identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C04A87D74474883EFF48502F2A315CFC.text	C04A87D74474883EFF48502F2A315CFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca Kinsey 1930	<div><p>Atrusca Kinsey, 1930</p><p>Figs 1–627</p><p>Cynips subgenus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930: 276–278, asexual female, gall.</p><p>Cynips subgenus Atrusca Kinsey, 1936: 79 .</p><p>Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 in Weld, 1951: 637.</p><p>Type species: Cynips dugesi variety simulatrix Kinsey 1930: 280, female, gall. Original designation by Kinsey 1930: 277. Current valid name: Atrusca simulatrix (Kinsey, 1930) .</p><p>All species are known from the asexual generation only and associated with white oaks only. Kinsey mentioned that all species induce nearly the same shaped, coloured galls and it is impossible to tell apart species based on galls only. Burks (1979) listed 15 species in the USA.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca belongs to a group of Cynipini genera with a straight, complete transscutal articulation; the mesoscutum is never emarginate posterolaterally, not fused with the mesoscutellum. Many species are fully winged, and others are brachypterous. The malar sulcus is always absent, antennae with 12 flagellomeres; the mesoscutum alutaceous to alutaceous-reticulate or delicately coriaceous, with or without piliferous points; in the fore wing the second abscissa of Rs usually strongly curved, the radial cell short, opened, 1.4–2.6× as long as broad, with dark spots and/or dark stripes along veins; the hind tibia without a lobe apically; the ventral spine of the hypopygium with variable length, usually with subapical setae forming a tuft and reaching beyond the apex of the spine, tarsal claws with a basal lobe.</p><p>Three Nearctic genera, Antron, Atrusca, Cynips (= Besbicus), have a transcutal articulation, toothed tarsal claws, and fore wings with fuscate stripes and/or spots. Atrusca differs from all other mentioned genera by the shape or the radial cell in the fore wing; in Atrusca the second abscissa of Rs is always curved usually strongly curved or angulated distally, then the radial cell short (around 1.6–2.4× as long as broad, rarely slightly longer), while in Antron, Cynips (= Besbicus) the second abscissa of Rs is always straight or only slightly curved, with radial cell longer (around 2.5–3.6× as long as broad, rarely shorter). Also, in Atrusca the mesoscutellum is always elongated, with parallel or subparallel sides, posteriorly rounded or elongated, with shallow invagination posteromedially or gradually narrowed till central part, and the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium is long or extra-long, needle-like shaped, while in Antron the mesoscutellum as long as broad or slightly longer than broad, posteriorly always rounded and in Cynips (= Besbicus) the ventral spine of the hypopygium has strong lateral lobes in asexual forms or it is triangular in ventral and lateral views, broadest at the base and uniformly tapering to a blunt point at the apex in the sexual generations. Atrusca also differs from Antron and Cynips (= Besbicus) in the morphology of galls; no Antron or Cynips (= Besbicus) species have galls with a fragile wall and with the larval chamber located centrally attached by radiating filaments to the outer wall.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 1–627). Body uniformly brown, reddish brown, sometimes with black areas, in some species very extensive; black stripes usually along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines and/or between notauli in anterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length.</p><p>Head transversely quadrangular to ovate in frontal view, sometimes rounded or quadrangular, with sparse white setae, 1.1–1.4× as broad as high or as broad as high, narrower than mesosoma in frontal view. Gena alutaceous to coriaceous, slightly or not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous to alutaceous, with or without delicate striae, radiating from clypeus, malar sulcus absent. Inner margins of eyes parallel or slightly diverging ventrally. Lower face alutaceous to coriaceous, sometimes rugose in central part below toruli, with setae; slightly elevated median area usually rugose, with or without setae. Interocellar area elevated or not above head in frontal view; lateral ocelli prominent or not. Clypeus impressed, uniformly smooth to coriaceous, rectangular, trapezoid or quadrangular, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, usually without median incision, sometimes with weak median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area coriaceous, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput alutaceous to coriaceous, sometimes with some rugae; postocciput, postgena alutaceous to smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen higher or shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres.</p><p>Mesosoma with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally alutaceous in dorsal half, smooth, shining on rest surface, without irregular rugae, with sparse setae; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with dense white setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae and numerous dense distinct piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with alutaceous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum delicately coriaceous to coriaceous-rugose, ovate, slightly longer than broad, sometimes with strong rugae laterally and posteriorly; posteriorly rounded, in some species with shallow invagination posterocentrally or posteriorly gradually narrowed into a centro-median tip; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae quadrangular or transverse, broader than high; bottom smooth, shining, with or without irregular rugae, separated by narrow elevated coriaceous or rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete or not. Mesopleuron smooth to delicately alutaceous, speculum uniformly alutaceous to smooth, with few setae; mesopleural triangle smooth to delicate rugose, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth or alutaceous to coriaceous, shining, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, posteriorly elongated towards mesoscutellum, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at its midheight or in upper 1/3 of mesopleuron height; upper part of sulcus present or not. Metascutellum smooth or sculptured, as high or higher than the smooth ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with or without delicate irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at mid height or in posterior 1/3 of propodeum height; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with or without piliferous points and long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae, sometimes smooth and shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body or brachypterous, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, multiple slightly darker spots all over the wing, veins light brown, radial cell open, always short, 1.6–2.6× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs always curved, usually strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, sometimes indistinct, Rs+M distinct or inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height, rarely at mid-height.</p><p>Metasoma usually longer than head+mesosoma, sometimes as long as head+mesosoma, rarely shorter, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending over 1/2 to 4/5 of the metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, rarely setae absent, without or with band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, rarely with micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures except in a few species, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium needle-like shaped, 2.0–11.5× as long as broad in ventral view, usually with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.5–5.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>All species of Atrusca are known from the asexual generations only and all species are associated with white oaks only, Quercus (Quercus) section Quercus s.s. Phylogenetically Atrusca forms a very distinct clade, most closely related to Cynips (= Besbicus), Philonix and Xanthoteras .</p><p>Below a key to species is given.</p><p>Key to Atrusca species</p><p>1. Fore wing with veins often faint, not impressed on all length, discontinuous or absent (Figs 378, 392, 406), always shorter than body, brachypterous............................................................................... pictor</p><p>1’. Fore wing with complete venation, brachypterous or normal length (e.g.: Figs 25, 85, 113)........................... 2</p><p>2. Rs of radial cell gradually curved, almost straight (Figs 183, 457, 526, 540, 554)................................... 3</p><p>2’. Rs of radial cell strongly curved distally or the distal part of Rs with a different angle (e.g.: Figs 11, 25, 43, 57, 71), never almost straight............................................................................................. 8</p><p>3. Body brown; head transversally ovate (Figs 173, 447, 558); interocellar area strongly elevated above head in frontal view and lateral ocelli prominent (Figs 173, 44, 558; ventral spine of hypopygium short, 2.5–3.0× as long as broad (Figs 182, 458, 569) ................................................................................................... 4</p><p>3’. Body reddish; head rounded (Figs 516, 554) or more or less quadrangular (Fig. 530); interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view and lateral ocelli not or only slightly prominent (Figs 516, 530, 544); ventral spine of hypopygium long, 9.2–11.3× as long as broad (Figs 527, 541, 555)............................................................. 6</p><p>4. Pronotum laterally alutaceous (Fig. 179); median mesoscutal line absent (Fig. 181); mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous to smooth, without piliferous points (Fig. 179).............................................. clivorum</p><p>4’. Pronotum laterally coriaceous-reticulate (Fig. 453) or with irregular rugae (Fig. 564); median mesoscutal line present (Figs 454, 565); mesopleuron and speculum with distinct sculpture and piliferous points (Figs 453, 564)........................ 5</p><p>5. Pronotum rugose, with irregular rugae laterally, pubescent (Fig. 564); median mesoscutal line long, impressed, extending to 1/4 of mesoscutum length (Fig. 565); mesopleuron setose, centro-ventrally with transverse parallel delicate striae, dorsal part alutaceous-reticulate (Fig. 564); speculum alutaceous-reticulate (Fig. 569).................................. strians</p><p>5’. Pronotum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, without setae (Fig. 453); median mesoscutal line superficial (Fig. 454); mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, without setae (Fig. 453)............................. quercuscentricola</p><p>6. Lateral ocelli not prominent in frontal view (Fig. 544); pronotum with weak carinae only in upper half of posterior part (Fig. 550); mesoscutum predominantly weakly alutaceous, smooth between notauli in posterior 2/3 (Fig. 552); mesoscutellum with semilunar invagination posterocentrally (Fig. 552)...................................................... spinifera</p><p>6’. Lateral ocelli slightly prominent in frontal view (Figs 516, 530); pronotum with rugae in posterior part (Figs 522, 536); mesoscutum uniformly coriaceous (Figs 523, 537); mesoscutellum rounded posteriorly (Figs 524, 538)................. 7</p><p>7. Mesoscutum without darker stripes (Fig. 523); median mesoscutal line present in the form of a short, impressed triangle (Fig. 523); mesoscutellar foveae smooth, separated by a central area delimited by two carinae (Figs 523–524)............ spinalis</p><p>7’. Mesoscutum with darker brown stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines (Fig. 537); medial mesoscutal line absent (Figs 537–538); mesoscutellar foveae with irregular short rugae, separated by narrow elevated central carina (Figs 537–538)............................................................................................ spinescens</p><p>8. Mesoscutellum coriaceous, sometimes with some lateral rugae (e.g.: Figs 40–41, 55, 69, 82–82, 144–145)............... 9</p><p>8’. Mesoscutellum entirely rugose (e.g: Figs 9, 23, 96, 111, 119).................................................. 17</p><p>9. Body reddish to reddish brown, mesoscutum without darker stripes or with stripes only slightly darker than the color of the mesoscutum (Figs 82, 214, 256); fore wings (Figs 85, 217, 258) short, 0.76–1.15× as body length..................... 10</p><p>9’. Body brown to black (e.g.: Figs 33–42, 44–45, 47–56, 58, 61–70), rarely with lemon areas (Figs 137–146, 148–149); mesoscutum with darker stripes (Figs 40, 54, 68, 144, 169, 203, 269); fore wing usually of normal size (1.21–1.40× as long as body length, (Figs 43, 200, 272), shorter only in A. cava (1.15x, Fig. 170).................................................. 12</p><p>10. Pronotum delicately coriaceous in dorsolateral part, rest of pronotum laterally smooth, shining (Fig. 213); mesoscutellum posteriorly gradually narrowed into a centromedian tip, finished in a point (Fig. 215); brachypterous (Fig. 217), fore wing 0.76–0.95× than body length....................................................................... cubitalis</p><p>10’. Pronotum coriaceous with or without delicate rugae laterally (Figs 81, 255); mesoscutellum rounded distally (Figs 83, 256); brachypterous (Figs 85, 258), fore wing equal or longer than body but shorter than normal size....................... 11</p><p>11. Mesoscutum with conspicuous piliferous points (Figs 82–83); central propodeal area with transverse parallel delicate striae in anterior 1/3 and some irregular rugae posterolaterally (Fig. 84); fore wing (Fig. 85) shorter or subequal to body length (0.81–097× as long as body)................................................................... brevipennata</p><p>11’. Mesoscutum with very scarce or without piliferous points (Fig. 256); central propodeal area smooth (Fig. 257); fore wing (Fig. 258) longer than body (1.10–1.15× as long as body) but shorter than normal size............................... dugesi</p><p>12. Head, antenna, metasoma yellowish, mesosoma yellowish brown with darker brown areas (Figs 137–146, 148–149); median mesoscutal line present, short, triangular (Fig. 144).................................................... capronae</p><p>12’. Head, mesosoma, metasoma reddish brown with dark to black areas (Figs 33–42, 44–45, 47–56, 58, 61–70, 72–73); median mesoscutal line absent (Figs 40–41, 55, 699, 169, 203, 269)................................................... 13</p><p>13. Mesoscutum with dense or sparse piliferous points, uniformly distributed all over mesoscutum (Fig. 40); radial cell with or without spot (Figs 43, 170)............................................................................. 14</p><p>13’. Mesoscutum without piliferous points or with only few piliferous points along anterior parallel lines (Figs 54–55, 68, 203, 269); radial cell always with a spot (Figs 57, 71, 201, 272)......................................................... 15</p><p>14. Head transversely quadrangular in frontal view with dense setae (Fig. 171); pronotum laterally with parallel rugae posteroventrally, extending to half width of pronotum (Fig. 170); mesoscutum with sparse piliferous points (Fig. 169); fore wing somewhat reduced; radial cell hyaline and Rs curved distally (Fig. 170)................................... cava</p><p>14’. Head transversely ovate in frontal view with sparse setae (Fig. 33); pronotum without irregular rugae (Fig. 39); mesoscutum with numerous dense distinct piliferous points (Fig. 40); fore wing of normal size; radial cell with a spot and Rs strongly curved distally, forming a straight angle with margin of fore wing (Fig. 43).......................................... aspera</p><p>15. Head strongly transverse in frontal view (Fig. 205), narrower than mesosoma in front view; radial cell very short, around 1.3× as long as broad (Fig. 201)....................................................................... congesta</p><p>15’. Head ovate in frontal view, as broad or slightly broader than mesosoma in front view (Figs 47, 61, 262); radial cell 1.8–2.1× as long as broad (Figs 57, 71, 272)......................................................................... 16</p><p>16. Pronotum laterally smooth to alutaceous (Figs 53, 67); mesopleuron smooth, shining, speculum smooth to weakly alutaceous (Figs 53, 67); mesoscutellar foveae in a form of transverse impression (Figs 55, 69); lateral propodeal carinae weak, complete, sometimes inconspicuous subparallel or bent outwards at mid height of propodeum (Figs 56, 70); central propodeal with delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae along lateral propodeal carina in posterior part (Figs 56, 70); Rs uniformly curved (Figs 57, 71)....................................................................... bella ( = vanescens, syn. nov.)</p><p>16’. Pronotum delicately coriaceous laterally (Fig. 268); mesopleuron and speculum uniformly delicately coriaceous (Fig. 268); mesoscutellar foveae separated by a medial elevated area (Fig. 270); lateral propodeal carinae complete, lyre–shaped, bent outwards in the middle (Fig. 271); central propodeal area smooth, without rugae (Fig. 271); Rs strongly curved distally (Fig. 272)......................................................................................... dumosae</p><p>17. Ventral spine of hypopygium very long (10.0–10.5× as long as broad) with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine (Figs 12–13, 232–233); mesoscutellum with an invagination posterocentrally (Figs 8, 228–229)..... 18</p><p>17’. Ventral spine of hypopygium variable in length, setose, with setae extending beyond apex of spine (e.g.: Figs 26, 100, 114, 118, 134); mesoscutellum with or without an invagination posterocentrally........................................... 19</p><p>18. Head quadrangular in frontal view (Fig. 1); interocellar area not elevated in frontal view but ocelli prominent (Fig. 1); notauli with the same width along its entire length (Fig. 8); mesoscutum alutaceous-reticualte (Fig. 9)................... aequalis</p><p>18’. Head ovate in frontal view (Fig. 221); interocellar area elevated above head (Fig. 221); notauli wider posteriorly (Fig. 228); mesoscutum uniformly rugose (Fig. 228)............................................................ cucurbita</p><p>19. Mesopleuron and speculum completely smooth, always without piliferous points (Figs 161, 192, 296, 310, 324, 508, 592). 20</p><p>19’. Mesopleuron and/or speculum partially or completely sculptured, with or without piliferous points (e.g.: Figs 21, 95, 109, 118, 129)............................................................................................... 26</p><p>20. Color of body brown to black, mesoscutum with black stripes (Figs 297, 311, 509)................................. 21</p><p>20’. Color of body reddish to reddish brown, mesoscutum without darker stripes or with stripes very little darker than the color of the mesoscutum, never black (Figs 162, 193, 325, 593).......................................................23</p><p>21. Pronotum delicately coriaceous (Fig. 310); mesoscutum alutaceous, between notauli in posterior 1/3 smooth (Figs 311–312); mesoscutellum posteriorly gradually narrowed till central part (Fig. 312); lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3 (Fig. 313); prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, 5.5× as long as broad (Fig. 315)............... longa</p><p>21’. Pronotum rugose laterally (Figs 296, 508); mesoscutum alutaceous to delicately coriaceous without smooth areas (Figs 297, 509); mesoscutellum posteriorly rounded, with distinct shallow invagination posterocentrally (Figs 297–298, 510); lateral propodeal carinae subparallel or slightly bent (Figs 299, 511); prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium longer, 7.2–10.8× as long as broad (Figs 300–301, 513–514)................................................................. 22</p><p>22. Inner margins of eyes parallel (Fig. 290); F9–F10 at least 2.0× as long as broad (Fig. 294); lateral propodeal area smooth (Fig. 299); prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium very long, 10.8× as long as broad in ventral view (Figs 300–301).................................................................................................... finitima</p><p>22’. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally (Fig. 503); F9–F10 subquadrate or slightly longer than broad (Fig. 507); lateral propodeal area coriaceous (Fig. 511); ventral spine of hypopygium shorter, 7.2× as long as broad (Figs 513–514)................................................................................................... spiculi</p><p>23. Ventral spine of hypopygium long, around 10.0× as long as wide (Figs 597–598); last flagellomere segments long, 2.0× as long as wide (Fig. 590)................................................................................. tigrina</p><p>23’. Ventral spine of hypopygium shorter 2.8–4.0× as long as wide (Figs 166–167, 197–198, 329–330); last flagellomere segments shorter (Figs 190, 322)................................................................................ 24</p><p>24. In frontal view lateral ocelli small and shortly prominent (Fig. 186); inner margins of eyes strongly divergent ventrally (Fig. 186); OOL equal to diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 187); Rs arcuate-angulate (Fig. 196)........................ conexa</p><p>24’. In frontal view lateral ocelli big and strongly prominent (Figs 155, 318); inner margins of eyes parallel or shortly diverging ventrally (Figs 155, 318); OOL longer than 2.0× the diameter of lateral ocellus (Figs 156, 319); Rs curved (Figs 165, 328)... .................................................................................................. 25</p><p>25. Head rusty brown (Fig. 155); mesoscutum with light brown stripes (Fig. 162); mesoscutellum posteriorly rounded (Fig. 163); central propodeal area smooth without rugae and striae (Fig. 164); central propodeal area smooth (Fig. 164); fore wings hyaline, with few slightly darker spots and stripes (Fig. 165)...................................................... catena</p><p>25’. Head dark brown with central area of lower face black (Fig. 318); mesoscutum with dark brown stripes (Fig. 325); mesoscutellum distinctly invaginated posterocentrally (Figs 325–326); central propodeal area with strong irregular short rugae (Fig. 327); fore wings infuscated, with numerous darker spots and infuscations (Fig. 328).................................... lucaris</p><p>26. Body reddish to reddish brown, mesoscutum without darker stripes or with stripes slightly darker than the color of mesoscutum (Figs 338, 347, 439, 359, 496, 607)....................................................................... 27</p><p>26’. Body brown to black with black stripes (e.g.: Fig. 22, 96, 110, 119, 130)......................................... 32</p><p>27. Mesopleuron anteriorly and posteriorly rugose, with transversely oriented parallel rugae, in central part smooth (Fig. 337)................................................................................................ luminata</p><p>27’. Mesopleuron without linear elements (Figs 346, 358, 440, 495, 606)............................................ 28</p><p>28. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous (Fig. 346); Rs strongly angulated distally (Fig. 345)............. occidua</p><p>28’. Mesopleuron with smooth areas, speculum sculptured or not (Figs 358, 440, 495, 606); Rs arcuate, sometimes slightly angulated distally (Figs 362, 442, 499, 610)........................................................................ 29</p><p>29. OOL 1.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus (Fig. 490)................................................. spadix</p><p>29’. OOL longer, 2.1–2.6× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus (Figs 353, 444, 601)................................... 30</p><p>30. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae and numerous distinct piliferous points (Fig. 439).................................................................................................. pupoides</p><p>30’. Mesoscutum smooth and shining at least between notauli in posterior half with sparse indistinct piliferous points in the posterior half (Figs 359, 607)................................................................................... 31</p><p>31. Pronotum laterally delicately alutaceous, without linear elements or with very weak and short rugae between coriaceous sculpture (Fig. 358); mesopleuron without piliferous points (Fig. 358); radial cell relatively long, around 2.1× as long as broad (Fig. 362)........................................................................................ oriens</p><p>31’. Pronotum with rugae or carinae (Fig. 606); mesopleuron with piliferous points (Fig. 606); radial cell shorter, around 1.6× as long as broad (Fig. 610).............................................................................. vasta</p><p>32. Ventral spine of hypopygium long,7.7–11.3× as long as wide (Figs 26, 100, 114, 118, 134, 472)....................... 33</p><p>32’. Ventral spine of hypopygium shorter 2.5–4.5× as long as wide (Figs 246, 287, 435, 486, 583)........................ 38</p><p>33. Mesoscutum without piliferous points or very indistinct at least in the posterior area between notauli (Figs 96–97, 468).... 34</p><p>33’. Mesoscutum with conspicuous piliferous points (Figs 22, 110, 119, 130)......................................... 35</p><p>34. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous (Fig. 96); mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous (Fig 95)........... bulbacea</p><p>34’. Mesoscutum rugose in anterior half, smooth to alutaceous in posterior half (Fig. 468); Mesopleuron along anterior edge alutaceous, rest smooth, speculum smooth (Fig. 467)..................................................... sierrae</p><p>35. Body partly reddish brown, black areas only on mesoscutum and partially on mesopleuron (Figs 15–24, 123–132); mesoscutellum usually with strong invagination postero-centrally (Figs 22, 130); cubital cell with different infuscate patches (Figs 25, 133). .................................................................................................. 36</p><p>35’. Body dark with big black areas (Figs 103–112, 118–119); mesoscutellum rounded posteriorly (Figs 111, 119); spots in cubital cell forming a line parallel to Rs (Figs 113, 118)............................................................ 37</p><p>36. Median mesoscutal line present (Fug. 130); mesoscutellum posteriorly rounded with a small median invagination (Figs 130– 131); metasomal terga smooth, without micropunctures (Fig. 134)........................................... bulla</p><p>36’. Median mesoscutal line absent (Fig. 22); mesoscutellum posteriorly bilobate, with deep posteromedial invagination (Fig. 22); second metasomal tergum with band of micropunctures posteriorly and subsequent terga with delicate micropunctures (Fig. 26).......................................................................................... aggregata 37. Head more or less rounded in frontal view, gena broadened behind eyes (Fig. 122)............................ bulbulus</p><p>37’. Head transversally quadrangular, gena not broadened behind eyes (Fig. 103)................................ bulboides</p><p>38. Pronotum coriaceous at least in part, without striae or carinae but sometimes with very weak linear elements between coriaceous sculpture (Figs 282, 430); speculum alutaceous (Figs 282, 430)................................................ 39</p><p>38’. Pronotum with some rugae laterally or with short transverse parallel striae along posterior edge (Figs 241, 481, 578); speculum smooth (Figs 241, 481, 578)............................................................................ 40</p><p>39. Head transversally ovate in frontal view (Fig. 424); mesoscutellum with smooth foveae (Fig. 432); lateral propodeal area without piliferous points (Fig. 433); central propodeal with some delicate irregular rugae (Fig. 433); radial cell with a spot (Fig. 434).......................................................................................... pomifera</p><p>39’. Head more or less triangular in frontal view (Fig. 276); mesoscutellar foveae with rugose bottom (Fig. 284); lateral propodeal area with piliferous points (Fig. 285); central propodeal without rugae (Fig. 285); radial cell hyaline (Fig. 286).... emergens</p><p>40. Mesoscutum without piliferous points or very indistinct at least in the posterior area between notauli (Fig. 579); mesoscutellum slightly pointed distally (Fig. 578); Rs strongly angulate distally (Fig. 582); mesoscutellar foveae with some irregular rugae (Fig. 580)...................................................................................... subnigra</p><p>40’. Mesoscutum with conspicuous piliferous points (Figs 242, 482); mesoscutellum with shallow invagination posterocentrally, sometimes inconspicuous (Figs 242, 482); Rs angulate but not strongly (Figs 245, 485); mesoscutellar foveae smooth, without rugae (Figs 243, 482–483).............................................................................. 41</p><p>41. Body densely pubescent with large black areas including lower face below toruli (Figs 475, 481); pronotum rugose, with short irregular rugae posteriorly (Fig. 481); Rs distinctly angulate, curved distally (Fig. 485)........................ simulatrix</p><p>41’. Body scarcely pubescent, with black areas reduced to mesoscutum stripes (Figs 235, 241); pronotum with transverse parallel striae along posterior edge (Fig. 241); Rs uniformly arcuate (Fig. 245)...................................... deceptrix</p><p>Below all known Atrusca species are listed in alphabetical order.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74474883EFF48502F2A315CFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7447B883AFF4856602B115A33.text	C04A87D7447B883AFF4856602B115A33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca aequalis (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca aequalis (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 1–14</p><p>Cynips ( bulboides) aequalis Kinsey, 1936: 151, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca aequalis (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips aequalis ( bulboides) “ Inde 20E Dgo 6300’, Mex. Gall 11.1.31, 70 fms. 2.8.32”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips aequalis, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “ Inde 20E, Dgo 6300’, Mex., galls 11.1.31. 70 females 2.8.32”, “ Quercus chihuahuensis, Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips equalis. Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca aequalis belongs to the couplet characterized by exhibiting brachypterous or normal length fore wings, with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesoscutellum with a posterocentral invagination, and a very long ventral spine of the hypopygium (10.0–10.5× as long as broad) with few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of the spine, as in A. cucurbita . Atrusca aequalis can be distinguished from A. cucurbita by the quadrangular head in frontal view; the interocellar area not elevated in frontal view but the lateral ocelli are prominent; the notauli maintain the same width along their entire length; and the mesoscutum is alutaceous-reticualte, while in A. cucurbita the head is ovate in frontal view; the interocellar area is elevated above the head; the notauli are wider posteriorly, and the mesoscutum is uniformly rugose.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 1–13). Head, antenna, palpi dark reddish brown, central part of lower face and area between toruli black; propleuron light brown, mesoscutum reddish brown with black stripes along parapsidal lines and in between notauli in anterior 1/2–2/3; legs dark brown to black; second metasomal tergum dark reddish brown, black in posterior 1/3, third tergum black, subsequent terga and hypopygium reddish brown.</p><p>Head quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.2× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate inconspicuous striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.4× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel or slightly diverging ventrally. POL 2.0× as long as OOL; OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× LOL; all ocelli ovate, central ocellus larger. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.4× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous to rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly shorter than body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel as long as broad, F1 1.3× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.1× as long as F3; F3 1.4× as long as F4, F5=F6, F7=F8, F9 till F11 shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.5× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with short white setae. Pronotum rugose, with net of irregular rugae laterally, shining; propleuron along sides alutaceous, smooth, shining centrally. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with piliferous points and dense setae anteriorly; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, with the same width along its entire length with the same width along its entire length, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line indistinct, extending to 2/3 of mescutum length; parapsidal line, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth black stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, with invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae with smooth, shining bottom, without rugae, transverse, broader than high, separated by narrow elevated rugose central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron delicately alutaceous in anterior half, smooth, shining in posterior half, with few scattered setae, speculum smooth, shining; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, without striae, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus only partially distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, slightly shorter than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with some longitudinal rugae posteriorly; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area coriaceous-rugose, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending over half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga with delicate micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 10.