hartman (1964). In addition, spines were not observed on the preserved holotype dorsal cirrus. The presence or absence of extra lobes on elytrophores and dorsal tubercles cannot be assessed from the available material. However, the cirrophore of the examined holotype parapodium had an extra lobe.</p><p>Eunoe shirikishinai has been previously confused with five other species of Eunoe due to superficial similarity in macrotubercles: E. hozawai, E. oerstedi, E. senta, E. sentiformis, and E. spinosa . For phylogenetic reconstruction, we used data from BOLD derived from the specimens E. cf. oerstedi P _ 8 NJ-2021 (BOLD Process ID GBMNF 750-22), from the Kumano Sea, Japan (Jimi et al. 2021), and E. oerstedi isolate PhB 172 (BOLD process ID GBAN 4646-13), from South Korea, both identified as E. shirikishinai (Jimi et al. 2021) . These specimens formed a well-supported clade nested within the Eunoe s. str. clade. However, we cannot conclusively identify them as E. shirikishinai because the photograph provided by Jimi et al. (2021) lacks an image of the elytra, but the specimen has extra lobes on the cirrophores. The elytra bear the main identifying character, which is the golden-brown branching, sharply pointed macrotubercles (Fig. 19 B). This character unites E. shirikishinai with E. hozawai, the latter differing only in having smaller and shorter macrotubercles (Imajima and Hartman 1964).</p><p>The Eunoe sentiformis specimen (USNM 43582 from the Kuril Islands, North-West Pacific Ocean) exhibited two types of macrotubercles. The first type: cylindrical macrotubercles, ending distally in a rosette-shaped apex with a strongly lobate margin, a “ flower-like ” head with five to eight petals, which Uschakov (1958) described as “ mushroom-like ” (Fig. 20 B – C). The second type: cylindrical macrotubercles with a dentate crown at the tip (Fig. 20 D). In Imajima and Hartman (1964), these species were distinguished by the shape of notochaetae ending in truncate tips with a long spinous, minutely serrated region in E. shirikishinai and not serrated, truncate tips in E. sentiformis . Upon comparing the notochaetae of USNM 74051 ( E. shirikishinai) and USNM 43582 ( E. sentiformis), we found no obvious differences between the two specimens (Figs 19 E, 20 E, 20 G). Eunoe sentiformis has some macrotubercles similar to E. senta, but it is different in the shape of notochaetae and displays lateral placement of the anterior pair of eyes and golden-brown branching macrotubercles (Uschakov 1982).</p><p>The specimen USNM 23762 (Hakodate Bay, Japan), identified by Pettibone as Eunoe oerstedi, might be E. spinosa based on the presence of extra lobes on elytrophores and cirrophores, not dorsal tubercles (Fig. 19 G), and pointed notochaetae (Fig. 19 H). This specimen was similar to E. shirikishinai in having macrotubercles with short, sharp branches (Fig. 19 F) and lacking spines on the dorsal cirri (Fig. 19 I, J).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Hokkaido, Japan (Imajima and Hartman 1964), Kumano Sea, Japan; South Korea (Jimi et al. 2021); and Hakodate Bay, Japan at 3.5 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1EE4A8C5EFD451FD98114893CB8AA8FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
241EF8D0FA555123A61F01DC6B0873FE.text	241EF8D0FA555123A61F01DC6B0873FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe spinicirris Annenkova 1937	<div><p>Eunoe spinicirris Annenkova, 1937</p><p>Fig. 18</p><p>Eunoe spinicirris Annenkova, 1937: 150, text-fig. 4, pl. I fig. 7, pl. II fig. 12, pl. III fig. 24, pl. IV figs 31, 32. — Uschakov 1982: 181, T. LXV, figs 1–5. — Imajima 1961: 85, fig. 2 a – g.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Pacific Ocean, northern Sea of Japan.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>• USNM 43601 (1 spm), USNM 43578 (1 spm).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Large specimens lack fringe of filiform papillae on margins and surface of elytra. Antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles, and elytra with numerous large, pointed spines. Nephridial papillae visible ventrally. Extra lobes on dorsal tubercles, elytrophores, and cirrophores absent. Stout notochaetae with pointed and truncate tips.