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.2–4.0 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 14). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. The spherical gall indistinguishable from A. pomifera and A. aspera . Mature galls light straw yellow, somites touched with rose or brown, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, up to 15 mm, in average near 10 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. chihuahuensis, Q. undata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7447B883AFF4856602B115A33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7447F8827FF4857A32B5359DB.text	C04A87D7447F8827FF4857A32B5359DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca aggregata (Weld 1926)	<div><p>Atrusca aggregata (Weld, 1926)</p><p>Figs 15–32</p><p>Diplolepis aggregata Weld 1926: 15, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca aggregata: Weld 1951: 637.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female “ Sta Catalina Mts., Arizon ”, “13643 Hopk US ”, “ Chrisman M. Colo ”, red label “Type No 27185 U.S. N.M.”, “ Diplolepis aggregata Weld ”, deposited in USNM, examined by GM.</p><p>Material examined. Ten females “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 13, gall type 38, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26 ”; 56 females “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. nr Portal, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 14, gall type 38, leg. J.A.Nicholls 2007.10.25 ”; 11 females “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex Q. oblongifolia, AZ 15, gall type 38, leg. J.A.Nicholls 2007.10.28 ” .</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca aggregata belongs to the couplet characterized by a reddish brown to black body color, with conspicuous black stripes in parts of the mesoscutum and mesopleuron, with a complete and conspicuous fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the cubital cell of the fore wings lacking a row of dark spots parallel to the Rs vein, the presence of distinct piliferous points in the mesoscutum, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum usually with a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium long and setose, 7.7–11.3× as long as wide with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. bulla . Atrusca aggregata differs from A. bulla by the presence of the median mesoscutal line, the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum mostly rounded, with a small medina invagination, and all metasomal terga lacking micropunctures, while in A. bulla the mesoscutum lacks the median mesoscutal line, the mesoscutellum is bilobate due to the deep central invagination in the posterior margin, and the second metasomal terga exhibits a posterior band of micropunctures, and the subsequent terga display finer micropunctures.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 15–32). Head reddish brown, central part of frons, lower face black, posteriorly black; antenna uniformly reddish brown; mandibles dark reddish brown, palpi maxilaris and labialis light brown; pronotum reddish brown, propleuron light brown, mesoscutum reddish brown with black stripes along parapsidal lines and in between notauli in anterior 1/2–2/3; mesoscutellar impression black, mesosoma laterally and propodeum dark brown to black; legs uniformly dark brown; second metasomal tergum reddish brown, black in posterior 1/3, third tergum black, subsequent terga and hypopygium reddish brown.</p><p>Head quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.2× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not or very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.8× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.8× as long as OOL; OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous to rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly shorter than body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and equal F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5=F6, F7=F8, subsequent flagellomeres till F11 shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with dense setae. Pronotum laterally dull rugose in dorsal half and along posterior edge, smooth to alutaceous in ventral half, with setae; propleuron along sides alutaceous, smooth, shining centrally. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate in posterior 2/3, dull rugose in anterior half 1/3, with numerous piliferous points and sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel lines delicately impressed in anterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length, with black stripes, parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth dark stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, elongated, longer than broad, with subparallel sides, posteriorly rounded, with invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae semilunar, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom and some irregular rugae, separated by broad elevated rugose central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron coriaceous in anterior 1/4, smooth, shining in posterior 3/4, speculum smooth, shining, with sparse setae; mesopleural triangle delicately rugose, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area broad with rugae or striae; lateral propodeal carinae strongly bent outwards; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with strong irregular rugae laterally, with delicate longitudinal sulci dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.3× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending over half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, with band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent tergites with delicate micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 11.3× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 4.7–5.1 mm (n = 10).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 28). Globular oak apples, up to 35 mm in diameter, occurring in clusters of 12, usually 2–4, on a twig of previous seasons growth. The gall with an abrupt slender pedicel</p><p>The fresh galls are creamy white with a reddish blush on one side and spotted with numerous small red spots. Later they become yellowish and are often covered with a bluish bloom. The central cell is supported by a dense mass of fine silky ‘radiating fibers and the wall is 0.7 mm thick.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce stem galls on Q. arizonica, Q. oblongifolia, Q. toumeyi . Mature galls were collected by the end of October.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Arizona.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7447F8827FF4857A32B5359DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744628823FF48548B2BE15BA3.text	C04A87D744628823FF48548B2BE15BA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca aspera (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca aspera (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 33–46</p><p>Cynips ( bella) aspera Kinsey, 1936: 172, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca aspera (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips aspera ( bella) “Parral 20S Chi, Mex. Gall 10.21.31, very many fms. 2.10.32”, “ Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips aspera, Holo- Paratype, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Ten PARATYPE females “Parral 20S, Chi, Mex. Galls 10.29.31, 66 females 2.10.32”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca aspera belongs to the couplet characterized by reddish-brown body coloration, the fore wings mostly of normal size (1.21–1.40× as long as body length), with complete venation, the Rs vein of the radial cell strongly curved distally; the mesoscutum with prominent dark stripes, visible piliferous points, and without median mesoscutal line, the mesoscutellum that is coriaceous, sometimes with some lateral rugae, as in A. cava . Atrusca aspera differs from A. cava by the transversely ovate head in frontal view, with sparse setae; the pronotum lacking any irregular rugae; the mesoscutum exhibiting numerous dense distinct piliferous points; the fore wings are normally sized; the radial cell has a dark spot and the Rs vein is strongly curved distally, forming a straight angle with the anterior margin of the fore wing, while A. cava displays the head transversely quadrangular in frontal view, exhibiting dense setae; the pronotum with parallel rugae posteroventrally in lateral view, the rugae extend to half-width of pronotum; the mesoscutum only displays sparse piliferous points; the fore wings are somewhat reduced; the radial cell is hyaline and the Rs vein is distally curved.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 39–45). Entire body, including antennae and legs reddish brown; palpi yellowish; black stripes along parapsidal lines and between notauli in anterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length; mesopleuron and mesosoma ventrally blackish.</p><p>Head transversely oval in frontal view, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, without striae, malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.5× as long as OOL; OOL 2.6× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous asides, rugose in central part below toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view; lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area coriaceous, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous; postocciput, postgena alutaceous, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F5 slightly shorter than F4, F6=F7, subsequent flagellomeres till F11shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.5× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally alutaceous in dorsal half, smooth, shining on rest surface, without irregular rugae, with sparse setae; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with dense white setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae and numerous dense distinct piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with alutaceous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripes surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly delicately coriaceous, ovate, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, broader than high, smooth, shining, with some irregular rugae, separated by narrow elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron smooth along posterior edge and speculum uniformly alutaceous, with few setae; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with some irregular rugae and dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, posteriorly elongated towards mesoscutellum, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly below mid height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with some delicate irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at mid height of propodeum; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with piliferous points and long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, multiple slightly darker spots all over the wing, veins light brown, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad with a spot; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum dark brown, extending over half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with few short setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.7–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936)</p><p>Gall (Fig. 46). Similar to all galls of the Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls rosy or light yellowish tan, conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, up to 17 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. arizonica (= Q. sacame), Q. chihuahuensis, Q. undata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744628823FF48548B2BE15BA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D74466882AFF4857532B165A1F.text	C04A87D74466882AFF4857532B165A1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca bella (Bassett 1881)	<div><p>Atrusca bella (Bassett, 1881)</p><p>Figs 47–74</p><p>Cynips bella Bassett, 1881: 93, female, gall.</p><p>Dryophanta bella: Mayr 1881: 36.</p><p>Andricus bella: Ashmead 1887: 127.</p><p>Holcaspis macullipennis Gillette, 1894: 236, female, gall. Synonym in Weld 1926: 18. Disholcaspis bella (Bassett): Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer 1910: 356.</p><p>Disholcaspis macullipennis: Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer 1910: 375.</p><p>Cynips macullipennis: Felt 1918: 100.</p><p>Diplolepis bella: Weld 1926: 18.</p><p>Cynips (Atrusca) bella Bassett: Kinsey 1930: 285, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips bella variety bella Bassett: Kinsey 1930: 289.</p><p>Cynips bella variety vanescens Kinsey 1930: 292, female, gall, syn. nov.</p><p>Cynips (Atrusca) ( bella) vanescens Kinsey 1936: 326 .</p><p>Atrusca bella (Bassett): Weld 1951: 637.</p><p>Atrusca vanescens (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. The type of Cynips bella is deposited in the Entomology Type Collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: “Type number: 10442. Cynips bella Bassett, 1811, female, Arizona ”. The type was not examined by the authors. Data on type available at http://clade.ansp.org/entomology/detail.php?id=6344 &amp;return=%2Fentomology%2Fsearch.php%3Ffam%3D%26aut%3D%26cou%3D%26submitbut%3DSearch% 26g en%3DCynips%26spe%3Dbella%26ssp%3D%26aut%3DBassett. Cynips vanescens: HOLOTYPE female Cynips bella var. vanescens “Globe, Az. Gall 1.20.20”, “ Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips vanescens, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. One PARATYPE females “Zion Par, Ut., galls 9.8.29”, “ Q. turbinella Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips vanescens Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Material examined. 17 females “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. western side, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 8, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.25 ” ; 2 females “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex Q. oblongifolia, AZ 2, AZ3, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.28 ” ; 3 females “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 5, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26 ” ; 1 female “ USA, Arizona, Sonoita, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 7, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26 ” ; 11 females “ USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, ex Q. turbinella, AZ 11, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29 ” ; 26 females “ USA, Arizona, 25miles S of Flagstaff on I17, ex Q. turbinella, AZ 9, AZ10, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.31 ” ; 2 females “ USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex Q. turbinella, AZ 1, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29 ”. Two non-paratype females “Prescott, Ariz, female 11.27.35, gall 11.15.35”, “ Q. gambelii E.R Leach coll.”, “ Cynips vanescens Kinsey det. 35” .</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca bella belongs to the couplet characterized by reddish-brown body coloration with prominent dark brown to black areas in the mesonotum, the head is ovate in frontal view, equally broad or broader than the mesosoma, the fore wings mostly of normal size (1.21–1.40× as long as body length), with complete venation, the Rs vein of the radial cell strongly curved distally, the radial cell 1.8–2.1× longer than broad, and always displaying a dark spot; the mesoscutum lacking piliferous points except for occasional few piliferous points along anterior parallel lines, the absence of the median mesoscutal line, the mesoscutellum that is coriaceous, sometimes with some lateral rugae, as in A. dumosae . Atrusca bella can be distinguished from A. dumosae by the laterally smooth to alutaceous pronotum; the smooth and shining mesopleuron, while the speculum is smooth to weakly alutaceous; the mesoscutellar foveae displayed as a form of transverse impression, the lateral propodeal carinae complete but weak, the carinae are sometimes inconspicuously subparallel or bent outwards at mid height of the propodeum; the central propodeal area exhibits delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae following the lateral propodeal carina in the posterior part; and the Rs vein is uniformly curved, while in A. dumosae the lateral part of the pronotum is delicately coriaceous, the mesopleuron and the speculum are uniformly delicately coriaceous; the mesoscutellar foveae are separated by a medial elevated area; the lateral propodeal carinae are complete, lyre-shaped, bent outwards at midheight of propodeum; the central propodeal area is smooth, without rugae; and the Rs is strongly curved on distal part.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 47–59, 61–73). Head reddish brown, central part of frons, lower face black, posteriorly black; antenna reddish brown with slightly lighter scape and pedicel; pronotum reddish brown, propleuron ligth brown, mesoscutum reddish brown with black stripes along parapsidal lines and in between notauli in anterior 1/2–2/3; mesoscutellar impression black, mesosoma laterally dark brown to black; legs uniformly reddish brown; metasoma reddish brown, sometimes second metasomal tergum darker.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.1–1.3× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1–2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, nor or very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.0–2.1× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel or very slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.7–1.8× as long as OOL; OOL 2.0–2.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.4× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus equal or slightly longer to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, along sides, delicately rugose below toruli, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area delicately rugose, with few setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area delicately coriaceous, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous-reticulate, with setae; postocciput and postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into strong, broad postgenal sulci which bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Postoccipital carina strong.Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.2× as long as broad, F1 1.3× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F4 slightly longer than F5, F6 slightly longer than F7, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with dense short white setae. Pronotum laterally smooth to alutaceous, with dense setae; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with dense white setae, without piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, smooth, shining, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel lines impressed, extending to half length of mesoscutum length, smooth, shining, parapsidal lines alutaceous, indicated by stripes without setae; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly delicately coriaceous, nearly rounded, slightly broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, without posterocentral invagination; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae in a form of transverse impression, smooth, shining, with strong irregular rugae. Circumscutellar carina complete, sometimes obscured by pilosity. Mesopleuron smooth, shining, with dense setae, speculum smooth to weak alutaceous; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas coriaceous, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, slightly higher than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae along lateral propodeal carina in posterior part; lateral propodeal carinae carinae weak, complete, sometimes inconspicuous subparallel or bent outwards at mid height of propodeum; lateral propodeal area coriaceous to rugose, shining, with piliferous points and dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, multiple darker spots all over the wing, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs homogenously curved distally with a spot; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending extending to 2/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.0–2.2× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.0– 3.8 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Figs 60, 74). Large spherical galls on the underside of leaves, with a suspended inner cell, to 3.0 cm in diameter, yellow with red speckles when young, uniformly red-brown when mature.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known. Leaf galls on Q. arizonica, Q. grisea, Q. oblongifolia, Q. rugosa (= Q. reticulata), Q. toumeyi, Q. turbinella . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January next year.</p><p>Distribution. USA: CO, AZ, NM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74466882AFF4857532B165A1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7446F8816FF4857CF2BE25A1F.text	C04A87D7446F8816FF4857CF2BE25A1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca brevipennata (Gillette 1893)	<div><p>Atrusca brevipennata (Gillette, 1893)</p><p>Figs 75–88</p><p>Holcaspis brevipennata Gillette, 1893: 31 .</p><p>Disholcaspis brevipennata (Gillette): Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer 1910: 373.</p><p>Andricus pellucidus Kinsey, 1920: 309 . Synonym in Weld 1922: 7.</p><p>Diplolepis brevipennata (Gillette): Weld 1922: 7.</p><p>Cynips dugesi variety brevipennata (Gillette): Kinsey 1930: 282, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) brevipennata (Gillette): Kinsey 1936: 97, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca brevipennata (Gillette): Weld 1951: 637.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female with red label ”Type”, pink label “Colo. 1876”, Gillette handwriting label ” Holcaspis brevipennata Gill. ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Also, one COTYPE female of Andricus pellucidus (insect damaged): “Colo. Springs, 9.28.73. Colo, W. L. Carpenter coll.”, ” Cynips brevipennata Kinsey det.”, red ” Andricus pellucidus, Cotype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Material examined. One female “ USA, New Mexico, Chama, ex Q. gambelli, leg. J. R. Zimmerman, 1987.09.20; adult emerge 1987.10.01.” Two females “Las Vegas 10–11.21. N.M., galls 12.31.21, adults Nov. Dec.”, “ Quercus fendleri, Weld. Coll. ”, “ Cynips brevipennata Kinsey det. 27” ; 2 females “Hopk. USA, 15635”, “Reared Nov.15.21”, “ Quercus gambelii ”, “Wetmore, Colo”, “ L.H. Weld collector”, “ Atrusca brevipennata det. J. R. Zimmerman” .</p><p>Diagnosis. Diagnosis. Atrusca brevipennata is characterized by a reddish to reddish-brown body, short fore wings (0.76–1.15× as body length) that exhibits complete venation and the Rs of the radial cell is strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the coriaceous pronotum with or without delicate rugae laterally, the uniformly colored mesoscutum or with stripes only slightly darker than the color of the mesoscutum; and the coriaceous mesoscutellum, occasionally with lateral rugae, and rounded posteriorly, as in A. dugesi . Atrusca brevipennata differs from A. dugesi by the mesoscutum that has conspicuous piliferous points, the central propodeal area displays transverse parallel delicate striae in the anterior third and irregular rugae posterolaterally, and fore wing shorter or subequal to body length (0.81–097× as body length), while in A. dugesi the mesoscutum has very few or no piliferous points, the central propodeal area is smooth and has longer fore wings (1.10–1.15× the body length).</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 75–87). Entire body, antenna, palpi, legs uniformly reddish brown.</p><p>Head triangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view.Malar space delicately coriaceous, with few weak striae, malar sulcus absent; eye 2.6× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.4× as long as OOL; OOL 2.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.7× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as high as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.4× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.3× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, with dense white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area delicately coriaceous, without setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus trapezoid, slightly broader than high, with very delicate transverse striae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision, with long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Mandibles with long setae. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous, without striae, with long setae; rounded impressed are under central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena uniformly delicately alutaceous, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly and posteriorly of same width. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel broader than long, F1 1.1× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F4 slightly longer than F5, F6 nearly equal F7, F8=F9, F10=F11, F12 1.7× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with short white setae. Pronotum coriaceous, with dense setae; propleuron alutaceous along sides, smooth shining in the central part. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser aside parapsidal line; with dense piliferous points especially between notauli; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal carina broad, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum coriaceous centrally with some irregular rugae laterally, trapezoid, slightly longer than broad, broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded,; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae separated by elevated coriaceous central carina, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, orientated backwards under 45 o angle. Circumscutellar carina complete but weakly marked distally. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous, shining, with dense setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, without striae, with long white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly below its midheight, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum smooth, shining, 2.0× as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, with transverse parallel delicate striae in anterior 1/3 and some irregular rugae posterolaterally; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at midheight; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing shorter or subequal than body, margin with long dense cilia, with few darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.7× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along 2/3 of length, its projection reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending over 4/5 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.2× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.5–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 88). Similar to all galls of the Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted, often shining, up to 19 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. gambelii, Q. sinuata (= Q. undulata), Q. turbinella . Mature galls in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Colorado, New Mexico.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7446F8816FF4857CF2BE25A1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744538812FF4857CF2A4D5B13.text	C04A87D744538812FF4857CF2A4D5B13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca bulbacea (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca bulbacea (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 89–102</p><p>Cynips ( bulboides) bulbacea Kinsey, 1936: 152, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca bulbacea (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips bulbacea ( bulboides) “Rio Verde 14W S.L.P. 6000’ Gall 12.4.31, 4 fms. 1.8.32”, red “ Cynips bulbacea, Holo- Paratype ”. Cynips ( bulboides) bulbacea: 4 PARATYPE females “Rio Verde 14W, SLP 6000’, Mex., gall 12.4.31, 4 fmales 2.15.32.”, “ Q. polymorpha Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips bulbacea . Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca bulbacea belongs to the couplet characterized by a brown to black body color, with conspicuous dark stripes in the mesoscutum, the absence of piliferous points in the mesoscutum or very indistinct at least in the posterior area between notauli, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium long and setose, 7.7–11.3× as long as wide with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. sierrae . Atrusca bulbacea differs from A. sierrae by the uniformly alutaceous mesoscutum, mesopleuron and speculum, while in A. sierrae the mesoscutum is rugose in the anterior half, and smooth to alutaceous in posterior half, the mesopleuron is alutaceous along anterior edge and the rest is smooth, and the speculum is entirely smooth.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 89–101). Body, antenna, legs dark brown to reddish brown; mesosoma black with some areas reddish; mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines black.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, coriaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena strongly alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL equal or 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.3× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.1× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 2.0× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 0.7× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, coriaceous to rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex and occiput reticulate, postgena alutaceous, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, all with dense whitish setae, pedicel as long as broad or slightly longer than broad, F1 1.3× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F5 slightly longer than F6, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum woth some rugae laterally, with sparse setae; propleuron smooth, shining. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser in anterior half without piliferous points or very indistinct; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line slightly impressed, extending to half length of mesoscutum, parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripe; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, ovate, only slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, with shallow invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by broad elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous, shining, with scattered setae; mesopleural triangle delicately rugose, shining, with some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae only slightly bented outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing only slightly longer than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.4× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 2/3 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 8.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.2–4.2 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 102). A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls rosy or yellow brown, noticeably blue with a puberulence, occasionally unspotted but almost always well marked, in some cases conspicuously marked with slightly raised spots and ridges of purple, up to 25 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. arizonica (= Q. sacame Trel.), Q. laeta, Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. macrophyla), Q. polymorpha .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744538812FF4857CF2A4D5B13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D74457881EFF4856C32A655B8F.text	C04A87D74457881EFF4856C32A655B8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca bulboides (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca bulboides (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 103–116</p><p>Cynips ( bulboides) bulboides Kinsey, 1936: 149, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca bulboides (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips bulboides ( bulboides) “ Inde 20E Dgo 6300’, Mex. Gall 11.1.31, 192 fms. 3.6.32”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips bulboides, Holo- Paratype ”. HOLOTYPE in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Seven PARATYPE females “ Inde 20E, Dgo 6300’, Mex., gall 11.1.31, females 3.6.32”, “ Q. chihuahuensis Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips bulboides . Paratype ”; two PARATYPE females “Pedernales 2E, Chi 7500’, Mex., galls 10.23.31, females 2.5.32.”, Q. chihuahuensisi Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips bulboides Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca bulboides belongs to the couplet characterized by a dark brown to black body color, with extensive black areas on the whole body, with a complete fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the cubital cell of the fore wings exhibiting a row of dark spots parallel to the Rs vein, the presence of distinct piliferous points in the mesoscutum, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum usually with a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium long and setose, 7.7–11.3× as long as wide with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. bulbulus . Atrusca bulboides can be differentiated from A. bulbulus by the rounded head and the broadened gena behind the compound eyes in frontal view, while in A. bulbulus the head is transversely quadrangular and the genae are not broadened behind the compound eye in frontal view.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 103–115). Head dark brown, with black central part of lower face, posterioly black, antenna dark brown; mesosoma laterally predominantly black, mesoscutum dark brown, black between notauli in anterior 2/3, along parapsidal lines; mesoscutellum and propodeum black, legs dark brown; metasoma dark brown, 2nd metasomal tergum dark brown with black posterior band.</p><p>Head transversally quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.6× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.7× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.5× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.1× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.8× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous to rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with weak median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.6× as long as broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F4=F5, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with dense white setae. Pronotum rugose in dorsal half and along posterior edge, smooth, shining centrally, with setae; propleuron smooth, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate, with piliferous points and dense setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, elongated, longer than broad, with subparallel sides, posteriorly rounded, very slightly invaginated posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, smooth, shining, with some short rugae, separated by broad elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by pilosity. Mesopleuron delicately coriaceous in dorsal half, smooth, shining in ventral half, with some setae, speculum smooth, shining; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with some irregular rugae, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part elongated, 2.5× as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron above mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with some delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae posteriorly; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior1/3; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, shining, with sparse setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, in cubital cell forming a row parallel to Rs, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 2/3 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 8.1× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.2–4.0 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 116). The gall is bulboid as described for the bulboides complex. Mature galls dark rosy brown, usually unspotted, younger galls more often spotted, and only very few galls are conspicuously spotted with purple, up to 23 mm, in average 15 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known ti induce leaf galls on Q. arizonica (= Q. sacame), Q. chihuahuensis, Q. depressipes, Q. oblongifolia, Q. rugosa (= Q. durangensis, = Q. reticulata), Q. striatula, Q. undata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74457881EFF4856C32A655B8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7445B8819FF48577F2B115E9B.text	C04A87D7445B8819FF48577F2B115E9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca bulbulus (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca bulbulus (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 117–122</p><p>Cynips ( bulboides) bulbulus Kinsey, 1936: 153, female, gall,</p><p>Atrusca bulbulus (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 313.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( bulboides) bulbulus “Pedernales 2E Chi 7500’, Mex. Gall 10.23.31, 4 fms. 2.5.32”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips bulbulus, Holo- Paratype ”. HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca bulbulus belongs to the couplet characterized by a dark brown to black body color, with extensive black areas on the whole body, with a complete fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the cubital cell of the fore wings exhibiting a row of dark spots parallel to the Rs vein, the presence of distinct piliferous points in the mesoscutum, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum usually with a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium long and setose, 7.7–11.3× as long as wide with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. bulboides . Atrusca bulbulus can be differentiated from A. bulboides by the rounded head and the broadened gena behind the compound eyes in frontal view, while in A. bulboides the head is transversely quadrangular and the genae are not broadened behind the compound eye in frontal view.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 118–121). The species description is combined from Kinsey (1936: 153) and our observations of the type photos.</p><p>Body, antenna, legs dark brown to reddish brown, with entirely or partially black mesosoma laterally, scutellum and propodeum black, mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines black.</p><p>Head rounded in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.2× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with few and short striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.5× as long as OOL; OOL as long as diameter of lateral ocellus; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 0.8× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex and occiput coriaceous to reticulate, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, all with dense whitish setae, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.5× as long as scape+pedicel and slightly longer than F2; F2 1.1× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F5 slightly longer than F6, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with sparse short white setae and humped in lateral view. Pronotum with some rugae laterally, with sparse setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous to coriaceous, with sparse white setae with conspicuous piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line impressed, extending to half length of mesoscutum, parapsidal lines visible, indicated by a alutaceous darker stripe; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, ovate, only slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, without shallow invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by broad elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron smooth, coriaceous anteriorly, speculum smooth, shining, with scattered setae; mesopleural triangle delicately rugose, shining, with some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, hyaline with few slightly darker spots and stripes, in cubital cell forming a row parallel to Rs, margin with long dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 4/5 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.6–3.6 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 117). A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls rosy or yellow brown, not noticeably puberulent except on younger galls, usually unspotted but sometimes well marked with purple, up to 23 mm, in average 17 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. chihuahuensis .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7445B8819FF48577F2B115E9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7445C8805FF48504B2ACC5D77.text	C04A87D7445C8805FF48504B2ACC5D77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca bulla (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca bulla (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 123–136</p><p>Cynips ( bulboides) bulla Kinsey, 1936: 154, female, gall,</p><p>Atrusca bulla (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( bulboides) bulla “ Queretaro 28N Qro 7300’, Mex. Gall 1.17.32, 1 fm. 1932”, “Q. chihuahuens, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips bulla, Holo- Paratype ”. Cynips ( bulboides) bulla: one PARATYPE female “San Felipe 20SN, Gto 8000’, Mex. galls 12.7.30. 2 females 2.10.32.”, “ Q. macrophylla Kinsey coll.”, “ Cynips bulla Kinsey det. 34”; 1 female “Leon 20NE, Gto 9000’, Mex. galls 12.8.31, female, spring ‘32”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca bulla belongs to the couplet characterized by a reddish brown to black body color, with conspicuous black stripes in parts of the mesoscutum and mesopleuron, with a complete and conspicuous fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the cubital cell of the fore wings lacking a row of dark spots parallel to the Rs vein, the presence of distinct piliferous points in the mesoscutum, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum usually with a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium long and setose, 7.7–11.3× as long as wide with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. aggregata . Atrusca bulla differs from A. aggregata by the presence of the median mesoscutal line, the posterior margin of the mesoscutellum mostly rounded, with a small medina invagination, and all metasomal terga lacking micropunctures, while in A. aggregata the mesoscutum lacks the median mesoscutal line, the mesoscutellum is bilobate due to the deep central invagination in the posterior margin, and the second metasomal terga exhibits a posterior band of micropunctures, and the subsequent terga display finer micropunctures.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 123–135). Body, antenna, legs brown to reddish brown, with partially black mesopleuron; mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines black.</p><p>Head more or less quadrangular in frontal view, coriaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.2× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena coroaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.6× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.9× as long as OOL; OOL 1.4× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, with setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, smooth to alutaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex and occiput reticulate, postgena alutaceous, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, all with dense whitish setae, pedicel as long as broad, F1 1.6× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 subequal in length to F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F5 slightly longer than F6, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum with rugae laterally, with sparse setae; propleuron alutaceous, shining. Mesoscutum alutaceous to coroaceous, with sparse white setae, denser in anterior half with dense piliferous points; as long as broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line slightly impressed, extending to half length of mesoscutum, parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripe; median mesoscutal line unconspicous, visible as a short triangleposteruiorly; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum rugose, except coarsely coriaceous central part of the disc, ovate, only slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded with invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by broad elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture and pilosity. Mesopleuron alutaceous anteriorly with piliferous points and speculum smooth with scattered setae without piliferous points; mesopleural triangle delicately rugose, shining, with some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron a little above half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae only slightly bented outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally and dorsally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing only slightly longer than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.9× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 3/4 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.8–4.0 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 136). A bulboid gall as described for other species of the complex. Mature galls peculiarly dark rosy or dark yellow brown, not noticeably puberulent excep on younger galls, unspotted or only obscurely spotted, up to 25 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. chihuahuensis, Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. macrophyla), Q. rugosa (= Q. reticulata) and Q. undata .</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7445C8805FF48504B2ACC5D77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744408801FF4850E72B535EC3.text	C04A87D744408801FF4850E72B535EC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca capronae (Weld 1930)	<div><p>Atrusca capronae (Weld, 1930)</p><p>Figs 137–154</p><p>Diplolepis capronae Weld 1930: 29, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) capronae (Weld): Kinsey 1936: 99, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca capronae (Weld): Weld 1951: 637.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female “ Camp Creek, Arizona ”, “ W.W. Capron coll.”, red label “Type No. 42884 U.S. N.M.”, “ Diplolepis capronae Weld ”, deposited in USNM, examined by GM.</p><p>Material examined. Three females “ USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex Q. turbinella, leg. J.A.Nicholls, 2007.10.29 ” ; one female “ USA, Arizona, Carefree, ex Q. turbinella, leg. J. R. Zimmerman, 1992.08.03; adult emerge 1992.08.13.” ; two females “ USA, Arizona, Bagdad, ex Q. turbinella, leg. J. R. Zimmerman, 1993.08.26; adult emerge 1993.09.05.”</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca capronae belongs to the species group characterized by a yellow-brown or reddish-brown body coloration, the fore wings mostly of normal size (1.21–1.40× as long as body length), with complete venation, the Rs vein of the radial cell strongly curved distally; the mesoscutum with prominent dark stripes, the mesoscutellum that is coriaceous, sometimes with some lateral rugae, as in A. cava, A. aspera, A. congesta, A. bella, and A. dumosae . Atrusca capronae differs from A. cava, A. aspera, A. congesta, A. bella, and A. dumosae by the yellow coloration of the head, the antennas, and the metasoma, the mesosoma is yellowish-brown with darker brown areas; a short median mesoscutal line, triangular, while the rest of the species in the group are entirely reddish brown with dark to black areas, and the median mesoscutal line is absent.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 137–149, 151–154). Entire body, including antennae light yellowish to rusty brown; frontal head and mesosoma with darker brown areas; legs, palpi yellowish brown; mesoscutum with slightly darker stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.4× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL 2.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.1× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous-reticulate, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous-reticulate, shining, with few setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus delicately coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with a few short setae.Area between toruli smooth, shining, area between torulus and eye alutaceous-reticulate. Vertex, occiput alutaceous-reticulate, with few setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel nearly as long as broad, F1 as long as scape+pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5=F6, F7=F8, subsequent flagellomeres till F11 shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.6× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous with delicate short striae posteriorly; propleuron alutaceous along sides, smooth, shining in central part, with dense white setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous to smooth, with sparse long white setae and pilifeous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line present, short, triangular; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum coriaceous sometimes with some weak lateral carinae, trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/4, posteriorly rounded, medially with indistinct shallow invagination; overhanging metanotum. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesoscutellar foveae, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by a narrow elevated central carina, transverse. Mesopleuron alutaceous-reticulate in anterior 1/3, smooth, shining in the rest area, including speculum, with setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately coriaceous, shining, with white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, short, triangular, most posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, with longitudinal delicate sulci, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with few delicate rugae; lateral propodeal carinae faintly bent outwards at mid height of propodeum; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, hyaline, margin with dense cilia only on ventral side of wing, multiple slightly darker spots all over the wing, veins light brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extends to 3/4 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.6× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.0– 3.3 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 150). Globular gall, 8.0 to 18.0 mm in diameter, attached to the midrib or a strong vein in under side of leaf; straw yellow with vertical purple streaks. The outer wall 0.5 mm thick and crinkly radiating fibers support a cwentral larval cell.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. turbinella . Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in late autumn–winter the same year.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Arizona.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744408801FF4850E72B535EC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D74444880DFF48545228AA5A8B.text	C04A87D74444880DFF48545228AA5A8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca catena (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca catena (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 155–168</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) catena Kinsey 1936: 102, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca catena (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 637.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips catena ( dugesi) “Alpine, Tex. 10E. Gall 10.13.35, 15 fms. 12.14.35”, “ Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips catena, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Alpine, Tex. 10E, gall 10.13.35, 6 females 12.6.35”, “ Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips catena Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca catena belongs to the couplet characterized by a reddish to reddish-brown body color, without dark areas on the mesoscutum, sometimes with reddish areas a few shades darker than the rest of mesoscutum but never black, the big and prominent ocelli in frontal view, the OOL 2.0× longer than the diameter of the lateral ocelli, the parallel or slightly ventrally divergent inner margin of eyes, the last flagellomeres being subquadrate or slightly longer than broad, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly but gradually curved distally, neither arcuate nor almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum completely smooth and lacking piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium relatively short, 2.8–4.0× longer than broad, as in A. lucaris . Atrusca catena can be distinguished from A. lucaris by the rusty brown head, the mesoscutum with light brown stripes, the mesoscutellum exhibiting a rounded posterior margin, the central propodeal area being smooth without any rugae or striae; the finely arched lateral propodeal carinae; and the hyaline fore wings with few slightly darker spots and stripes, while in A. lucaris the head is dark brown with the lower face black in the center, the mesoscutum exhibiting dark brown stripes, the mesoscutellum is distinctly invaginated posterocentrally, the central propodeal area displays strong irregular short rugae; and the fore wings are infuscated, with numerous darker spots and infuscations.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 155–167). Body, antenna, legs uniformly rusty brown, with light brown stripes; some specimens with darker mesosoma.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, dark brown, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.0× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.8× as long as OOL; OOL 2.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, without setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area delicately coriaceous, without setae. Dense setae along inner margins of eyes. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus strongly impressed, uniformly coriaceous, trapezoid, higher than broad, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area coriaceous, without striae, with a few short setae; frons with small rounded smooth, shining area under central ocellus. Vertex, occiput alutaceous-reticulate; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly and posteriorly of same width. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel as long as broad, F1 1.1× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F4 slightly longer than F5, F5=F6, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum delicately uniformly coriaceous; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately coriaceous, with piliferous points and sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines distinct, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, uniformly rugose, with stronger rugae laterally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with setae without piliferous points; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, shining, with setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae and striae; lateral propodeal carinae finely arched; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing only slightly longer than body, margin with long dense cilia, hyaline with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 2/3 of metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.1–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig, 168). Similar to all galls of the “ Cynips dugesi ” and “ Cynips bella ” complexes. Mature galls are spherical, yellow-tan to rosy-tan, flushed rose when younger touched with darker purple rose in age, with fine purplish marks, more or less dull, up to 17 mm in diameter, aveerage 14 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known. Leaf galls on Q. grisea . Galls mature in October; adults emerge in December – January next year.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Texas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74444880DFF48545228AA5A8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D74448880EFF48547B28AA5807.text	C04A87D74448880EFF48547B28AA5807.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca cava (Weld 1926)	<div><p>Atrusca cava (Weld, 1926)</p><p>Figs 169–172</p><p>Diplolepis cava Weld, 1926: 22, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips (Atrusca) ( dugesi) cava (Weld): Kinsey 1930: 293, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) cava (Weld): Kinsey 1936: 103, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca cava (Weld): Weld 1951: 637.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Diplolepis cava “Austin, Tex., Dec. 4, 1917”, “ Quercus breviloba ”, “Diploleps cava Weld ” red label ”Type No. 27189 U.S. N.M.”, deposited in USNM, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca cava belongs to the couplet characterized by reddish-brown body coloration, the fore wings mostly of normal size (1.21–1.40× as long as body length), with complete venation, the Rs vein of the radial cell strongly curved distally; the mesoscutum with prominent dark stripes, visible piliferous points, and without median mesoscutal line, the mesoscutellum that is coriaceous, sometimes with some lateral rugae, as in A. aspera . Atrusca cava can be distinguished from A. aspera by the transversely quadrangular head in frontal view, exhibiting dense setae; the pronotum with parallel rugae posteroventrally in lateral view, the rugae extend to half-width of pronotum; the mesoscutum only displays sparse piliferous points; the fore wings are somewhat reduced; the radial cell is hyaline and the Rs vein is distally curved, while A. aspera the head is transversely ovate in frontal view, with sparse setae; the pronotum lacks any irregular rugae; the mesoscutum exhibits numerous dense distinct piliferous points; the fore wings are normally sized; the radial cell has a dark spot and the Rs vein is strongly curved distally, forming a straight angle with the anterior margin of the fore wing.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 169–171). Species description combined from Weld (1926: 22) and our observations of the type photos.</p><p>Entire body, including antennae and legs reddish brown; palpi yellowish; black stripes along parapsidal lines and between notauli in anterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length; mesopleuron and mesosoma ventrally blackish.</p><p>Head transversely quadrangular in frontal view, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, without striae, malar sulcus absent; eye 1.8× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally. Transfacial distance 1.4× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.6× distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous asides, rugose in central part below toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous, trapezoidal, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.3× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally alutaceous in dorsal half, smooth, shining on rest surface, with sparse setae, with parallel rugae posteroventrally, extending to half width of pronotum. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae and sparse piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with alutaceous bottom, posteriorly broader and converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth dark stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum delicately coriaceous centrally, with rugae laterally and posteriorly coriaceous-rugose, ovate, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, broader than high, smooth, shining, separated by central carina. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly delicately coriaceous. Central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae, limited by lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body but somewhat reduced, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, multiple slightly darker spots all over the wing, veins light brown, radial cell open, 2.4× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis at mid height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum dark brown, extending over 3/4 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with few short setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.9–3.9 mm (Weld 1926).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 172). A bulboid gall, 14–20 mm in diameter, usually single on under side of leaf. Reddish-brown, not spotted, with thin walls, central cell supported by numerous silky fibers (gall pics from Weld, 1959).</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. sinuata (= Q. breviloba). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge next year in spring.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Texas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74448880EFF48547B28AA5807	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7444D880BFF4852FF28B25960.text	C04A87D7444D880BFF4852FF28B25960.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca clivorum (Kinsey 1930)	<div><p>Atrusca clivorum (Kinsey, 1930)</p><p>Figs 173–185</p><p>Cynips centricola variety clivorum Kinsey 1930: 300, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips (Atrusca) ( centricola) clivorum Kinsey 1936: 181 .</p><p>Atrusca clivorum (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips clivorum var. centricola “ Coolville, Ohio. Gall 10.24.28, 8 fms. 12.9.28”, red “ Cynips clivorum, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “ Coolville, Ohio, galls 10.14.28, 5 females 11.13.28”, “ Q. stellata Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips clivorum . Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM .</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca clivorum is characterized by having a brown body, the transversely ovate head with the interocellar area strongly elevated above the head in frontal view, and prominent lateral ocelli. The fore wing exhibits a complete venation and Rs gradually curved in the radial cell, almost straight. The ventral spine of the hypopygium is short, 2.5–3.0× as long as broad. These character states are shared by the species A. strians and A. quercuscentricola . Atrusca clivorum can be distinguished from A. strians and A. quercuscentricola by the laterally alutaceous pronotum, the absence of a median mesoscutal line and the mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous to smooth, without piliferous points. In A. strians, the pronotum is rugose with prominent lateral rugae, the long median mesoscutal line extends for one-fourth of the mesoscutum, and the mesopleuron is setose, displaying transverse parallel striae, while A. quercuscentricola presents a uniformly alutaceous-reticulate pronotum, without setae; the median mesoscutal line superficial, and alutaceous-reticulate mesopleuron without setae.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 173–184). Head dark brown, posteriorly black, malar space reddish brown; antenna uniformly dark brown; palpi light brown; mesosoma laterally dark brown to black, with lighter ventral half of mesopleuron; mesoscutum predominantly dark brown to black, with ligher posterior part; propleron reddish brown; propodeum dark brown, mesoscutellum reddish brown, legs dark brown; metasoma dark brown, second metasomal tergum with black band posteriorly.</p><p>Head transversely quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not or very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space light brown, lighter than rest of lower face, alutaceous-reticulate, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL 1.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus slightly shorter than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.25× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, along sides, delicately rugose below toruli, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area delicately rugose, with setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area delicately coriaceous, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous, with dense setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, postgena with dense setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into strong, broad postgenal sulci which bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Postoccipital carina strong. Antenna slightly shorter than length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, F1 1.1× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F5=F6, F7=F8, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with dense short white setae. Pronotum laterally alutaceous, with dense setae; propleuron uniformly alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceos-reticulate, with dense white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line impressed, extending to half length of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by bare alutaceous stripe, without setae; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly delicately coriaceous, ovate, only slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, with shallow invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, smooth, shining, with numerous irregular rugae, separated by narrow central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous to smooth without piliferous points, shining, with dense setae; mesopleural triangle rugose, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately coriaceous, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, broad, posteriorly elongated towards mesoscutellum, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly below its mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough delicately coriaceous, shining, with setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with delicate irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing only slightly longer than body, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.6× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs gradually curved; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along 3/4 of length, its projection reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 2/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.0– 4.5 mm (Kinsey 1930).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 185). The gall indistinguishable from other galls of the complex. The gall is always unspotted.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. stellata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in November–December.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Ohio.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7444D880BFF4852FF28B25960	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7444E8877FF4854142B655943.text	C04A87D7444E8877FF4854142B655943.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca conexa (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca conexa (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 186–199</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) conexa Kinsey, 1936: 105, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca conexa (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) conexa “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 61 fms. 4.2.32”, “ Q. nudinervis, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips conexa, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “Taxco 8E, Gro 8000’, Mex., galls 1.7.32, 61 females to 4.2.32”, “ Q. nudinervis Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips conexa Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca conexa belongs to the species group characterized by a reddish to reddish-brown body color, without dark areas on the mesoscutum, sometimes with reddish areas a few shades darker than the rest of mesoscutum but never black, the last flagellomeres being subquadrate or slightly longer than broad, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum completely smooth and lacking piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium relatively short, 2.8–4.0× longer than broad, as in A. catena, and A. lucaris . Atrusca conexa can be distinguished from A. catena, and A. lucaris by small and almost nonprominent lateral ocelli in frontal view, the strongly divergent inner margin of the eyes towards the ventral end, the diameter of the lateral ocelli equal to the OOL, and the Rs vein arcuate-angulate, while in A. catena, and A. lucaris the ocelli are big and prominent in frontal view, the inner margin of eyes are parallel or slightly ventrally divergent, the OOL is 2.0× longer than the diameter of the lateral ocelli, and the Rs vein is more gradually curved.