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Based on examined material. Length ≤ 40 mm, width including parapodia, 25 mm, with 38–42 segments. Color in ethanol: body light brown with white longitudinal stripe (Fig. 18 D), brown spot on first visible segment medially (Fig. 18 A), dorsal cirri white, elytra tan with large brown and purple spots, spines golden brown (Fig. 18 B).</p><p>Cephalic peaks lacking. Eyes large. Anterior pair of eyes larger than posterior, located laterally, on widest part of prostomium. Palps thick, 4–4.5 × longer than prostomium, with six longitudinal rows of small papillae. Median antenna with large ceratophore; style about twice as long as lateral antenna styles. Dorsal tentacular cirrus subequal to ventral. Styles of antennae, tentacular and dorsal cirri abruptly tapering subdistally (Fig. 18 A), with occasional thin filiform papillae and numerous large, pointed spines (Fig. 18 E). Tips of spines rarely bifurcate. Ventral cirri from segment 3 short, do not reach beyond chaetal lobe. Dorsal cirri extend beyond chaetal tips. Extra lobes on dorsal tubercles, elytrophores, and cirrophores absent.</p><p>Elytra 15 pairs on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32. Elytra covered with large spines, increasing on posterior end, tips occasionally bifurcate (Fig. 18 B). Large specimens lack fringe of filiform papillae on margins and surface of elytra.</p><p>Nephridial papillae start from segment 4, visible ventrally (Fig. 18 C).</p><p>All notochaetae covered with small rows of spinules ending — some with subacute tips, some with truncate tips (Fig. 18 G). All neurochaetae unidentate, covered with distinct rows of spinules, with long, bare, and slightly falcate tips.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Uschakov (1982) described specimens reaching ≤ 80 mm in length with 38–42 segments; the examined specimens were smaller (≤ 40 mm). Uschakov also described the tentacles and dorsal cirri as bearing soft, elongated papillae and having sharply filiform tips; in our specimens, the styles were abruptly tapering subdistally and bore only occasional thin filiform papillae in addition to the numerous large, pointed chitinous spines. On the elytra, Uschakov reported occasional low spines with a stellate apex and tridentate spinules, which we did not observe in our specimens.</p><p>Eunoe spinicirris is easily distinguished from other congeners by the numerous large, pointed spines that cover the antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles, and elytra (Fig. 18 B, E, F). Our phylogenetic analysis includes the COI sequence from BOLD derived from the specimen with Process ID BENTH 238-08 (Alaska, USA) (Fig. 1). Although this specimen was unavailable for examination, we assume it was correctly identified because of its unique character — very large, pointed spines. The photograph of this specimen in BOLD is blurry, but the large spines on the dorsal cirri and elytra are visible. The comment on BENTH 238-08 in BOLD states that the specimen had bright purple and green elytra, which also corresponds with the examined USNM specimens, as they had purple spots on elytra, and the green coloration might disappear in alcohol. Interestingly, the spines of Eunoe spinicirris, E. oerstedi, and E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01 sometimes bifurcate distally (Figs 12 G, 17 J).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Based on a single record from BOLD (Suppl. material 1: table SS 1), Eunoe spinicirris is found in the Chukchi Sea (Alaska) at 57 m.</p><p>Based on morphological data and literature records (Imajima 1961; Imajima and Hartman 1964; Uschakov 1982), Eunoe spinicirris is a North Pacific Asian species distributed along the Asian coast from the Chukchi Sea to the Peter the Great Bay in the Sea of Japan. Depth range 20–240 m. It prefers a silt bottom with small pebbles (Uschakov 1982).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/241EF8D0FA555123A61F01DC6B0873FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