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 186–198). Body uniformly reddish brown, except a posterior black band on the second metasomal tergum; palpi yellowish; mesoscutum with slightly darker stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not or slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous-reticulate, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally. POL 2.1× as long as OOL; OOL equal to diameter of lateral ocellus and equal LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.25× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; l ower face alutaceous, shining, with dense white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, with few setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, trapezoid, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with a few short setae.Vertex, occiput uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which bent outwards anteriorly, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than width of occipital foramen.Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.1× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.1× as long as F3; F3 1.2× as long as F4, F4 slightly longer than F5, F6=F7, F8 slightly shorter than F7, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.3× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with setae. Pronotum rugose, with net of irregular rugae laterally; propleuron smooth to alutaceous, shining. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae with piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, with indistinct invagination in central part, uniformly rugose, with stronger rugae laterally and posteriorly, overhanging metanotum. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture and pilosity. Mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom and few delicate rugae, separated by narrow elevated central carina. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, shining, with a few sparse setae without piliferous points; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with some delicate irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae strongly bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, dorsocentrally smooth, shining. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing slightly longer than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 5/6 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent tergites without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.4–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 199). Similar to galls of bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls in part light yellow, in part rosy or rosy brown, conspicuously marked with numerous, small purplish spots, sometimes with traces of a bluish puberulence, up to 18 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. nudinervis). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in April.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Guerrero.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7444E8877FF4854142B655943	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744328872FF48543328AA5C38.text	C04A87D744328872FF48543328AA5C38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca congesta (Kinsey 1930)	<div><p>Atrusca congesta (Kinsey, 1930)</p><p>Figs 200–206</p><p>Cynips bella variety congesta Kinsey 1930: 292, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca congesta (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips bella var. congesta “Alpine, Tex. 12.14.19, gall 12.14.19”, “ Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips congesta, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females, deposited in the general collection of AMNH, NYC, were designated by Kinsey (1930) and examined by GM .</p><p>Material examined. One female “Marfa 22S, Tex., gall 10.13.39”, “ Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, “ Cynips congesta det. Kinsey ‘36” examined by GM and was compared to the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca congesta belongs to the species group characterized by reddish-brown body coloration with prominent dark brown to black areas in the mesonotum, the fore wings mostly of normal size (1.21–1.40× as long as body length), with complete venation, the Rs vein of the radial cell strongly curved distally, the radial cell always displaying a dark spot; the mesoscutum lacking piliferous points except for occasional few piliferous points along anterior parallel lines, the absence of the median mesoscutal line, the mesoscutellum that is coriaceous, sometimes with some lateral rugae, as in A. bella and A. dumosae . Atrusca congesta differs from A. bella and A. dumosae by a strongly transverse head in frontal view, but narrower than mesosoma in frontal view; and the radial cell very short, around 1.3× as long as broad, while in A. bella and A. dumosae the head is ovate in frontal view, equally broad or broader than the mesosoma, and the radial cell 1.8–2.1× longer than broad.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 200–205). The species description is combined from Kinsey (1930: 292; 1936: 175) and our observations of the type photos.</p><p>Body reddish brown. Head, antenna, palpi, mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; mesosoma laterally partially black; mesoscutellar foveae partially black; propodeum reddish brown to dark brown, the central propodeal area and lateral propodeal area reddish brown; metasoma reddish brown, dorsally dark brown.</p><p>Head strongly transverse in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.4× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not or slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous-reticulate, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.9× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.4× as long as OOL; OOL 2.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.5× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along inner sides of eye, coriaceous in central part below toruli, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, with setae. Interocellar area strongly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, smooth, shining, trapezoid, slightly broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons coriaceous to delicately rugose, interocellar area alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally smooth, upper area alutaceous, shining, with distinct piliferous points. Mesoscutum uniformly reticulate, shining only along parapsidal line; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line distinctly impressed in anterior 1/3, with darker stripe; parapsidal line distinct, indicated by smooth darker stripe; median mesoscutal line absent, if present than in a form of a very short triangle; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly coriaceous, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded; mesoscutellar foveae in a form of anterior semilunar impression, broader than high, bottom smooth, shining, with rugae, without median carina. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by pilosity. Mesopleuron smooth to alutaceous, centrally without transverse interrupted striae, with sparse setae; mesopleural with dense setae; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron above mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.3× as long as broad with a spot; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its half height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view, saddle-shaped; second metasomal tergum extending to 4/5 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally and laterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.0– 3.2 mm (Kinsey 1930).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 206). Similar to galls of bella and dugesi complexes; impossible to distinguish from other galls of the two complexes. Globular gall with unspotted surface.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. grisea . Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Texas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744328872FF48543328AA5C38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D74437887EFF4851AB2B425DE3.text	C04A87D74437887EFF4851AB2B425DE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca cubitalis (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca cubitalis (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 207–220</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) cubitalis Kinsey 1936: 107, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca cubitalis (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips cubitalis ( dugesi) “ Durango Colo. 12N Gall 8.27.29, 1 fm. 11.4.29”, “Q, gambelii, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips cubitalis, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “ Durango Colo 12N galls 8.27.29, females 11.9.29”, “ Q. gambelii Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips cubitalis Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca cubitalis is characterized by a reddish to reddish-brown body, short fore wings (0.76–1.15× as body length) that exhibits complete venation and the Rs of the radial cell is strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the uniformly colored mesoscutum or with stripes only slightly darker than the color of the mesoscutum; and the coriaceous mesoscutellum, occasionally with lateral rugae, as in A. brevipennata and A. dugesi . Atrusca cubitalis can be distinguished from A. brevipennata and A. dugesi by the pronotum with delicately coriaceous sculpture in the dorsolateral part, while the rest of the pronotum is smooth and shining, the mesoscutellum is posteriorly narrowed, tapering into a pointed centromedian tip and the fore wings shorter than the body (0.76–0.95× as body length), while in A. brevipennate and A. dugesi the pronotum is coriaceous with or without delicate rugae laterally, the mesoscutellum is rounded posteriorly and can have longer fore wing measuring, either equal or slightly longer than the body’s length.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 207–219). Antenna, mesosoma, legs uniformly light brown to yellowish; second metasomal tergum with black band posteriorly, third metasomal tergum black, subsequent terga reddish brown. Head slightly darker than mesosoma.</p><p>Head transvesally oval in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate striae extending to eye; malar sulcus absent; eye 1.9× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.2× as long as OOL; OOL 3.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 2.0× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.4× as long as height of eye; diameter of torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.25× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face delicately alutaceous to smooth, shining, with few white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, shining, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, trapezoid, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, broadly emarginate, with shallow median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area coriaceous, with delicate transverse rugae, with a few short setae. Vertex, occiput, uniformly alutaceous to delicately reticulate, with sparse white setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which strongly bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly, broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+ mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 1.2× as long as F4, F4 till F9 gradually shortened, F9=F10=F11, F12 longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F5–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous in dorsolateral part, rest of pronotum laterally smooth, shining; propleuron smooth, shining. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately coriaceous to reticulate (seems to be smooth but not so) with sparse piliferous points and white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line in a form of elevated stripe extending to 1/4 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line absent. Circumscutellar carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum with parallel sides, longer than broad, posteriorly gradually narrowed into a centro-median tip, uniformly delicately coriaceous (seems to be smooth but not so), with strong rugae laterally and posteriorly; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae separated by broad elevated triangular coriaceous central area, transverse, nearly quadrangular, as broad as high, with smooth, shining bottom.. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with a few setae, ventrally denser; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, without striae, with white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in the upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum smooth, shining, with longitudinal delicate rugae, slightly shorter than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining; lateral propodeal carinae gradually bent outwards; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with piliferous points and long sparse white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, with delicate longitudinal sulci dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing shorter than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet short, triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis at mid height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view, saddle-shaped; second metasomal tergum extending to half length of metasoma in dorsal view, with sparse white setae anterolaterally and laterally, without micropunctures; subsequent tergites without micropunctures and setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.8–3.0 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 220). The gall is similar to all galls of the dugesi and bella Kinsey’s complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan, unspotted, shining, up to 22 mm, with average 16 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. gambelii . Galls mature in autumn, first adults emerge in October–November.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Colorado.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74437887EFF4851AB2B425DE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7443B8879FF4850932B7C58A8.text	C04A87D7443B8879FF4850932B7C58A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca cucurbita (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca cucurbita (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 221–234</p><p>Cynips ( aggregata) cucurbita Kinsey, 1936: 164, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca cucurbita (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( aggregata) cucurbita “Atequiza 5E Jal. 6500’, Mex. Gall 12.23.31, fm. Spr’32”, “Q. haematophleb, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips cucurbita, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Atequiza 5E, Jal. 6500’, Mex., galls 12.23.31, 2 females early 1932”, “ Q. haematophlebia Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips cucurbita Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca cucurbita belongs to the couplet characterized by exhibiting brachypterous or normal length fore wings, with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesoscutellum with a posterocentral invagination, and a very long ventral spine of the hypopygium (10.0–10.5× as long as broad) with few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of the spine, as in A. aequalis . Atrusca cucurbita can be distinguished from A. aequalis by the ovate head in frontal view; the interocellar area is elevated above the head; the notauli are wider posteriorly, and the mesoscutum is uniformly rugose, while in A. aequalis the head is quadrangular in frontal view; the interocellar area is not elevated in frontal view but the lateral ocelli are prominent; the notauli maintain the same width along their entire length; and the mesoscutum is alutaceous-reticulate.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 221–233). Body, antenna, legs dark brown, frons and lower face, head posteriorly to blackish; second metasomal tergum with black band posteriorly.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, mainly rugose, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate inconspicous striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.8× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.8× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face rugose, without setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus strongly impressed, coriaceous rectangular, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area dull rugose, without striae, with strong rugae. Interocellar area strongly elevated above head in frontal view. Vertex, occiput alutaceous, postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3 1.2× as long as F4, F4 slightly longer than F5, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F5–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum rugose laterally, propleuron alutaceous, with dense white setae. Mesoscutum uniformly rugose, with piliferous points and sparse white setae, with darker stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indicated by smoother, alutaceous surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum elongated, longer than broad with nearly parallel sides, uniformly dull rugose, posteriorly rounded, with strong invagination centrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, with some rugae, separated by narrow elevated rugose central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron anteriorly alutaceous, with piliferous points and few setae lateroventrally, rest of mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately coriaceous, shining, with white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above mid height, split into few delicate sulci, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae faintly bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae and piliferous points. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing only slightly longer than body, infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, 1.4× as high as long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 4/5 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent tergites without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, without setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.3–4.8 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 234). Large, up to 30 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter, globular tapering gradually into a long, sharply-pointed pedicel at the base, light rose or yellow, older galls ligh rosy tan or brown, usually in dense clusters, galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. haematophlebia), Q. rugosa (= Q. rhodophlebia). Galls mature in late autumn; aduls emerge in early spring next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Jalisco.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7443B8879FF4850932B7C58A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7443F8865FF4852FF2BE15819.text	C04A87D7443F8865FF4852FF2BE15819.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca deceptrix (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca deceptrix (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 235–248</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) deceptrix Kinsey, 1936: 108, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca deceptrix (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) deceptrix “Canatlan 7N Dgo 7400’, Mex. Gall 11.9.31, 117 fms. 2.5.32”, “ Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips deceptrix, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Eight PARATYPE females “Canatlan 7N, Dgo 7400’ Mex., galls 11.09.31, 117 females to 2.5.32”, “ Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips deceptrix . Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca deceptrix belongs to the couplet characterized by a dark brown to black body color, with conspicuous black stripes on the mesoscutum, with a complete fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell angulated, never almost straight, the rugose or transversally striate pronotum, the mesoscutum entirely covered in piliferous points, the rugose mesoscutellum, usually with a posterocentral invagination, the smooth mesoscutellar foveae, the sculptured mesopleuron at least on some areas, with or without piliferous points, the completely smooth speculum, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium setose and relatively short, 2.5–4.5× as long as wide, as in A. simularix . Atrusca decptrix differs from A. simulatrix by having a sparsely pubescent body, only with black stripes on the mesonotum, the lateral sides of the pronotum exhibiting transverse parallel striae on the posterior margin, and the uniformly arcuate Rs vein of radial cell throughout its length, while in A. simulatrix the body is densely pubescent, and exhibits extensive black areas including the lower face, the pronotum is rugose with short irregular rugae posterolaterally, and the Rs vein is more prominently arcuate distally.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 235–247). Head, antenna, palpi, mesosoma, metasoma brown, mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines.</p><p>Head triangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not or slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous-reticulate, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.1× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.4× as long as OOL; OOL 2.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.5× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.4× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along inner sides of eye, coriaceous in central part below toruli, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, smooth, shining, trapezoid, slightly broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons delicately rugose, interocellar area alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly shorter than length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel as long as broad, F1 above as long as scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.5× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5 slightly longer than F6, F7 slightly longer than F8, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum smooth, shining, with short transverse parallel striae along posterior edge, extending to 1/3 of pronotum width; propleuron delicately alutaceous asides, smooth, shining centrally, with sparse white setae. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate to smooth aside notauli and between them in posterior half; rugose between notauli in anterior half, with sparse white setae and conspicuous piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line distinctly impressed in anterior 1/3, with darker stripe; parapsidal line indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripe; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, slightly longer than broad, with sides gradually narrowing till posterocentral part, whicn is invaginated; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, without rugae, separated by narrow elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron across mid height alutaceous, rest of mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with sparse setae; mesopleural triangle rugose, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, above as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae, most broadest part at mid height; lateral propodeal carinae gradually bent outwards; lateral propodeal area alutaceous, shining, with long dense white setae and piliferous points. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.8× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs homogenously arcuate; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its half height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 4/5 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.0– 3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 248). Similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted; dull, minutely roughened, up to 22 mm, with average 17 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. chihuahuensis, Q. undata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7443F8865FF4852FF2BE15819	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744238861FF4852FF2B095EC3.text	C04A87D744238861FF4852FF2B095EC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca dugesi (Mayr 1886)	<div><p>Atrusca dugesi (Mayr, 1886)</p><p>Figs 249–261</p><p>Dryophanta dugesi Mayr, 1886: 370 .</p><p>Cynips (Atrusca) dugesi (Mayr): Kinsey 1930: 278, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips dugesi variety dugesi (Mayr): Kinsey 1930: 281, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips dugesi dugesi (Mayr): Kinsey 1936: 109, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca dugesi (Mayr): Pujade-Villar, 2009: 818.</p><p>Types examined. According to Melika &amp; Bechtold (2001) Mayr‘s type of Dryophanta Dugesi was not found in Mayr collection, at the Natural History Museum in Vienna where Mayr collection is deposited .</p><p>Material examined. Two females “San Felipe, Gto 8000’, 20SW, Mex., gall 12.7.31, 7 females 2.15.32”, “ Q. jaralensis Kinsey coll.”, “ Cynips dugesi Kinsey det. ‘33”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM .</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca dugesi is characterized by a reddish to reddish-brown body, short fore wings (0.76–1.15× as body length) that exhibits complete venation and the Rs of the radial cell is strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the coriaceous pronotum with or without delicate rugae laterally, the uniformly colored mesoscutum or with stripes only slightly darker than the color of the mesoscutum; and the coriaceous mesoscutellum, occasionally with lateral rugae, and rounded posteriorly, as in A. brevipennata . Atrusca dugesi differs from A. brevipennate by the mesoscutum with very few or no piliferous points, the central propodeal area is smooth and the fore wings are longer than body (1.10–1.15× the body length). In contrast, A. brevipennata exhibits the mesoscutum with conspicuous piliferous points, the central propodeal area displays transverse parallel delicate striae in the anterior third and irregular rugae posterolaterally, and the fore wings are shorter or subequal to body length (0.81–0.97× as body length).</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 249–260). Body, antenna, legs uniformly reddish brown.</p><p>Head transversely quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.0× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.3× as long as OOL; OOL 2.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.8× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.35× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, shining, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, shining, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view; lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, rectangular, broader as high, with few setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with a few short setae. Vertex, occiput, postgena uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae; postocciput smooth, shining, posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly, broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.6× as long as broad, flagellomeres slightly broadened till apex, F1 equal in length to scape+pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F4 till F6 nearly equal in length, F7=F8, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 darker than all other flagellomeres, 1.3× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum coriaceous, with net of irregular very delicate rugae laterally; propleuron uniformly alutaceous, shining, with sparse setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae, with very scarce or without piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum rounded, about as broad as long, posteriorly rounded, disc of mesoscutellum coriaceous to smooth centrally, rugae only laterally and posteriorly; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by a narrow elevated coriaceous central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron alutaceous anteriorly, rest of mesopleuron including speculum smooth, shining; mesopleural triangle slutaceous, shining, with some irregular delicate rugae and dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part above as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum with longitudinal parallel delicate striae, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae, delimited lateral propodeal carinae gradually, faintly bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with delicate parallel longitudinal sulci laterally, dorsocentrally smooth, shining. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing longer than body, but shorter than the normal sized, with darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.6× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its half height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 3/4 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with few long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.7–2.8 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 261). The gall is similar to galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls rosy tan, unspotted, weakly shining, up to 21 mm, in average 17 mm in diameter. The gall pic from https://www.gallformers. org/gall/3392 by Juan Carlos López Domínguez on Q. microphylla .</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. jaralensis, Q. microphylla . Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in February–March next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Guanajuato.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744238861FF4852FF2B095EC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D74427886CFF4852FF2B23589E.text	C04A87D74427886CFF4852FF2B23589E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca dumosae Melika & Pujade-Villar 2011	<div><p>Atrusca dumosae Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2011</p><p>Figs 262–275</p><p>Atrusca dumosae Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar: Pujade-Villar et al. 2011: 24, female, gall.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female “ Mexico, Agua Amarilla, San Pedro Mártir, Baja California <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.935555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.141113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.935555/lat 32.141113)">Norte</a>, (31. X.2008) XI.2008; ex Quercus dumosa, N 32°08'28" and E 115°56'08", 1729 m a.s.l. ”, deposited in USNM. Ten PARATYPE females with the same label as the HOLOTYPE (Pujade-Villar et al. 2011).</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca dumosae belongs to the couplet characterized by reddish-brown body coloration with prominent dark brown to black areas in the mesonotum, the head is ovate in frontal view, equally broad or broader than the mesosoma, the fore wings mostly of normal size (1.21–1.40× as long as body length), with complete venation, the Rs vein of the radial cell strongly curved distally, the radial cell 1.8–2.1× longer than broad, and always displaying a dark spot; the mesoscutum lacking piliferous points except for occasional few piliferous points along anterior parallel lines, the absence of the median mesoscutal line, the mesoscutellum that is coriaceous, sometimes with some lateral rugae, as in A. bella . Atrusca dumosae can be distinguished from A. bella by the pronotum with the lateral part delicately coriaceous, the mesopleuron and the uniformly delicately coriaceous speculum; the mesoscutellar foveae are separated by a medial elevated area; the lateral propodeal carinae are complete, lyre-shaped, bent outwards at mid-height of propodeum; the central propodeal area is smooth, without rugae; and the Rs is strongly curved on distal part, while in A. bella the pronotum is laterally smooth to alutaceous; mesopleuron is smooth and shining, while the speculum is smooth to weakly alutaceous; the mesoscutellar foveae is displayed as a form of transverse impression, the lateral propodeal carinae is complete but weak, the carinae are sometimes inconspicuously subparallel or bent outwards at mid height of the propodeum; the central propodeal area exhibits delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae following the lateral propodeal carina in the posterior part; and the Rs vein is uniformly curved.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 262–274). Gena, vertex, lower face aside median elevated part, frons aside, malar space dark brown; head posteriorly, including occiput, postocciput and postgena, interocellar area, frons medially, under frontal occelus, median elevated part of lower face, clypeus very dark brown to black; maxillar and labial palps brown, mandibles dark brown with black tips; antenna uniformly dark brown. Pronotum dark brown, propleuron black; mesoscutum dark brown, with black stripes along broad parascutal lines; area between notauli black, only very posterior part brown. Dorsal half of mesopleuron black, while ventral half dark brown; mesopleural triangle black; scutellar foveae black, while rest of mesoscutellum dark brown; metapleuron, propodeum, nucha black. Legs uniformly dark brown. 2nd metasomal tergum, especially dorsally and dorsolaterally black; subsequent terga and ventral spine of hypopygium dark brown.</p><p>Head transversally ovate in frontal view, delicately coriaceous to reticulate, with white setae, denser on lower face, clypeus and posterior part of head; 2.3× as broad as long from above, 1.3× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in front view. Gena delicately coriaceous to reticulate, broadened behind eye, visible in front view behind eye, narrower than cross diameter of eye; malar space very delicately coriaceous, with short delicate striae extending from clypeus to half length of malar space, height of eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.7× as broad as OOL; OOL 2.4× as long as length of lateral ocellus and slightly longer than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.4 times as broad as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between toruli, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face delicately coriaceous, without striae, with elevated coriaceous median area. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus quadrangular, delicately coriaceous, with small elevated central area, laterally and ventrally widely emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pits elongated, deep, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, widely and deeply impressed. Frons reticulate, vertex and occiput uniformly delicately coriaceous; interocellar area coriaceous, slightly elevated. Postocciput coriaceous, with longitudinal subparallel fragmented striae; postgena smooth, impressed around occipital foramen; posterior tentorial pits large, deep, area around them strongly impressed; height of occipital foramen nearly equal to height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, not going around oral foramen, continuing into postgenal sulcus. Antenna slightly longer than mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres; scape+pedicel slightly shorter than F1, pedicel subglobose, slightly longer than broad; F1 1.2× as long as F2, F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 1.2× as long as F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F12 only slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F5–F12, absent on F1–F4.</p><p>Mesosoma s lightly longer than high. Pronotum smooth dorsally, delicately coriaceous laterally, without striae anterolaterally; propleuron alutaceous, shining, concave in mediocentral part. Mesoscutum with dense white setae, delicately coriaceous to reticulate, especially between notauli; slightly longer than broad in dorsal view (largest width measured across mesoscutum on the level of the base of tegulae). Notauli complete, deep, broad, with smooth bottom, distinctly impressed, slightly converging posteriorly; anterior parallel line invisible, hidden in reticulate surface sculpture; parapsidal line distinct, smooth, shining and broad, start away from posterior margin and extending at least to 2/3 length of mesoscutum; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina distinct, anteriorly reach notauli. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, uniformly coriaceous, with nearly parallel sides, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae quadrangular, nearly as long as broad, with smooth bottom, with distinct elevated broad coriaceous median carina. Circumscutellar carina complete but weakly marked. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly delicately coriaceous, with very dense white setae; mesopleural triangle rugose; dorsal axillar area smooth; lateral axillar area with wrinkles; axillula coriaceous, with few white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, triangularly shaped, highest posteriorly, its height nearly equal to height of metanotal trough; postalar process long, with parallel striae; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above middle height. Metascutellum uniformly coriaceous, metanotal trough smooth, shining, with dense white setae; ventral impressed area smooth, shorter than height of metascutellum; central propodeal area smooth, shining, lateral propodeal carinae lyre-shaped, bented outwards in the middle; lateral propodeal area with irregular wrinkles and dense white setae; nucha with some delicate irregular wrinkles. Hind coxa with dense long white setae anteroposteriorly; all tarsal claws with distinct, short basal lobe.</p><p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, with short dense cilia on margin, radial cell 1.8–2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet large, triangular, closed, distinct; projection of Rs+M reaching basalis at midheight.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view, without micropunctures; second metasomal tergum dorsally occupying 2/3 of metasoma length, smooth, shiny, with large patch of dense white setae laterally; subsequent terga uniformly smooth, shining, without setae. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with long white dense apical and subapical setae, extending far beyond apex of spine and forming a tuft.</p><p>Body length 3.2–3.4 mm (Pujade-Villar et al. 2011).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 275). Galls are bulboid, nearly spherical, slightly tapering at the base, monolocular, located usually on the underside of leaves, attached by a single fine point to the main vein. Young galls are greenish to yellowish; mature galls brownish tan or dark reddish brown, unspotted or heavily mottled with brownish purple. The surface of the gall smooth, only microscopically roughened, shiny, thin-walled, with radiating fine filaments, supporting the central larval chamber. Galls are 18–25 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. dumosa . Galls mature in late October and beginning of November; adults emerge right after galls were collected.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Baja California.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74427886CFF4852FF2B23589E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744288869FF4855492B115A1F.text	C04A87D744288869FF4855492B115A1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca emergens (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca emergens (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 276–289</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) emergens Kinsey, 1936: 113, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca emergens (Kinsey): Weld, 1952: 314</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) emergens “Sta Isabel 6E Chi 6000’, Mex. Gall 10.24.31, 7 fms. 2.9.32”, “ Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips emergens, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “Sta. Isabel, 6E, Chi 6000’ Mex., galls 10.24.31, 113 females 1.30.32”, “ Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips emergens . Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca emergens belongs to the couplet characterized by a dark brown to black body color, with conspicuous black stripes on the mesoscutum, with a complete fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the coriaceous pronotum, without any stria or rugae, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum usually with a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, the completely alutaceous speculum, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium setose and relatively short, 2.5–4.5× as long as wide, as in A. pomifera . Atrusca emergens differs from A. pomifera by having a triangular head in frontal view, the mesoscutellar foveae displaying a rugose bottom, the lateral propodeal area having piliferous points, the smooth central propodeal area, and the hyaline radial cell, while in A. pomifera the head is transversally ovate, the mesoscutellar foveae are smooth, the lateral propodeal areas lack piliferous points, the central propodeal area exhibit delicate irregular rugae, and the radial cell of fore wings exhibits a dark spot.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 276–288). Head triangular to ovate, dark brown, with darker to black central part of lower face and posteriorly; antenna, palpi reddish brown; mesoscutum reddish brown, with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; mesoscutellum reddish brown; mesosoma laterally reddish brown with darker areas, legs dark brown; metasoma lighter than mesosoma, with dark brown posterior band along 2nd metasomal tergum.</p><p>Head more or less triangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.4× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous-reticulate, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.4× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.8× as long as OOL; OOL 2.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along inner sides of eye, coriaceous in central part below toruli, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, without setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons delicately rugose, interocellar area alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly shorter than length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.6× as long as broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.4× as long as F3; F3 shorter than F2 and equal F4, F5 shorter than F4, F6=F7, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with dense short white setae. Pronotum coriaceous dorsolaterally, rest part smooth, shining with dense long setae; propleuron alutaceous along sides, smooth, shining centrally. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately coriaceous, with piliferous points partially obscured basally and with dense white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel slightly impressed and extending to 1/4 of mesoscutum length, marked with black stripes; parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, ovate, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, with indistinct shallow invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, with some rugae, separated by broad elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron alutaceous along sides, smooth shining in central part, with setae; speculum uniformly alutaceous, shining, with few setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae, most brodest part slightly below midheight; lateral propodeal carinae faintly and gradually bent outwards; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with piliferous points and long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, but shorter than the usual length, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.8× as long as broad, hyaline; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 5/6 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without delicate micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.2–3.7 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 289). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes; indistinguishable from A. bella galls. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted, up to 22 mm, in average 18 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. arizonica (= Q. sacame), Q. chihuahuensis, Q. gambelii, Q. undata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744288869FF4855492B115A1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7442C8856FF4857CF2B115D87.text	C04A87D7442C8856FF4857CF2B115D87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca finitima (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca finitima (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 290–303</p><p>Cynips ( aggregata) finitima Kinsey, 1936: 165, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca finitima (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( aggregata) finitima “Pacheco 13 NE Chi 7400’, Mex. Gall 10.14.31, 3 fms. 2.4.32”, “ Q. sacame, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips finitima, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Pacheco 20E, Chi 7400’, Mex., galls 10.14.31, 3 females 2.4.32.”, “ Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips finitima Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca finitima belongs to the couplet characterized by a brown to black body color, with dark stripes in the mesoscutum, the rugose lateral sides of the pronotum, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum displaying a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron and the speculum are completely smooth, without piliferous points, and a setose ventral spine of the hypopygium, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. spiculi . Atrusca finitima can be distinguished from A. spiculi by the parallel inner margins of the eyes; F9–F10 are at least 2.0× as long as broad; the mesoscutellum with extremely strong rugae forming parallel lines, the smooth lateral propodeal areas; and the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium very long (10.8× as long as broad in ventral view), while in A. spiculi the inner margin of eyes ventrally diverge, F9–F10 are subquadrate or slightly longer than broad; the mesoscutellum is rugose without parallel sculpture; the lateral propodeal areas are coriaceous; and the ventral spine of hypopygium is shorter (7.2× as long as broad).</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 290–302). Body, antenna, legs dark brown; mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines.</p><p>Head transversely quadrangular in frontal view, mainly rugose in frontal view, with sparse white setae, 1.2× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with few striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.8× as long as OOL; OOL 1.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.7× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately alutaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with weak median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area dull rugose, with extremely strong rugae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.3× as long as broad, F1 1.4× as long as scape+pedicel and equal F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 shorter than F2 and nearly equal F4, F5 shorter than F4, F6=F7, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla visible on F5–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae.Pronotum with net of strong irregular rugae laterally, shining, with sparse setae; propleuron alutaceous asides, centrally smooth, shining, with few setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with piliferous points and sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel impressed, extending to 1/3 of mesoscutum length, marked by black stripe; parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripe surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, with extremely strong rugae; ovate, slightly longer than broad, with subparallel sides, broadest part in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, with distinct shallow invagination posterocentrally, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom and strong irregular rugae; separated by a narrow central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with a few setae ventrally without piliferous points; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at midheight, upper part of sulcus only partially distinct. Metascutellum rugose, shining, shorter than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, without setae; central propodeal area narrow, smooth, glabrous, without striae; lateral propodeal carinae subparallel, only very slightly bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous but fore wing slightly shorter than normal size, longer than body, with darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 1/2 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 10.8× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.2–4.2 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 303). The gall up to 25 mm, in average 19 mm in diameter, with a slender, sharply-pointed pedicel at the base; light yellow tan to dark russet brown, usually spotted or irregularly striped, with dull purple, often with a whitish or bluish puberulence; singly or more often in large clusters; galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. arizonica (= Q. sacame). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7442C8856FF4857CF2B115D87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744138852FF4851772B725D53.text	C04A87D744138852FF4851772B725D53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca longa (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca longa (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 304–317</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) longa Kinsey, 1936: 115, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca longa (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) longa “Pachuca 7S Hgo 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.15.32, 3 fms. 3.18.32”, “ Q. rhodophlebia, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips longa, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Pachuca 7N, Hgo 7800’, Mex., galls 1.15.32, 35 females 3.6.32”, “ Q. rhodophlebia Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips longa Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca longa belongs to the species group characterized by a brown to black body color, with dark stripes in the mesoscutum, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and the speculum are completely smooth, without piliferous points, and a setose ventral spine of the hypopygium, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. finitima and A. spiculi . Atrusca longa can be distinguished from A. finitima and A. spiculi by the delicately coriaceous pronotum; the alutaceous mesoscutum, the area between the notauli smooth in the posterior 1/3; the mesoscutellum gradually narrowing towards the posterior margin ending into a central tip; the lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; and the prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, 5.5× as long as broad, while in A. finitima and A. spiculi the lateral sides of the pronotum are rugose; the mesoscutum is alutaceous to delicately coriaceous without smooth areas; the mesoscutellum is rounded, without a posterior tip, but with a distinct central shallow invagination on posterior margin; the lateral propodeal carinae are subparallel or slightly bent outwards; the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium longer, 7.2–10.8× as long as broad.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 304–316). Body, antenna, legs uniformly light brown, metasoma reddish brown, mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parascutal lines; mesosoma laterally with darker areas.</p><p>Head quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and on lateral sides of frons, 1.2× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.0× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 2.1× as long as OOL; OOL 1.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.7× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous asides, rugose in central part below toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately alutaceous, trapezoidal, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with slightly median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area dull rugose, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput coriaceous; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.2× as long as broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3 shorter than F2 and 1.4× as long as F4, F5=F6, F6 longer than F7, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F10=F11, F12 1.3× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla visible on F5–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with dense white setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous; propleuron alutaceous, shining. Mesoscutum alutaceous, with piliferous points and dense white setae, between notauli in posterior 1/3 smooth, shining; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines distinct, indicated by smooth stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, with parallel sides, posteriorly gradually narrowed till central part; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae with smooth, shining bottom and transverse waved rugae, quadrangular, nearly as broad as high, separated by narrow carina. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with sparse setae without piliferous points; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus partially distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, usual size, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.3× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis at mid height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 4/5 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 5.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.8–3.8 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 317). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted, slightly tuberculate, not pubescent, up to 18 mm, in average 15 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. rugosa (= Q. rhodophlebia). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in March next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744138852FF4851772B725D53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D74417885DFF48500328B459C6.text	C04A87D74417885DFF48500328B459C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca lucaris (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca lucaris (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 318–330</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) lucaris Kinsey, 1936: 116, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca lucaris (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) lucaris “Huehuetenango Guate 4S 7500’, Mex. Gall 12.2.35, 12 fms. 1.8.36”, “ Q. pilicaulis, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips lucaris, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Huehuetenango, Guate 14S, 7500’ Mex., galls 12.23.35.”, “ Q. pilicaulis Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips lucaris . Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca lucaris belongs to the couplet characterized by a reddish to reddish-brown body color, without dark areas on the mesoscutum, sometimes with reddish areas a few shades darker than the rest of mesoscutum but never black, the big and prominent ocelli in frontal view, the OOL 2.0× longer than the diameter of the lateral ocelli, the parallel or slightly ventrally divergent inner margin of eyes, the last flagellomeres being subquadrate or slightly longer than broad, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly but gradually curved distally, neither arcuate nor almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum completely smooth and lacking piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium relatively short, 2.8–4.0× longer than broad, as in A. lucaris . Atrusca catena can be distinguished from A. catena by the dark brown head with the lower face black in the center, the mesoscutum exhibiting dark brown stripes, the mesoscutellum distinctly invaginated posterocentrally, the central propodeal area displaying strong irregular short rugae; and the fore wings are infuscated, with numerous darker spots and areas, while in A. catena the head is rusty brown, the mesoscutum has light brown stripes, the mesoscutellum exhibits a rounded posterior margin, the central propodeal area is smooth, without any rugae or striae, the lateral propodeal carinae are finely arched; and the hyaline fore wings with few slightly darker spots and stripes.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 318–330). Head, last flagellomeres of antenna, mesosoma, legs, metasoma dark brown, with central area of lower face black, mesoscutum with darker brown stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines.</p><p>Head quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.0× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.5× as long as OOL; OOL 2.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.9× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of as lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, shining along eye, dull rugose in central part, below toruli and area between toruli, with white setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus trapezoid, impressed, with transverse delicate interrupted striae, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons alutaceous reticulate with some rugae in central area, interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate without rugae, with few short setae, denser in the interocellar area; small rouned, smooth, shining impression present under central ocellus. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate; postegna in ventral half with dense white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly and broader than occipital foramen. Antenna slightly shorter than length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.6× as long as broad, F1 1.1× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3 shorter F2 and slightly longer than F4, F4=F5, F6=F7, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.3× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with sparse short setae. Pronotum in lateral view alutaceous in dorsal part, smooth shining in the rest part, with short parallel striae along posterior edge; propleuron alutaceous along sides, smooth, shining centrally. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous to smooth, delicately rugose in anterior 1/3, with uniformly distributed piliferous points, with sparse white setae, denser anteriorly; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, indicated by smooth to delicately alutaceous stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum nearly rouned, as long as broad, uniformly dull rugose, posteriorly rounded, distinctly invaginated posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, stongly defined posteriorly by a carina, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom separated by a broad elevated rugose central carina. Circumscutellar carina probably complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, shining, with a few setae without piliferous points, especially ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with some irregular rugae and few setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, 2.5× as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area with strong irregular short rugae, shining; lateral propodeal carinae stron, broad and elevated, strongly bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with longitudinal parallel delicate sulci laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, slightly shorter than the normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, wing infuscated, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.2× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs curved; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma,slightly higher than long in lateral view;second metasomal tergum extending 2/3 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium with micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.8× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.6–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall. The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes, globular. Mature galls light yellow to rosy tan, flushed rose when younger, unspotted, darkening with age, up to 28 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. peduncularis (= Q. pilicaulis). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Guatemala.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D74417885DFF48500328B459C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744188859FF4854B628B45B7F.text	C04A87D744188859FF4854B628B45B7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca luminata (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca luminata (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 331–343</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) luminata Kinsey, 1936: 118, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca luminata (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) luminata “Quezaltenango 5N Guate 8800’, Mex. Gall 12.21.35, 4 fms. 1.14.36”, “ Q. decipiens, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips luminata, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Quezaltenango, Guat 5N, 8800’, Mex., galls 12.21.35”, “ Q. decipiens Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips luminata Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca luminata belongs to the species group characterized by a reddish brown body color, lacking dark stripes in the mesoscutum, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, and a setose ventral spine of the hypopygium, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. occidua, A. oriens, A. pupoides, A. spadix, and A. vasta . Atrusca luminata can be distinguished from A. occidua, A. oriens, A. pupoides, A. spadix, and A. vasta by the rugose mesopleuron on anterior and posterior margins, the rugae are transversely parallel, and the central part of the mesopleuron is smooth, while in A. occidua, A. oriens, A. pupoides, A. spadix, and A. vasta the mesopleuron lacks any linear element.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 331–343). Body, legs, mesosoma uniformly dark brown without stripes, antenna lighter, metasoma lighter with black posterior band.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous-reticulate, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyesparallel. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL 2.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.25× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous-reticulate, shining, with white setae and piliferous points; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, shining, with few setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, with some transverse striae above toruli, with a few short setae. Vertex rugose, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which diverge anteriorly, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.6× as long as broad, F1 slightly shorter than scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 slightly longer than as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum coriaceous- rugose, with dense setae; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate, with uniformly dense piliferous points, shining, with sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel distinct, extend to 1/4 of mesoscutum length, parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth, shining stripes; median mesoscutal line in a form of very short impressed triangle; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, with shallow invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae narrow, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, without rugae, separated by an elevated rugose central carina. Circumscutellar carina probably complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron anteriorly and posteriorly rugose, with transversely orientated parallel rugae, in central part smooth, shining with setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly narrower than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron above its mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, slightly higher than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with some delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae laterally; lateral propodeal carinae strongly bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular sulci laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, of normal size, with darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, wing infuscated, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs curved; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis at mid height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 3/4 of metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few setae which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.7–3.8 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall. The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls light rosy tan to bright rose, becoming light to dirty brown with age, sometimes unspotted, sometimes oscurely spotted ot mottled with purplish; up to 32 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. rugosa (= Q. decipiens). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Guatemala.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744188859FF4854B628B45B7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7441C8845FF4856EF2B1E5EC3.text	C04A87D7441C8845FF4856EF2B1E5EC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca occidua (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca occidua (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 344–351</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) occidua Kinsey, 1936: 119, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca occidua (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) occidua “La Mesa Zac 7000’, Mex. Gall 11.21.31, 5 fms. 11.30.31”, “ Q. depressipes, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips occidua, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. 119 PARATYPES were designated by Kinsey, deposited in the general collection of AMNH, 10 of them were examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca occidua belongs to the species group characterized by a reddish brown body color, lacking dark stripes in the mesoscutum, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured in varying proportions, without any linear sculpture and with or without piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium is setose, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. oriens, A. pupoides, A. spadix, and A. vasta . Atrusca occidua differs from A. oriens, A. pupoides, A. spadix, and A. vasta by the uniformly alutaceous mesopleuron and speculum, ans the Rs vein strongly angulated distally, while in A. oriens, A. pupoides, A. spadix, and A. vasta the mesopleuron features smooth areas, the speculum may be sculptured or not, and the Rs vein is arcuate, sometimes slightly angulated distally.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 344–350). The species description is combined from Kinsey (1936: 119) and our observations of the type photos.</p><p>Head, antenna, mesosoma, legs, dark reddish brown, mesoscutum with darker brown stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; metasoma reddish brown, second metasomal tergum with black band posteriorly.