04AD8FB186005678879DD958E404C668.text	04AD8FB186005678879DD958E404C668.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eunoe undefined-CMC-01	<div><p>Eunoe cf. oerstedi CMC 01</p><p>Fig. 17</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>• USNM 31410 (1 spm), USNM 30014 (9 spm).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Based on examined material. Length ≤ 35 mm, width including parapodia, 15 mm. Color: recently fixed specimens with dorsal brown segmental pattern, every other parapodia with brown spot (Fig. 17 H), dorsal cirri variable from white to brown, nephridial papillae often brown (Fig. 17 I). Spines and chaetae golden (Fig. 17 E, G). Macrotubercles dark brown and golden brown (Fig. 17 C, D).</p><p>Cephalic peaks weakly developed. Two pairs of large eyes, anterior pair located laterally, on widest part of prostomium. Palps thick, 3–3.5 × longer than prostomium. Median antenna about twice as long as laterals. Tentacular cirri subequal. Antennostyles, tentacular and dorsal cirrostyles covered with filiform papillae and numerous long, cylindrical spines with blunt tips that sometimes bifurcate (Fig. 17 J); abruptly tapering subdistally. Nuchal flap present on segment 2. Facial tubercle not examined.</p><p>Fifteen pairs of elytra. Extra lobes on elytrophores absent (Fig. 17 A). Elytra reniform in anterior part of body, becoming more round in mid-body (Fig. 17 B). Outer lateral margin of elytra with short papillae, surface with scattered short papillae. Macrotubercles numerous, cylindrical, with flattened, crown-like tip with undulate margin, often appearing as coronate discs in top view (Fig. 17 C), and occasional apically arborescent macrotubercles (Fig. 17 D). Macrotubercles cover most surface of elytra, becoming large on posterior edge.</p><p>Extra lobes on dorsal tubercles and cirrophores absent (Fig. 17 A).</p><p>Nephridial papillae visible ventrally (Fig. 17 I).</p><p>Notochaetae numerous, wider than neurochaetae, covered with small rows of spinules, ending with blunt, truncate, or subacute tips (Fig. 17 E, F). Neurochaetae numerous, all unidentate, covered with distinct rows of spinules (Fig. 17 E). Neurochaetae with slightly falcate tips.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The specimens with BOLD Process IDs: BENTH 162-08, BENTH 235-08, BENTH 236-08, and BENTH 239-08 (BOLD: AAE 4839, Eunoe cf. oerstedi CMC 01 (Carr et al. 2011)) from the Bering Strait, which we included in the phylogenetic reconstruction, had dried out and were not suitable for morphological analysis (Sarah L. Mincks, pers comm.). A single photograph of the specimen representing this clade available in BOLD shows numerous long golden spines with blunt tips on the dorsal cirri. The material examined in the present study was collected from the West Black Hill, Bering Sea (USNM 30014), and Alaska (USNM 31410) and presumably belongs to the same species as Eunoe cf. oerstedi CMC 01 reported by Carr et al. (2011). Eunoe cf. oerstedi CMC 01 and E. oerstedi share the same color pattern (Figs 12 B, 12 D, 12 F, 17 H, 17 I); however, they can be distinguished by the shape of the spines and macrotubercles. The examined specimens bear numerous long, cylindrical spines with blunt tips on the antennostyles, tentacular, and dorsal cirrostyles (Fig. 17 G, J), whereas the spines in E. oerstedi are scarcer and conical with pointed tips (Fig. 14 A, C). Additionally, E. oerstedi bears horn-like and sometimes apically arborescent macrotubercles without secondary branches on the posterior edge of the elytra. However, in E. cf. oerstedi CMC 01, numerous cylindrical macrotubercles with flattened, crown-like tip with undulate margins, often appearing as coronate discs in top view, and apically arborescent macrotubercles (Fig. 17 C, D), similar to macrotubercles in E. nodosa, were present, covering the entire elytra, with larger ones located on the posterior edge.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Based on sequences from GenBank and BOLD (Suppl. material 1: table SS 1), Eunoe cf. oerstedi CMC 01 was found in the Chukchi Sea (Alaska), Bering Strait, and Bering Sea. Depth range 53–57 m. Based on morphological data, Eunoe cf. oerstedi CMC 01 was reported in the Chukchi Sea and Pacific Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Sea of Okhotsk. Depth range 0–57 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/04AD8FB186005678879DD958E404C668	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Everett, Martha W.;Koroleva, Anna;Straube, Nicolas;Budaeva, Nataliya	Everett, Martha W., Koroleva, Anna, Straube, Nicolas, Budaeva, Nataliya (2026): Eunoe Malmgren, 1865 (Annelida, Polynoidae) in the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific: redescription of the type species and clarification of the genus boundaries. ZooKeys 1283: 343-403, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1283.168195