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.4× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.3× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.2× as long as OOL; OOL 1.8× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.8× as long as LOL; all ocelli rounded, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of as lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, shining along eye, dull rugose in central part, below toruli and area between toruli, with white setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus trapezoid, impressed, smooth, shining, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, with few short setae, denser in the interocellar area; small rounded, smooth, shining impression present under central ocellus. Antenna slightly shorter than length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.4× as long as broad, F1 as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 shorter F2 and slightly longer than F4, F4 1.3× as long as F5, F6 shorter than F7, F7=F8, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.3× as long as F11.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with white setae. Pronotum in lateral view coriaceous, with short parallel striae along posterior edge. Mesoscutum coriaceous to delicately rugose in anterior 1/3, with uniformly distributed piliferous points, with sparse white setae, denser aside notaulus; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel impressed in anterior 1/3 of mesoscutum length, with darker stripes along them, extending to half length of mesoscutum; and parapsidal line indistinct, indicated by smooth darker stripe; median mesoscutal line present in the posterior 1/4 of mesoscutum length; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum ovate, elongated, uniformly rugose, with dull rugae laterally, with subparallel sides; posteriorly rounded, not invaginated posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom and longitudinal rugae, separated by a narrow elevated central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous, with a few setae, especially ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with some irregular rugae and few setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas coriaceous, shining, with dense setae; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum with longitudinal parallel delicate sulci, slightly higher than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area with strong irregular short rugae, shining; lateral propodeal carinae strong, broad and elevated, strongly bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area delicately coriaceous, shining, with long dense white setae, with some short irregular rugae. Nucha with irregular sulci laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, wing infuscated along veins, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.6× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, its projection reaching basalis in the lower 1/3 of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, longer than than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 4/5 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.2–3.0 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 351). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls yellowish or bright rosy tan, younger galls richer rose, unspotted, smooth, shining tu dull matte, thin walled, up to 24 mmm, in average 21 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. depressipes, Q. potosina . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Zacatecas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7441C8845FF4856EF2B1E5EC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744008842FF4853B32A4D5FB3.text	C04A87D744008842FF4853B32A4D5FB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca oriens (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca oriens (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 352–367</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) oriens Kinsey, 1936: 120, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca oriens (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 314.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) oriunda Kinsey, 1936: 122, female, gall; syn. nov. herein</p><p>Atrusca oriunda (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) oriens “Cerritos 25W S.L.P. 6000’, Mex. Gall 12.2.31, 64 fms. 2.1.32”, “ Q. potosina, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips oriens, Holo- Paratype ”. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) oriunda “ C. Victoria 21W Tams. 4500’, Mex. Gall 11.17.35, 1 fm. 12.7.36”, “ Q. polymorpha, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips oriunda, Holo- Paratype ”. Both HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. For Cynips ( dugesi) oriens: eleven PARATYPE females “Cerritos 25W, S.L.P. 6000’, Mex., galls 12.2.31, 47 females 2.24.32”, “ Q. potosina Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips oriens Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca oriens belongs to the species group characterized by a reddish brown body color, lacking dark stripes in the mesoscutum, the OOL more than twice as long as the diameter of the lateral ocelli, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being arcuate, the smooth surface between the noatuli in the posterior half of the mesonotum, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured in varying proportions, exhibiting smooth areas, without any linear sculpture and with or without piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium is setose, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. vasta . Atrusca oriens differs from A. vasta by the delicately alutaceous lateral sides of the pronotum, without linear elements or with very weak and short rugae between coriaceous sculpture; the mesopleuron lacking piliferous points; and the radial cell relatively long, around 2.1× as long as broad, while in A. vasta the pronotum exhibits distinct rugae or carinae; the mesopleuron displays piliferous points; and the radial cell is shorter, around 1.6× as long as broad.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 352–364, 366). Mesosoma, head, antenna, legs brown, metasoma light brown, mesoscutum with slightly darker stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines.</p><p>Head quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.2× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.1× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.2× as long as OOL; OOL 2.6× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 2.0× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.5× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.6× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eye, shining, in central part below toruli rugose, with few setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, shining, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly alutaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput alutaceous-reticulate, postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly and broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.3× as long as broad, F1 equal to length of scape+pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres till F6 progressively shorter, F7=F8, F9=F10=F11, F12 1.5× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally delicately alutaceous, without linear elements or with very weak and short rugae between coriaceous sculpture; propleuron smooth to alutaceous, shining. Mesoscutum alutaceous, anteriorly between notauli delicately coriaceous, alutaceous to smooth basally, with sparse indistinct piliferous points in the posterior half and sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth, shining stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum nearly rounded, as long as broad, uniformly dull rugose; overhanging metanotum. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesoscutellar foveae narrow, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom separated by narrow elevated rugose central carina. Mesopleuron in anterior 2/3 smooth, shining, without piliferous points, posteriorly delicately alutaceous, with a few setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum with delicate longitudinal striae, 2.0× as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area with some delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae, broadest part in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal carinae softly, gradually and finely bent outwards; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha with delicate sulci laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, but shorter than the usual size, margin with long dense cilia, with slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in the lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 3/4 metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.3 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Figs 365, 367). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature globular galls rosy tan or brighter rose, unspotted, up to 21 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. cordifolia, Q. depressipes, Q. intricata, Q. jaralensis, Q. polymorpha, Q. potosina, Q. pringlei . Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from November–December till January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744008842FF4853B32A4D5FB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D7440788B4FF4853552A2658D1.text	C04A87D7440788B4FF4853552A2658D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca pictor (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca pictor (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 368–423</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) pictor Kinsey, 1936: 123, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca pictor (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) pulex Kinsey, 1936: 125, female, gall. Synonym in Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).</p><p>Atrusca pulex (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) pusa Kinsey, 1936: 129, female, gall. Synonym in Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).</p><p>Atrusca pusa (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) pumilio Kinsey, 1936: 126, female, male. Synonym in Pujade-Villar et al. (2016).</p><p>Atrusca pumilio (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) pictor “Miquihuana 25NW Tams. 8500’, Mex. Gall 11.12.35, 8 fms. 11.26.35”, “ Q. cordifolia, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips pictor, Holo- Paratype ”. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) pulex “Rio Verde 14W S.L.P. 6500’, Mex. Gall 12.9.31, 5 fms. 3.2.32”, “ Q. macrophylla, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips pulex, Holo- Paratype ”. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) pumilio “Pachuca 7N Hgo 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.15.32, 7 fms. 3.17.32”, “ Q. repanda, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips pumilio, Holo- Paratype ”. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) pusa “Jacala 24 SW Hgo 6800’, Mex. Gall 12.1.35, 17 fms. 12.14.19”, “ Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips pusa, Holo- Paratype ”. All HOLOTYPEs are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Material examined. For Cynips ( dugesi) pictor seven paratype females “Miquihuana, Tams 25NW, Mex. 8500’, galls 11.12.35”, “ Q. cordifolia Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips pictor Paratype ”. For Cynips ( dugesi) pulex one PARATYPE females “Rio Verde 14W, S.L.P. 6500’, Mex., galls 12.4.31, 5 females to 3.2.32”, “Q. macrophilla Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips pulex Paratype ”. For Cynips ( dugesi) pusa four PARATYPE females “ Jalisco 24SW, Hgo 6800’, Mex., galls 12.1.35., 13 females 12.14.35”, “ Q. repanda var. Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips pusa . Paratype.”</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca pictor differs from the rest of the Atrusca species by being brachypterous, with fore wings not surpassing the posterior margin of the body and lacking parts of the wing venation either by absence, discontinuities or faintly colored veins. The rest of the Atrusca species can exhibit either fully developed or shortened wings, but always with a complete and conspicuous venation.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 368–380, 382–394, 396–408, 410–422). Mesosoma dark brown, mesoscutum without darker stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; head, antenna, legs, metasoma light brown, second metasomal tergum with black band posteriorly.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.25–1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8–2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not or very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and reaching to 1/3 of malar space length; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.1–2.8× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.2–1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2–1.7× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.4–1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5–2.0× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.1–1.3× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, shining, with white setae, denser than on the rest of head; slightly elevated median area smooth, shining, without setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately alutaceous, trapezoid, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area delicately alutaceous, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, postocciput smooth, shining, without setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen above as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel in ventral part, bent outwards in dorsal part and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.4–1.6× as long as broad, F1 shorter or slightly longer than length of scape+pedicel and 1.1–1.3× as long as F2; F2 equal or slightly longer than F3; F3 nearly equal or slightly longer thanF4, F5=F6, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1–1.3× as long as high, with white setae. Pronotum partially delicately coriaceous, with or without transversely orientated delicate striae posteriorly or delicately coriaceous in dorsoposterior 1/3, smooth shining on the rest of area; propleuron alutaceous along sides, smooth, shining in central part, with dense white setae. Mesoscutum alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with or without piliferous points, with sparse white setae, denser in anterior 1/3; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel lines impressed, extend to 1/4 of mesoscutum length, parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripe; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly coriaceous to dull rugose, broader in posterior 1/3, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining, without rugae, separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina. Circumscutellar carina absent or partially present but weak impressed, very rarely completely visible. Mesopleuron alutaceous in anterior 1/3, rest of mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with scattered setae; mesopleural triangle alutaceous, shining, with few setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter or equal to height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron above midheight or in its upper 1/3, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as or higher than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with few longitudinal rugae posterolaterally; broadest part in posterior 1/3–1/4, lateral propodeal carinae gradually bent outwards; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with delicate longitudinal sulci laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing as long as body, margin with long dense cilia, with slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.5× as long as broad; with veins often faint, not impressed on all length, discontinuous or absent; when they are present, R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin and R1 strongly curved apically; areolet absent, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in the lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 3/4–4/5 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5–3.8× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.8–3.8 mm (including synonyms) (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Morphological comments. Kinsey (1936: 93) separates the species ( A. pictor, A. pumilio, A. pulex and A. pusa) by small details in the color of the body, the appearance of the fore wing veins and, in the case of A. pumilio, also the presence of piliferous points on the mesoscutum. Studying the large type series deposited in the AMNH, we observed that these characters are variable in each of them, which is why it was proposed (Pujade-Villar et al. 2016) to consider them as a single valid species: A. pictor (= A. pumilio, = A. pulex, = A. pusa). This species, with the proposed synonyms, unlike the other brachypterous species, is characterized by having a complete fore wing venation or reduced veins in the same samplings (not impressed on all length, discontinuous or absent). Looking more carefully we could distinguish three groups of specimens: (i) those with mesoscutum without piliferous points, or very inconspicous ( A. pictor, Fig. 376), (ii) those with piliferous points on the mesoscutum and with posterocentrally pointed mesoscutellum ( A. pumilio, Figs 403–404), and (iii) similar to the previous two but with a posteriorly rounded mesoscutellum ( A. pulex, Figs 389–390 and A. pusa, Figs 4017–418). Examining the material collected by us, we concluded that the tip of the mesoscutellum, due to the rough sculpture, may have distal and central carinae or wrinkles protruded more than the lateral ones and specimens from different localities may or may not have these carinae, so we conclude that the separation of these species based on the presence of those carinae is artificial. On the other hand, it is true that A. pictor has the mesoscutellum without piliferous points or with little obvious piliferous points, but some specimens also have a pointed mesoscutellum as occurs usually in ’ pumilio ’. In addition, some specimens with other morphologies may present visible piliferous points, although they are very scarce, thus we have not yet found morphological differences that can maintain these species as distinct valid ones. New collections and the use of a molecular data might be useful to solve this problem. At the moment we continue to consider the conclusion established in Pujade-Villar et al. (2016) as the correct one.</p><p>Gall (Figs 381, 395, 409, 423). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes, globular. Mature galls rich reddish or brownish tan, lightly but in most cases distinctly spotted, not shining, up to 17 mm, in average 12 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. macrophylla), Q. potosina, Q. pringlei, Q. repanda, Q. tardifolia . Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from November– December till January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D7440788B4FF4853552A2658D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744F088B1FF4857B62B115C3C.text	C04A87D744F088B1FF4857B62B115C3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca pomifera (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca pomifera (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 424–437</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) pomifera Kinsey, 1936: 176</p><p>Atrusca pomifera (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( bella) pomifera “Sta Isabel 16E Chi 6000’, Mex. Gall 10.24.31, 150 fms. 2.1.32”, “ Q. undata, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips pomifera, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Eight PARATYPE females “Sta. Isabel, 6E, Chi 6000’, Mex., galls 10.24.31, 150 females to 2.10.32.”, “ Q. undata Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips pomifera Paratype.”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca pomifera belongs to the couplet characterized by a dark brown to black body color, with conspicuous black stripes on the mesoscutum, with a complete fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the coriaceous pronotum, without any stria or rugae, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum usually with a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, the completely alutaceous speculum, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium setose and relatively short, 2.5–4.5× as long as wide, as in A. emergens . Atrusca pomifera differs from A. emergens by having a transversally ovate head, the smooth mesoscutellar foveae, the lateral propodeal areas lacking piliferous points, the central propodeal area exhibiting delicate irregular rugae, and the a presence of a dark spot on the radial cell of fore wings, while in A. emergens the head is triangular, the mesoscutellar foveae have rugose bottom, the lateral propodeal area has piliferous points, the central propodeal area is smooth, and the radial cell is hyaline.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 424–436). Head predominantly dark brown, central part of lower face and head posteriorly black; antenna uniformly dark brown; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum dark brown, with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; mesoscutellar foveae black; mesopleuron laterally with darker parts, legs dark brown; metasoma dark brown, second metasomal tergum lighter.</p><p>Head transversally ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and along inner margins of eye, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, 2.0× as narrow as cross diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous-reticulate, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; 2.1× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.4× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, along sides, delicately rugose below toruli, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area delicately rugose, with setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, trapezoidal more than 2.0× as broad as high, with long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area delicately coriaceous, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous, with dense setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, postgena with dense setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into strong, broad postgenal sulci which bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Postoccipital carina strong. Antenna slightly shorter than length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, flagellomeres slightly broadened till apex, F1 slightly longer than scape+pedicel and slightly longer than F2; F2 slightly longer than F3; F3=F4, subsequent flagellomeres till F7 progresively shorter, F8 till F12 equal in length; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with dense setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous laterally, with dense setae; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with dense setae and piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, ovate, as long as broad, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, rounded, above as broad as high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by broad elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, smooth only in central part, shining, with few setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle delicately coriaceous, with dense setae; dorsal axillar and lateral axillar areas delicately coriaceous, with setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with dense setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with some delicate irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae and without piliferous points. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with numerous slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad with a spot; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, complete, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 3/4 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.8–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Galls (Fig. 437). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes, globular. Mature galls rosy or more often light-yellow tan, always conspicuously mottled with purplish brown, up to 22 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. chihuahuensis, Q. undata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Chihuahua.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744F088B1FF4857B62B115C3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744F488BCFF4851D328AA5DEC.text	C04A87D744F488BCFF4851D328AA5DEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca pupoides (Kinsey 1930)	<div><p>Atrusca pupoides (Kinsey, 1930)</p><p>Figs 438–446</p><p>Cynips dugesi variety pupoides Kinsey 1930: 284, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) pupoides (Kinsey): Kinsey 1936: 128, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca pupoides (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips pupoides var. dugesi “Alpine, Tex. 12.14.19, gall 12.14.19”, “ Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips pupoides, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca pupoides belongs to the species group characterized by a reddish brown body color, lacking dark stripes in the mesoscutum, the OOL more than twice as long as the diameter of the lateral ocelli, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being arcuate, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured in varying proportions, exhibiting smooth areas, without any linear sculpture and with or without piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium is setose, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. oriens and A. vasta . Atrusca pupoides differs from A. oriens and A. vasta by the mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate with evenly distributed setae and distinct piliferous points, while in A. oriens and A. vasta the mesoscutum is smooth and shining at least on the posterior half between the notauli, the posterior half of mesonotum also displays almost glabrous without any conspicuous piliferous point.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 438–446). The species description is combined from Kinsey (1930: 284, 1936: 128) and our observations of the type photos.</p><p>Entire body, including antennae and legs reddish brown; palpi yellowish; black stripes along parapsidal lines and between notauli in anterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length; mesopleuron and mesosoma ventrally blackish.</p><p>Head slightly triangular in frontal view, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, without striae, malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL 2.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.6× as long as LOL; all ocelli nearly rounded, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.8× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous asides, rugose in central part below toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area coriaceous, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous; postocciput, postgena alutaceous, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.25× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.25× as long as F2; F2 1.2 as long as F3; F3=F4, F5 slightly shorter than F4 and equal F6, F6=F7, subsequent flagellomeres till F11shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.2× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally alutaceous in dorsal half, smooth, shining on rest surface, with sparse setae, with parallel rugae posteroventrally, extending to half width of pronotum. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae and numerous distinct piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with alutaceous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripes surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, with stronger rugae laterally and posteriorly, ovate, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, broader than high, smooth, shining, separated by broad elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete but weakly marked distally. Mesopleuron smooth, shining, with sparse setae, speculum uniformly delicately coriaceous; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with some irregular rugae and dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at its mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae strongly bent outwards at mid height of propodeum; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, multiple slightly darker spots all over the wing, veins light brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum dark brown, extending over 3/4 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with few short setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.8–3.2 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall. The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes, globular. Mature galls rosy tan, obscurelyfreckled or unspotted, mor or less shining; up to 23 mm, averaging 17 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. grisea . Galls mature in autumn; adults emerge in January–Februray next year.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Texas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744F488BCFF4851D328AA5DEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744F988B8FF48509F2D4B5C73.text	C04A87D744F988B8FF48509F2D4B5C73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca quercuscentricola (Osten Sacken 1861)	<div><p>Atrusca quercuscentricola (Osten Sacken, 1861)</p><p>Figs 447–460</p><p>Cynips quercus centricola Osten Sacken, 1861: 53, 58, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips centricola Osten Sacken, 1865: 339 .</p><p>Loxaulis [sic!] centricola: Ashmead 1885: 296.</p><p>Holcaspis centricola Ashmead 1885: 304 .</p><p>Dryophanta centricola: Mayr 1902: 290.</p><p>Diplolepis quercus-centricola: Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer 1910: 369.</p><p>Disholcaspis centricola: Kinsey 1920: 398.</p><p>Cynips (Atrusca) centricola Osten Sacken: Kinsey 1930: 295, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips centricola variety centricola Osten Sacken: Kinsey 1930: 297, female, gall. Diplolepis quercus-rubrae Karsch, 1880: 293, female, gall. Synonym in Weld 1951: 638. Cynips centricola variety rubrae (Karsch): Kinsey 1930: 301, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca centricola (Osten Sacken): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Type examined. We did not find where the type is deposited, probably lost.</p><p>Material examined. Two non-paratype females “Hopk. US, 10774E”, “reared nov. 27-18”, “ Quercus minor ”, “SA Rohwer coll.”, “Ironton Mo”.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca quercuscentricola is characterized by a brown body, the transversely ovate head with the interocellar area strongly elevated above the head in frontal view, and prominent lateral ocelli. The fore wing presents complete venation and Rs almost straight in the radial cell. The mesopleuron is setose, displaying transverse parallel striae. The median line of mesoscutum is present, while the mesoscutellum shows distinct sculpturing. The ventral spine of the hypopygium is short, approximately 2.5–3.0× as long as broad. These character states are shared by the species A. strians . Atrusca quercuscentricola differs from A. strians by a uniformly alutaceous-reticulate pronotum, without setae; the median mesoscutal line superficial, and alutaceous-reticulate mesopleuron without setae, while A. strians displays a rugose pronotum with prominent lateral rugae, the long median mesoscutal line extends for one-fourth of the mesoscutum, and the mesopleuron is setose, displaying transverse parallel striae.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 447–459). Head black, except dark brown malar space; antenna dark brown; mesosoma black with some lighter areas, legs dark brown to black, metasoma dark brown; second metasomal tergum dark brown, subsequent terga lighter.</p><p>Head transversally quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous-reticulate, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous-reticulate, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 2.0× as long as OOL; OOL 1.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.25× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous-reticulate along eye, coriaceous centrally, below toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, with few setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly rugose, rectangular, slightly broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput, postgena uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae; postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally as broad as width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.6× as long as broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5=F6, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 1.6× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F5–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.1× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, without setae; propleuron coriaceous, shining. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate, with uniformly dense piliferous points, with sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel lines indistinct, not impressed; parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripes; median mesoscutal line superficial; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, ovate, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, only slightly broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by broad elevated rugose area. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, without setae without piliferous points; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with some irregular rugae and some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately rugose, shining, with setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum alutaceous-reticulate, 4.0× as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with some delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae posteriorly and irregular short rugae anteriorly; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior half; lateral propodeal area alutaceous-reticulate, with long dense setae. Nucha with delicate parallel longitudinal sulci laterally, dorsocentrally smooth, shining. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, of normal size, with darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, wing infuscated, radial cell open, 2.5× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs slightly curved without a different angle distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet absent, invisible, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 1/2 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.0– 4.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 460). Large, up to 26.0 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter, strictly spherical, thin shelled monolocular spotted leaf gall, with sparse, radiating fibres, slightly flattened at the attachment point, ivory to apricot or more pinkish; some galls covered with purplish spots, shining and smooth; young galls with microscopic, stellate pubescence. Internally hollow, except for the thick-walled larval cell which is up to 4.0 mm in length. The gall is attached by a minute point to a vein, usually on the under side of a leaf. The gall is from https://www.gallformers. org/gall/583 by Lora Shadwick.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce globular leaf galls on Q. stellata . Mature galls in early autumn; adults start to emerge from October–November.</p><p>Distribution. USA: from New Jersey to North Carolina, also MO, AR, TX.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744F988B8FF48509F2D4B5C73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744FD88A4FF4851E32B695D87.text	C04A87D744FD88A4FF4851E32B695D87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca sierrae (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca sierrae (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 461–474</p><p>Cynips ( aggregata) sierrae Kinsey, 1936: 166, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca sierrae (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( aggregata) sierrae “Patos 15N Dgo 8000’, Mex. Gall 11.11.31, 6 fms. 2.22.32”, “ Q. sacame, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips sierrae, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Patos, 15W, Dgo 8000’, Mex., galls 1.11.31, 8 females 11.18.31.”, “ Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips sierrae Paratype ”; one female “Otinapa, 15W, Dgo 8000’, Mex., galls 11.11.31, 36 females 2.10.32.”, “ Q. sacame Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips sierrae Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca sierrae belongs to the couplet characterized by a brown to black body color, with conspicuous dark stripes in the mesoscutum, the absence of piliferous points in the mesoscutum or very indistinct at least in the posterior area between notauli, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium long and setose, 7.7–11.3× as long as wide with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. bulbacea . Atrusca sierrae differs from A. bulbacea by the rugose mesoscutum in the anterior half, and smooth to alutaceous in the posterior half, the alutaceous mesopleuron along the anterior edge and the rest is smooth, and the entirely smooth speculum, while in A. bulbacea the mesoscutum, the mesopleuron and the speculum are uniformly alutaceous.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 461–473). Mesosoma dark brown, head, antenna, legs slightly lighter; palpi yellow; mesosoma reddish brown, mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; second metasomal tergum with black stripe posteriorly.</p><p>Head triangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on frons, 1.2× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.8× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.4× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.9× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous to rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with shallow median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna as long as length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel broader than long, F1 1.5× as long as scape+pedicel and slightly longer than F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum rugose, shining, with net of irregular rugae laterally; propleuron smooth, shining. Mesoscutum delicately rugose in anterior half, smooth to alutaceous in posterior half, with sparse white setae, denser anteriorly, with some inconspicuous piliferous points; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line delicately impressed, extending to nearly half length of mesoscutum, with darker stripes; parapsidal line indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripe surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, rounded, nearly as broad as long, posteriorly rounded, without visible invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, glabrous, with irregular rugae; separated by broad elevated rugose central triangular area. Circumscutellar carinae complete. Mesopleuron along anterior edge alutaceous, rest smooth, shining, speculum smooth, shining; mesopleural triangle shining, with some irregular rugae and few setae; dorsal axillar and lateral axillar areas smooth, with some rugae and few setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum rugose, with parallel, rugae orientated dorsoventrally, slightly shorter than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Brachypterous, fore wing slightly longer than body, shorter than normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with numerous slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma shorter than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 2/3 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 11.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.2–5.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 474). The gall is up to 32 mm, in avergae 28 mm in diameter, with a slender, sharply-pointed pedicel at base, pinkish rose to brownish tan and darker brown, obscurely mottled with purple, sometimes with bluish puberulance, singly or more often in large clusters; galls inserted in cracks in the bark of young twigs.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q.arizonica (= Q.sacame), Q. chihuahuensis . Mature galls in November; adults emerge from November, mainly in January–February and till April.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Durango.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744FD88A4FF4851E32B695D87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744E188A0FF4851772B495B37.text	C04A87D744E188A0FF4851772B495B37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca simulatrix (Kinsey 1930)	<div><p>Atrusca simulatrix (Kinsey, 1930)</p><p>Figs 475–488</p><p>Cynips dugesi variety simulatrix Kinsey 1930: 280, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) simulatrix Kinsey 1936: 131, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca simulatrix (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips simulatrix var. dugesi “ Hillsboro N.M. Gall 12.26.19”, “ Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips simulatrix, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Ten PARATYPES deposited in the general collection in AMNH were also examined by GM .</p><p>Material examined. Four females “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., ex Q. oblongifolia, AZ 2, AZ3, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.28 ” ; 20 females “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. western side, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 8, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls, 2007.10.25 ” ; 1 female “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 5, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.26 ” ; 20 females “ USA, Arizona, Sonoita, ex Q. arizonica, AZ 7, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.27 ” ; 5 females “ USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, ex Q. turbinella, AZ 11, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29 ” ; 14 females “ USA, Arizona, 25 miles S of Flagstaff on I17, ex Q. turbinella, AZ 9, AZ10, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.31 ” ; 1 female “ USA, Arizona, Sedona, ex Q. turbinella, AZ 1, gall type 37, leg. J.A. Nicholls 2007.10.29 ” .</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca simulatrix belongs to the couplet characterized by a dark brown to black body color, with conspicuous black stripes on the mesoscutum, with a complete fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell angulaed, never almost straight, the rugose or transversally striate pronotum, the mesoscutum entirely covered in piliferous points, the rugose mesoscutellum, usually with a posterocentral invagination, the smooth mesoscutellar foveae, the sculptured mesopleuron at least on some areas, with or without piliferous points, the completely smooth speculum, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium setose and relatively short, 2.5–4.5× as long as wide, as in A. deceptrix . Atrusca simulatrix differs from A. deceptrix by having a densely pubescent, the extensive black areas including the lower face, the rugose pronotum with short irregular rugae posterolaterally, and the Rs vein more prominently arcuate distally, while in A. deceptrix the body is scarcely pubescent, with the black areas of the body are reduced to the stripes on the mesonotum, the lateral sides of the pronotum exhibit transverse parallel striae on the posterior margin, and the Rs vein of radial cell is uniformly arcuate throughout its length.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 475–487). Head reddish brown, central part of frons, lower face black, posteriorly black; antenna uniformly reddish brown; mandibles dark reddish brown, palpi maxilaris and labialis light brown; pronotum reddish brown, propleuron dark brown, mesoscutum reddish brown with black stripes along parapsidal lines and in between notauli in anterior 1/2–2/3; mesoscutellar anterior impression black, mesosoma laterally and propodeum dark brown to black; legs uniformly dark brown; second metasomal tergum reddish brown, black in posterior 1/3, third metasomal tergum black, subsequent terga and hypopygium reddish brown.</p><p>Head triangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and frons, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.3× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL 2.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.5× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.35× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous to rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel as long as broad, flagellomeres slightly broadened till apex, F1 equal to length of scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.1× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.8× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum rugose, with short irregular rugae posteriorly, with dense long setae; propleuron along sides alutaceous, smooth, shining centrally. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate aside notauli and between notauli in posterior 2/3, rugose between notauli in anterior 1/3, with dense setae and distinct piliferous points, especially between notauli in posterior 1/3; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth black stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly rugose, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, with shallow invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, without rugae, separated by elevated narrow, rugose, triangular area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron alutaceous along anterior 1/4 of mesopleuron width, rest of mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, without striae, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron above mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum rugose, slightly higher than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with numerous irregular short rugae; lateral propodeal carinae gradually bent outwards; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, uniformly infuscated, margin with long dense cilia, with few slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.8× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 2/3 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.2× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.5–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 488). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes; impossible to distingusih from othe galls of the complex. Mature galls globular, rosy or brownish tan, unspotted, dull or shining, up to 27 mm, averaging 20 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. arizonica, Q. gambelii, Q. grisea, Q. oblongifolia, Q. sinuata (= Q. undulata). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in Janury–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. USA: AZ, NM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744E188A0FF4851772B495B37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744E588ACFF4856A72B655C83.text	C04A87D744E588ACFF4856A72B655C83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca spadix (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca spadix (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 489–502</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) spadix Kinsey, 1936: 132, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca spadix (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) spadix “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 62 fms. 3.10.32”, “ Q. macrophylla, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips spadix, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Taxco, 8NE, Gro 8000’, Mex., gall 1.7.32, 62 female 3.10.32”, red label “ Cynips spadix Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca spadix belongs to the species group characterized by a reddish brown body color, lacking dark stripes in the mesoscutum, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being arcuate, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured in varying proportions, exhibiting smooth areas, without any linear sculpture and with or without piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium is setose, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. oriens, A. pupoides, and A. vasta . Atusca spadix can be differentiated from A. oriens, A. pupoides, and A. vasta by the OOL being shortly longer than the diameter of the lateral ocelli (1.2× longer than the diameter of the lateral ocelli), while in A. oriens, A. pupoides, and A. vasta the OOL is more than twice the diameter of the lateral ocelli (2.1–2.6× longer than the diameter of the lateral ocelli).</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 489–501). Head, antenna, palpi, mesosoma, legs, metasoma uniformly light reddish brown.</p><p>Head transversally quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.6× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, shining, with dense setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Dense setae along inner margins of eyes. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly with delicate transverse striae, rectangular, broader than high, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with weak median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with a few short setae, with small rounded impressed smooth, shining area below central ocellus; interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Vertex, occiput, postgena delicately alutaceous, with few setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than posteriorly and broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, F4 slightly longer than F5, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.4× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally with delicate parallel striae laterally; propleuron smooth to alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately alutaceous, with piliferous points, with sparse white setae, slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripes, median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, ovate, longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae, transverse, narrow, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by narrow central carina. Circumscutellar carina probably complete, obscured by pilosity. Mesopleuron alutaceous in anterodorsal quarter, rest of mesopleuron smooth, shining, with dense setae all over; speculum uniformly alutaceous, shining. Mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above midheight, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area entirely smooth, shining, without rugae and striae; lateral propodeal carinae finely arched; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, dorsocentrally smooth, shining. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing as long as body, with few darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.0× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extends to half of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.2× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.5–3.8 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 502). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls yellow to light rosy tan, unspotted, usually shining, sometimes puberulent or even powdered, up to 32 mm, in average 22 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls, Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. macrophylla). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January-March next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Guerrero.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744E588ACFF4856A72B655C83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744E988A8FF4856732BE55DBB.text	C04A87D744E988A8FF4856732BE55DBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca spiculi (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca spiculi (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 503–515</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) spiculi Kinsey, 1936: 134, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca spiculi (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) spiculi “Mex (City) 25E D. F. 7000’, Mex. Gall 1.2.32, 30 fms. 3.10.32”, red “ Cynips spiculi, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Five PARATYPE females “Mex. (City) 25E, D.F. 7000’, Mex., galls 1.2.31, 50 females to 3.10.32.”, “ Q. texcocana Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips spiculi Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca spiculi belongs to the couplet characterized by a brown to black body color, with dark stripes in the mesoscutum, the rugose lateral sides of the pronotum, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum displaying a posterocentral invagination, the mesopleuron and the speculum are completely smooth, without piliferous points, and a setose ventral spine of the hypopygium, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. finitima . Atrusca spiculi can be distinguished from A. finitima by the inner margin of eyes ventrally diverging, F9–F10 subquadrate or slightly longer than broad; the lateral propodeal areas are coriaceous; and the ventral spine of hypopygium is shorter (7.2× as long as broad), while in A. finitima the inner margins of the eyes are parallel; F9–F10 are at least 2.0× as long as broad; the lateral propodeal areas are smooth; and the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium is very long (10.8× as long as broad in ventral view).</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 503–514). Head, antenna brown, mesosoma dark brown to black, legs dark brown, mesoscutum with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; metasoma lighter, reddish brown, with black band posteriorly on second metasomal tergum.</p><p>Head ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena delicately coriaceous, very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.7× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 2.0× as long as OOL; OOL 2.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.65× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with weak median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area dull rugose, with strong rugae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel broader than long, F1 1.3× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 1.8× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum delicately rugose in dorsal half, with short delicate transversely orientated parallel striaealong posterior edge; centrally smooth, shining; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with setae. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately coriaceous, with piliferous points and sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth darker stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, ovate, slightly longer than broad, with subparallel sides, posteriorly rounded, with shallow invagination posterocentrally, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae smooth, shining, with some irregular short rugae, transverse, broader than high, separated by elevated rugose central area, not defined posteriorly. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with sparse setae without piliferous points; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, shining, with some short irregular striae and dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately rugose, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, short, triangular, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately rugose, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with some delicate short rugae anteriorly; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, shining, with dense setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing slightly longer than body, but shorter than the usual size, margin with long dense cilia, with slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.1× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 2/3 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 7.2× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.3–4.4 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 515). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls rosy brown or darker, prominentlyx blusih with a puberulence, sometimes faintly, less often conspicuously spotted, mottled, or irregularly striped with purplish marks, smooth, shining, up to 25 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. deserticola (= Q. texcocana), Q. rugosa (= Q. conglomerata, = Q. decipiens). Galls mature in late autumn; adults start to emerge from December till January–March next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Mexico City, Puebla.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744E988A8FF4856732BE55DBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744ED8894FF48512B2B6D5D77.text	C04A87D744ED8894FF48512B2B6D5D77.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca spinalis (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca spinalis (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 516–529</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) spinalis Kinsey, 1936: 136, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca spinalis (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) spinalis “Cuernavaca 8N Mor. 8700’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 24 fms. 1.25.32”, “ Q. texcocana, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips spinalis, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Cuernavaca, 8N, Mor 8700’, Mex., galls 1.7.32, 24 females 1.25.32”, “ Q. texcocana Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips spinalis Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca spinalis is characterized by a reddish-brown body, the head rounded or quadrangular in frontal view, the interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view but lateral ocelli are prominent in lateral view, the fore wings with complete venation, and Rs gradually curved in the radial cell, almost straight, the pronotum exhibits distinct irregular rugae laterally, and the mesoscutum is uniformly coriaceous, the mesoscutellum is rounded posteriorly, and the ventral spine of hypopygium long, 9.2–11.3× as long as broad, as in A. spinescens . Atrusca spinalis differs from A. spinescens by the uniformly colored mesoscutum, the presence of a short, impressed mesoscutal median line, and the mesoscutellar foveae being smooth, separated by a central area delimited by two carinae. In contrast, A. spinescens has darker brown stripes along the anterior parallel and parapsidal lines, lacks the median mesoscutal line entirely, and the mesoscutellar foveae display irregular short rugae, and are separated by a narrow elevated central carina.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 516–528). Head, antenna, mesosoma, legs uniformly reddish brown, mesoscutum without darker stripes, metasoma slightly lighter with black band posteriorly.</p><p>Head more or less circular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser along inner sides of eyes, 1.2× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.6× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally. POL 2.3× as long as OOL; OOL 1.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.1× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 2.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, with dense setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, with setae. Area between toruli and torulus eye delicately coriaceous. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly alutaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput alutaceous, with sparse white setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards dorsally towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than ventrally and broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel broader than long, F1 1.3× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 0.8× as long as F3; F3 1.2× as long as F4, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F6–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum delicately uniformly coriaceous, laterally with parallel delicate striae posteriorly extending to half width of pronotum; propleuron alutaceous, shining. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately and uniformely coriaceous, with piliferous points, dense white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line slightly impressed in most anterior part, parapsidal line indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth stripe; median mesoscutal line present in a form of short impressed triangle; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, rounded posteriorly or gradually narrowing to central point, without invagination, uniformly dull rugose; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae quadrangular, nearly as broad as high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by broad elevated coriaceous central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with a few setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with some irregular striae and some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above its midheight, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, with some rugae, higher than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with few longitudinal rugae laterally in posterior part; lateral propodeal carinae strongly bent outwards in posterior 1/4 of propodeum height; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with irregular strong rugae and sparse white setae. Nucha with delicate sulci laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, shorter than normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with slightly darker spots and stripes, wing infuscated, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.6× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs gradually curved not angled distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis at its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 2/3 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 9.2× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.0–4.0 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 529). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls very light olive tan, less often rosy, unspotted, smooth, shining, often bluish puberulent, up to 16 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. deserticola (= Q. texcocana). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from January next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Morelos.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744ED8894FF48512B2B6D5D77	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744D18890FF4850E72B6B5FB2.text	C04A87D744D18890FF4850E72B6B5FB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca spinescens (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca spinescens (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 530–543</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) spinescens Kinsey, 1936: 137, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca spinescens (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) spinescens “Jilotepec 7NW Mex. 9500’, Mex. Gall 1.16.32, 6 fms. 3.6.32”, “ Q. purpusi, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips spinescens, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. One PARATYPE females “Jilotepec, 7NW, Mex 9500’, Mex., galls 1.16.32, 6 females 3.6.32”, “ Q. purpusi Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips spinescens Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca spinescens is characterized by a reddish-brown body, the head rounded or quadrangular in frontal view, the interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view but lateral ocelli are prominent in lateral view, the fore wings with complete venation, and Rs gradually curved in the radial cell, almost straight, the pronotum exhibits distinct irregular rugae laterally, and the mesoscutum is uniformly coriaceous, the mesoscutellum is rounded posteriorly, and the ventral spine of hypopygium long, 9.2–11.3× as long as broad, as in A. spinalis . Atrusca spinescens differs from A. spinalis by the presence of darker brown stripes along the anterior parallel and parapsidal lines, the lack of the median mesoscutal line entirely, and the mesoscutellar foveae display irregular short rugae, and are separated by a narrow elevated central carina, while A. spinalis exhibits uniformly colored mesoscutum, the presence of a short, impressed mesoscutal median line, and the mesoscutellar foveae smooth, separated by a central area delimited by two carinae.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 530–542). Head, antenna, legs uniformly reddish brown, mesoscutum with dark stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; mesosoma reddish brown with mesopleuron partially black, metasoma slightly lighter with black band posteriorly.</p><p>Head oval in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous-reticulate, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.9× as long as OOL; OOL 1.6× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.9× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.4× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous with rare piliferous points, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with weak median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area dull rugose, with strong rugae, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen.Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel broader than long, F1 longer than scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 slightly longer than F3; F3 1.1× as long as F4, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F6–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum rugose, with distinct transverse parallel rugae laterally, with sparse setae; propleuron alutaceous, shining. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous-reticulate, with piliferous points and white setae, denser anteriorly; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel lines impressed, extending to half length of mesoscutum, with darker stripes; parapsidal lines impressed, with smooth stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, longer that broad, rounded posteriorly or slightly invaginated central part; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae smooth, shining, with irregular short rugae, semilunar, transverse, broader than high, separated by narrow elevated central carina, transverse, broader than high, with bottom. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, shining, with piliferous points and sparse setae, mesopleural triangle rugose, shining, with irregular rugae and some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas rugose, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part narrow, shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae acutely bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth to partially alutaceous, shining, with long dense setae. Nucha with delicate sulci laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, shorter than normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with slightly darker spots and stripes, wing infuscated, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.5× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs gradually curved not angulated distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 1/2 metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 9.6× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.5–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 543). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls in part light yellowish tan and in part rich rosy or purplish brown, usually well marked with purple spot sor streaks, with traces of bluish bloom, up to 19 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. rugosa (= Q. purpusi). Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from March next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Jilotepec.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744D18890FF4850E72B6B5FB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744D58893FF4853222B0C58E2.text	C04A87D744D58893FF4853222B0C58E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca spinifera (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca spinifera (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 544–557</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) spinifera Kinsey, 1936: 138, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca spinifera (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 315</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) spinifera “Morelia 14E Mich 7000’, Mex. Gall 12.27.31, 234 fms. 3.22.32”, “ Q. conglomerata, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips spinifera, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Seven PARATYPE females “Morelia, 14E, Mich 7000’, Mex., galls 12.27.31, 234 females 3.22.32.”, “ Q. conglomerata Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips spinifera Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca spinifera is characterized by a reddish-brown body, the head rounded or quadrangular in frontal view, the interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view, fore wings with complete venation and Rs gradually curved in the radial cell, almost straight, and the ventral spine of hypopygium long, 9.2–11.3× as long as broad, as in A. spinalis and A. spinescens . Atrusca spinifera differs from A. spinalis and A. spinescens by the lateral ocelli that are not prominent in frontal view, the pronotum with weak carinae only in upper half of posterior part, the mesoscutum is predominantly weakly alutaceous, smooth between the notauli in the posterior two-thirds, and the mesoscutellum exhibits a semilunar invagination posteromedially, while in A. spinalis and A. spinifera the lateral ocelli are slightly prominent in frontal view, the pronotum displays conspicuous rugae in posterior part, the mesoscutum is uniformly coriaceous, and the mesoscutellum is rounded posteriorly, without invagination.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 544–556). Head, antenna, mesosoma, legs uniformly reddish brown, mesoscutum with dark brown stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines, palpi yellowish; metasoma lighter with a posterior dark stripe on second metasomal tergum.</p><p>Head rounded in frontal view, alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous-reticulate, with indistinct striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.9× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL 1.6× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.1× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.2× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly shorter than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, shining, without striae, with white setae, denser along eyes; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, shining, with few setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, quadrangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with broad shallow median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous, without striae, with few short setae, with deep smooth, shining impressed area below and around central ocellus; interocellar area not elevated above head. Vertex, occiput, uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae, postocciput, postgena smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel in ventral part, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, split into two parts, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as width of occipital foramen. Antenna as long as length of body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel as long as broad, F1 1.2× as long as scape+pedicel and equal F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres from F5 till F8 progressively shorter, F8=F9=F10, F11 shorter than F10, F12 1.3× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F5–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum glabrous,with weak carina only in half upper porterior part; propleuron delicately coriaceous aside, smooth, shining centrally, with dense white setae. Mesoscutum predominantly weak alutaceous, between notauli in posterior 2/3 smooth, with piliferous points, with dense white setae in anterior half and along notaulus; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel lines distinct, impressed in anterior 1/3, parapsidal lines distinct, impressed, with smooth stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, rectangular, with subparallel sides, slightly broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, with semilunar invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae quadrangular, as broad as high, with smooth, shining bottom separated by a narrow median carina. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron anteriorly delicately coriaceous along entire height smooth, shining, with few setae in ventral half, speculum smooth, shining, with piliferous points; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with dense setae; dorsal axillar and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, small, triangular, most posterior part slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with sparse setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing slightly longer than body, shorter than normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.5× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs gradually curved not angulated distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M indistinct but traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, 1.2× as high as long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 4/5 of metasoma length in dorsal view, without setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent tergites without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 11.3× as long as broad in ventral view, with few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.7–3.8 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 557). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls light straw tan to yellowish brown, less often brownish or purple olive, rarely rosy, unmarked, with a conspicuous bluish puberulence, up to 17 mm, in average 13 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. rugosa (= Q. conglomerata). Mature galls in late autumn, December; adults emerge in January–March next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Michoacan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744D58893FF4853222B0C58E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744D9889FFF4852FF2B595807.text	C04A87D744D9889FFF4852FF2B595807.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca strians (Kinsey 1930)	<div><p>Atrusca strians (Kinsey, 1930)</p><p>Figs 558–571</p><p>Cynips centricola variety strians Kinsey, 1930: 304, female, gall.</p><p>Cynips (Atrusca) ( centricola) strians Kinsey 1936: 181 .</p><p>Atrusca strians (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips strians var. centricola “Bonnie, Ill. Gall 10.15.27”, “ Q. alba, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips strians, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Seven PARATYPE females “Morelia, 14E, Mich 7000’, Mex., galls 12.27.31, 234 females 3.22.32.”, “ Q. conglomerata Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips spinifera Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM .</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca strians is characterized by a brown body, the transversely ovate head with the interocellar area strongly elevated above the head in frontal view, and prominent lateral ocelli. The fore wing presents complete venation and Rs almost straight in the radial cell. The mesopleuron is setose, displaying transverse parallel striae. The median line of mesoscutum is present, while the mesoscutellum shows distinct sculpturing. The ventral spine of the hypopygium is short, approximately 2.5–3.0× as long as broad. These character states are shared by the species A. quercuscentricola . In A. strians, the pronotum is rugose with prominent lateral rugae, the long median mesoscutal line extends for one-fourth of the mesoscutum, and the mesopleuron is setose, displaying transverse parallel striae, while A. quercuscentricola presents a uniformly alutaceous-reticulate pronotum, without setae; the median mesoscutal line superficial, and alutaceous-reticulate mesopleuron without setae.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 558–570). Body dark brown, antenna, legs dark brown, metasoma dark brown, mesoscutum dark brown with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines, central propodeal area and lateral propodeal area reddish brown, metasoma dark brown.</p><p>Head transversally quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally. POL 2.0× as long as OOL; OOL slightly longer than lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus slightly shorter than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous along eyes, dull rugose centrally, under toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly coriaceous to rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area rugose, without striae, with short setae. Small rounded impressed area below central ocellus smooth, shining. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous-reticulate, with sparse white setae, postocciput smooth, shining; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel ventrally, bent outwards towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge dorsally broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.3× as long as broad, flagellomeres slightly broadened till apex, F1 1.1× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5=F6, F7 slightly longer than F8, F9=F10=F11, F12 2.0× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla invisible.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with dense white setae. Pronotum rugose, with irregular rugae laterally; propleuron alutaceous aside, smooth, shining centrally. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate aside notauli and between notauli in posterior half, rugose between notauli in anterior 1/3, with dense setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line indicated by smooth, shining stripe, extending to 1/3 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal lines indicated by broad, smoot, shining stripe; median mesoscutal line long, impressed, extending to 1/4 of mesoscutum length; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly rugose, ovate, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, with shall invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom and some irregular rugae, separated by a narrow central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete but weakly marked distally. Mesopleuron setose with piliferus points, centroventrally with transverse parallel delicate striae, dorsal part alutaceous-reticulate; speculum alutaceous-reticulate with piliferous points; mesopleural shining, with irregular striae and few setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas rugose, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus indistinct, reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough shining, rugose, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with delicate rugae along lateral propodeal carinae; lateral propodeal carinae strongly bent outwards in posterior half; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with piliferous points and long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, dorsocentrally smooth, shining. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, normal size, with few darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.2× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs gradually curved not angulated distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 2/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 3.0– 4.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 571). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls globular always well spotted, brownish purple.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. stellata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from December.</p><p>Distribution. USA: Illinois.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744D9889FFF4852FF2B595807	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744DD8884FF4852FF2B1B5FB3.text	C04A87D744DD8884FF4852FF2B1B5FB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca subnigra (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca subnigra (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 572–585</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) subnigra Kinsey 1936: 140, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca subnigra (Kinsey): Weld 1951: 638.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips subnigra ( dugesi) “Las Cruces 16E N.M. Gall 10.6.31 107 fms. 1.26.32”, “ Q. grisea, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips subnigra, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Two PARATYPE females “Las Cruces 16E, N.M.”, “ Q. grisea Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips subnigra Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca subnigra belongs to the couplet characterized by a dark brown to black body color, with conspicuous black stripes on the mesoscutum, with a complete fore wing venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the rugose or transversally striate pronotum, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron sculptured to some degree, with or without piliferous points, the completely smooth speculum, and a ventral spine of the hypopygium setose and relatively short, 2.5–4.5× as long as wide, as in A. deceptrix and A. simulatrix . Atrusca subnigra differs from A. deceptrix and A. simulatrix by having no piliferous points in the mesoscutum especially between the notauli in the posterior half, the slightly posteriorly pointed mesoscutellum, the irregularly rugose mesoscutellar foveae, and the strongly angulate distal part of the Rs vein, while in A. deceptrix and A. simulatrix the mesoscutum is uniformly covered in piliferous points, the mesoscutellum is rounded or with a shallow central invagination on the posterior margin, the mesoscutellar foveae are smooth, and the Rs vein is moderately angulate.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 572–584). Head, antenna, mesosoma, legs uniformly dark reddish brown, palpi brown; mesoscutum dark brown, with black stripe along anterior parallel lines, extending to 2/3 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line with broad black stripe, metascutellum, metanotal trough black; metasoma lighter with a posterior dark stripe on second metasomal tergum.</p><p>Head transversely ovate in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous-reticulate, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally. POL 1.4× as long as OOL; OOL 1.7× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.7× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 1.6× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.4× equal to diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous asides, rugose in central part below toruli, with few setae; slightly elevated median area rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area dull rugose, with few short setae. Vertex, occiput coriaceous; postocciput, postgena smooth, shining with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run towards occipital foramen, dorsally bent outwards, postgenal bridge smooth, shining, anteriorly broader than posteriorly and slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, all in long dense setae, pedicel 1.6× as long as broad, F1 1.1× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter, F12 equal F11; placodeal sensilla invisible.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum alutaceous in dorsoventral part and with some delicate rugae along posterior edge, smooth, shining in anterior part, with sparse setae; propleuron alutaceous aside, smooth, shining centrally, with dense setae. Mesoscutum predominantly alutaceous-reticulate, delicately rugose in anterior 1/3 of mesoscutum length, with indistinct piliferous points, with setae, denser anteriorly and along notauli; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, trapezoid, slightly broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly gradually narrowing to posterocentral part, not rounded posteriorly (slightly pointed distally), overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, smooth, shining, with some irregular rugae, separated by narrow elevated rugose central area. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron alutaceous only in anterodorsal quarter, smooth, shining on rest surface, with few sparse setae; speculum smooth, shining; mesopleural triangle with some irregular rugae and dense setae; dorsal axillar and lateral axillar areas delicately rugose, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately rugose, slightly higher than height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with irregular rugae, broadest part slightly below mid height of propodeum; lateral propodeal carinae gradually bent outwards; lateral propodeal area delicately rugose, shining, with sparse setae. Nucha with delicate parallel sulci laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with numerous slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.8× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending to 2/3 of metasoma length of in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.8× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae extending beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.0–4.0 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 585). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes; indistinguishable from other galls of the bella complex. Mature galls rosy or brownish tan, unspotted or obscurely mottled, usually shining, up to 25 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. grisea . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge in January–February next year.</p><p>Distribution. USA: New Mexico.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744DD8884FF4852FF2B1B5FB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744C18887FF4853232B655997.text	C04A87D744C18887FF4853232B655997.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca tigrina (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca tigrina (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 586–599</p><p>Cynips ( aggregata) tigrina Kinsey, 1936: 167, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca tigrina (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( aggregata) tigrina “Taxco 8NE Gro 8000’, Mex. Gall 1.7.32, 6 fms. 4.1.32”, “ Q. nudinervis, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips tigrina, Holo- Paratype ”, deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. Three PARATYPE females “Taxco, 8NE, Gro 8000’, Mex., gall 1.7.32., 6 females 4.1.32”, “ Q. nudinervis Kinsey coll.”, red label “ Cynips tigrina Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca tigrina belongs to the species group characterized by a reddish to reddish-brown body color, without dark areas on the mesoscutum, sometimes with reddish areas a few shades darker than the rest of mesoscutum but never black, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being strongly curved distally, never almost straight, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum completely smooth and lacking piliferous points, as in A. conexa, A. lucaris, and A. catena . Atrusca tigrine can be distinguished from A. conexa, A. lucaris, and A. catena by the last antennal flagellomeres 2.0× longer than wide and a long ventral spine of the hypopygium (10.0× longer than broad), while in A. conexa, A. lucaris, and A. catena the last antennal flagellomeres are shorter, subquadrate or slightly longer than broad, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium is shorter 2.8–4.0× longer than broad.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 586–598). Body reddish brown, antenna, legs reddish brown, mesoscutum without black stripes, metasoma reddish brown.</p><p>Head rounded in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.8× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 2.1× as long as OOL; OOL 1.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.1× as long as height of eye and 1.4× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.6× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye shorter than diameter of torulus; lower face delicately alutaceous along eye, delicately coriaceous below toruli, shining, with dense setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area smooth, shining, with setae. Interocellar area slightly elevated above head in frontal view, lateral ocelli prominent. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately coriaceous, trapezoid, nearly as broad as high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, with median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with few short setae; interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Vertex, occiput delicately alutaceous, postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen above as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel in ventral half and bent outwards dorsally, postgenal bridge anteriorly slightly broader than width of occipital foramen. Antenna as long as body, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.4× as long as broad, F1 1.3× as long as scape+pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.1× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, all subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter but last flagelloneres around 2.0× as long as broad, F12 equal F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum delicately rugose, with short rugae posteriorly; propleuron alutaceous, shining, with dense setae. Mesoscutum delicately alutaceous, with scattered piliferous points, smooth shining along parapsidal line, with sparse white setae, denser anteriorly; coriaceous between notauli in posterior 2/3 delicately; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel lines distinct, impressed in anterior 1/3 of mesosoma length, smooth, shining; parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smooth, shinig stripe; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, elongated, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, with shallow invagination posterocentrally; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by broad elevated, rugose median area, which is nearly 1/3 as broad as the width of mesocutellar fovea. Circumscutellar carina complete but obscured by sculpture. Mesopleuron and speculum entirely smooth, shining without piliferous points, with a few setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with few setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, do not split into few delicate sulci, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, above as high as height of smooth, shining ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, with strong short irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae subparallel; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally and dorsally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing longer than body, normal size, with few darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.4× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, 1.4× as high as long in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 3/4 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 2.5–4.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Fig. 599). The gall is up to 28 mm, in average 20 mm in diameter, globular, with a truncate pedicel, light yellow to pinkish or rosy tan, conspicuously spotted and irregularly striped with rich purple, usually dusted with a blusih puberulence; singly, rarely 2– 3 in one cluster, attached to the main vein of the leaf.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce leaf galls on Q. magnoliifolia (= Q. nudinervis). Galls mature in late autumn – beginning of winter; adults emerge in March–April next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Guerrero.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744C18887FF4853232B655997	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744C2888EFF4855492D8C5D87.text	C04A87D744C2888EFF4855492D8C5D87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atrusca vasta (Kinsey 1936)	<div><p>Atrusca vasta (Kinsey, 1936)</p><p>Figs 600–627</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) vasta Kinsey, 1936: 141, female, gall.</p><p>Atrusca vasta (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.</p><p>Cynips ( dugesi) vulgata Kinsey, 1936: 143, female, gall, syn. nov. herein.</p><p>Atrusca vulgata (Kinsey): Weld 1952: 316.</p><p>Types examined. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) vasta “Tula 22N Tams. 6100’, Mex. Gall 1.20.32, 72 fms. 2.16.32.”, “ Q. intricata + Q. Pringlei, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips vasta, Holo- Paratype ”. HOLOTYPE female Cynips ( dugesi) vulgata “S. Luis Potosi 15W S.L.P. 8000’, Mex. Gall 11.30.31, 24 fms. 2.20.32.”, “ Q. potosina, Kinsey coll.”, red “ Cynips vulgata, Holo- Paratype ”. Both types are deposited in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. For Cynips ( dugesi) vasta: three PARATYPE females “Tula 22N, Tams 6100’, Mex., galls 1.20.32., 72 females 2.16.32.”, “Q. intricate+ Q.pringlei Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips vasta Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM. For Cynips ( dugesi) vulgata: two PARATYPE females “St. Luis Potosi 15W, S.L.P. 8000’, Mex., galls 11.30.31., 24 females 2.20.32.”, “ Q. potosina Kinsey coll.” red label “ Cynips vulgata Paratype ”, deposited in the general collection in AMNH, NYC, examined by GM.</p><p>Diagnosis. Atrusca vasta belongs to the couplet characterized by a reddish brown body color, lacking dark stripes in the mesoscutum, the OOL more than twice as long as the diameter of the lateral ocelli, exhibiting fore wings with a complete and conspicuous venation, the Rs vein of radial cell being arcuate, the smooth surface between the noatuli in the posterior half of the mesonotum, the entirely rugose mesoscutellum, the mesopleuron and speculum sculptured in varying proportions, exhibiting smooth areas, without any linear sculpture and with or without piliferous points, and the ventral spine of the hypopygium is setose, with setae extending beyond the apex of the spine, as in A. oriens . Atrusca vasta differs from A. oriens by the pronotum exhibiting distinct rugae or carinae; the mesopleuron displaying piliferous points; and the short radial cell, around 1.6× as long as broad, while in A. oriens the lateral sides of the pronotum are delicately alutaceous, without linear elements or with very weak and short rugae between coriaceous sculpture; the mesopleuron lacks piliferous points; and the radial cell is relatively long, around 2.1× as long as broad.</p><p>Re-description. Asexual female (Figs 600–612, 614–626). Head, antenna, legs uniformly reddish brown, mesoscutum with slightly darker stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; metasoma reddish brown with darker posterior band on second metasomal tergite.</p><p>Head quadrangular in frontal view, alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and slightly narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0–2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, very slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae; malar sulcus absent; eye 2.4× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally. POL 1.5× as long as OOL; OOL 2.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.9–2.1× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3–1.4× as long as height of eye and 1.6–1.7× as long as height of lower face; diameter of antennal torulus 1.7× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye very slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face delicately coriaceous, shining along eyes, rugose in area below toruli, with dense white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area delicately rugose, shining, without setae. Interocellar area not elevated above head in frontal view. Clypeus impressed, uniformly delicately rugose, rectangular, broader than high, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous-reticulate, without striae, with few short setae, with small rounded smooth, shining area below central ocellus. Interocellar area elevated above head in frontal view. Vertex, occiput alutaceous, postocciput, postgena smooth, shining, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader as posteriorly, as broad as width of occipital foramen. Antenna as long as head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel as long as broad, F1 as long as scape+pedicel and 1.3–1.4× as long as F2; F2 1.2–1.3× as long as F3; F3 equal or slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres till F7 progressively shorter, F8=F9, F10=F11, F12 as long as or 1.5× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p><p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum laterally coriaceous-reticulate, with short parallel transverse striae; propleuron smooth, shining. Mesoscutum alutaceous-reticulate, smooth shining only in between notauli in posterior half, with piliferous points and sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, shining bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, indicated by smooth darker stripes; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum uniformly rugose, elongated, slightly longer than broad, broadest part in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae transverse, broader than high, with smooth, shining bottom, separated by a narrow elevated central carina. Circumscutellar carina complete. Mesopleuron in anterior half sculptured, with piliferous points; speculum delicately coriaceous, rest of mesopleuron smooth, shining, with a few setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, shining, with some irregular striae and some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, shining, with dense setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shining, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, shining, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, shining, romboid, broadest part slightly below midheight of propodeum; lateral propodeal carinae strong, elevated, strongly bent outwards in posterior half; lateral propodeal area smooth, shining, with long dense white setae. Nucha with irregular rugae laterally, smooth, shining dorsocentrally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p><p>Fore wing slightly longer than body, smaller than normal size, margin with long dense cilia, with slightly darker spots and stripes, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 1.6–1.8× as long as broad; second abscissa of Rs strongly curved distally; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, hardly traceable along entire length, reaching basalis below its mid height.</p><p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergum extending 4/5 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent terga without micropunctures, without setae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 5.0–5.6× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine.</p><p>Body length 1.7–3.5 mm (Kinsey 1936).</p><p>Gall (Figs 613, 627). The gall is similar to all galls of Kinsey’s bella and dugesi complexes. Mature galls globular, deep rosy brown tan, unspotted, up to 21 mm, in average 14 mm in diameter.</p><p>Biology. The asexual generation is only known to induce galls on leaves of Q. arizonica (= Q. sacame), Q. chihuahuensis, Q. intricata, Q. jaralensis, Q. potosina, Q. pringlei, Q. rugosa (= Q. reticulata), Q. undata . Galls mature in late autumn; adults emerge from Februray next year.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico: Aguascalientis, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Tamaulipas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744C2888EFF4855492D8C5D87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
C04A87D744CB888EFF4851762A8B5A1F.text	C04A87D744CB888EFF4851762A8B5A1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xanthoteras Ashemad 1897	<div><p>Xanthoteras Ashemad, 1897, re-established genus</p><p>Beutenmueller (1911) originally described Dryophanta clavula . Subsequently, Kinsey (1930: 215) reassigned this taxon as a variety of Cynips (Antron) teres (Weld) .However, due to the preoccupation of the name clavula, he proposed the replacement name Cynips teres var. clavuloides . Later, Burks (1979) recognized this species within Xanthoteras Ashmead, 1897, a placement later formalized by Dailey and Menke (1980), who transferred it to Xanthoteras and designated a lectotype. Finally, Melika and Abrahamson (2002) transferred this species to Atrusca .</p><p>Based on a critical re-examination of the diagnostic character states, we re-establish the genus Xanthoteras gen. rev. and transfer back the species X. clavuloides (Kinsey, 1930), comb. rev. while recognizing that the limits of this genus are still uncertain and require revision. Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the genus Atrusca and X. clavuloides comb. rev. are closely related along with Cynips (= Besbicus), Philonix and some Sphaeroteras (Nicholls et al. 2017, Melika et al. 2021a, 2021b, Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021, Cuesta-Porta et al. 2023). However, the morphology of X. clavuloides comb. rev. does not align with Atrusca given the presence of the malar sulcus. Preliminary molecular analyses (James Nicholls, unpublished data) suggest that X. clavuloides comb. rev. forms a distinct lineage independent from Atrusca and Sphaeroteras . Thus, a detailed revision of all species from Spheroteras and Xanthoteras is necessary to establish the true limits of the two genera.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C04A87D744CB888EFF4851762A8B5A1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cuesta-Porta, Victor;Melika, George;Ferrer-Suay, Mar;Vera-Ortiz, Alexis;Pujade-Villar, Juli	Cuesta-Porta, Victor, Melika, George, Ferrer-Suay, Mar, Vera-Ortiz, Alexis, Pujade-Villar, Juli (2025): Review of the Nearctic and Neotropical genus Atrusca Kinsey, 1930 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5617 (1): 1-195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5617.1.1
