identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B10E8184DC2E53A184D9626F9F8F9937.text	B10E8184DC2E53A184D9626F9F8F9937.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boulenophrys tianlinensis Liu & Cheng & Shen & Feng & Mu & Zhou & Wei & Li 2026	<div><p>Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>MT TL 20230603004 (Figs 4 A – E, 5 A – E), adult male, collected from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.3682&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.4738" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.3682/lat 24.4738)">Langping Town</a>, Tianlin County, Guangxi, China (24.4738°N, 106.3682°E, ca. 1495 m a. s. l.), collected by Jing Liu on 3 June 2023 .</p><p>Paratypes.</p><p>Seven adult specimens (6 males and 1 female) from the same locality as the holotype . Six males (MT TL 20230603001, MT TL 20230603003, 5-8) collected on 3 June 2023 by Shize Li and Chaobo Feng, one female (MT TL 20230603002) collected on 3 June 2023 by Junjian Zhou .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. is assigned to the genus Boulenophrys, based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and the following generic diagnostic characters: head not enlarged and depressed; snout shield-like, projecting beyond the lower jaw; canthus rostralis distinct; vomerine ridges present and vomerine teeth absent; temporal region short; transverse fold behind head absent; both sides of belly without seriate tubercles; chest glands small and round, closer to the axilla than to mid-ventral line; femoral glands on rear part of thigh; vertical pupils; and the presence of subarticular tubercles at the base of each finger; nuptial spines are present on the dorsal bases of fingers I and II in breeding males (Fei et al. 2016; Lyu et al. 2023).</p><p>Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characters: (1) medium body size, with SVL 34.3–39.0 mm in seven adult males and 47.1 mm in a single adult female specimen; (2) upper eyelid margin bearing one small horn-shaped tubercle on each side; (3) vomerine ridges present and vomerine teeth absent; (4) tongue not notched posterior; (5) tympanum rounded and clearly discernible; (6) toes with rudimentary webbing and lacking lateral fringes; (7) heels overlapping when thighs are held perpendicular to the body axis; (8) tibiotarsal articulation reaching the middle of the eye when the leg stretched forwards; (9) males possessing a single subgular vocal sac; and (10) in breeding males, the nuptial pads have dark brown nuptial spines on the bases of the first and second fingers.</p><p>Description of holotype.</p><p>MT TL 20230603004 (Figs 4 A – E, 5 A – E). SVL 37.2 mm; head width exceeding head length (HW / HL ≈ 1.17); snout obtusely pointed, extending prominently anterior to the lower jaw margin in ventral view; loreal region vertical and slightly concave; canthus rostralis well-defined; dorsal portion of head flat; eyes relatively large, eye diameter 45.7 % of head length; pupils vertical; nostrils opening laterally, closer to snout than to orbit; tympanum clearly discernible (TD / ED = 0.46); vomerine ridges present, vomerine teeth absent; posterior edge of tongue smooth and entire.</p><p>Fore-limbs are slender and the total length of the lower arm plus hand equals 45.8 % of SVL; digits slender, with relative lengths following the order II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III; digital tips rounded-globular, without lateral dermal fringes; well-developed subarticular tubercles at finger bases; two oval, prominent metacarpal tubercles, inner tubercle larger than the outer one.</p><p>Hind-limbs slender (HLL / SVL 1.61); heels overlapping when thighs are held at right angles to the body, tibiotarsal articulation reaching mid-eye when leg stretched forwards; tibia longer than thigh; relative toe lengths: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV; tips of toes round, slightly dilated; subarticular tubercles absent on all toes; toes without webbing and lateral fringe; inner metatarsal tubercle oval-shaped; outer metatarsal tubercle absent.</p><p>Dorsal skin rough, several large black warts scattered on flanks; a small horn-like tubercle at the edge of each upper eyelid; tubercles on the dorsum forming an X-shaped ridge, with two dorsolateral parallel ridges on either side of the X-shaped ridges; an inverted triangular brown speckle between the upper eyelids; several tubercles scattered on the dorsal, flanks and dorsal surface of thighs and tibias; supratympanic fold distinct.</p><p>Ventral surface smooth; several rounded granules scattered on the flanks; two distinct white pectoral glands present; numerous white granules on the outer thighs and the posterior end of the body distinctly protruding.</p><p>Colouration of holotype in life</p><p>(Fig. 4). Dorsum dark brown, with an inverted triangular brown speckle between the eyes; X-shaped ridges present on the dorsum and four transverse bands on the dorsal surfaces of the thighs and shanks; upper and lower lip margins with alternating dark brown and white vertical bars; ventral surface of the body in a brown-and-white mottled pattern; ventral surface of the fore-limbs brown, with some black patches; ventral surface of the hind-limbs brown, thickly covered with numerous white granules; tips of digits pale grey; inner metatarsal tubercle and two metacarpal tubercles pinkish; soles uniformly brown; pectoral glands white.</p><p>Colouration of holotype in preservation</p><p>(Fig. 5). Dorsum colour tawny-brown; the inverted triangular brown speckle between the eyes and X-shaped ridges on the dorsum still visible; ventral surface greyish-white, with brown patches; the purple-grey on the tips of digits replaced by creamy-white; the posterior part of the ventral surface of the body, inner side of the thighs and upper part of the tibias fading to creamy-white, with brown traces still present and protruding white granules visible.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>In MT TL 20230603001 (Fig. 6 A): Overall body colour relatively dark; brown markings on the dorsum covering a large area; transverse stripes between the thighs and shanks indistinct; ventral surface colour leaning towards reddish-brown, with patches inconspicuous; white granules on the posterior ventral surface of the body, inner thighs and upper tibias sparse, with colour not prominent. In MT TL 20230603003 (Fig. 6 B): overall body colour relatively light; the inverted triangular brown speckle on the dorsum connected to the X-shaped ridge; transverse stripes between the thighs and shanks with distinct protrusions; brown patches on the belly distinct. In MT TL 20230603005 (Fig. 6 C): flank wart granules pale yellow; black spines present on the white wart granules of the temporal folds and dorsum; inconspicuous black spines on the white granules of the posterior ventral surface of the body, inner thighs and upper tibias. In MT TL 20230603002 (Fig. 6 D): female individual; overall body colour tawny-brown; the inverted triangular brown speckle on the dorsum connected to the X-shaped ridge; black spines densely covering the wart granules on the dorsum and flanks; upper part of the belly brown, lower part creamy-white.</p><p>Secondary sexual characters.</p><p>Adult males (SVL 34.3–39.0 mm) are smaller than adult female (SVL 47.1 mm). Adult males have a single subgular vocal sac. In breeding males, there are brownish nuptial spines at the bases of the first and second fingers (Figs 4 C, 5 J, 5 K), a character state identical to that observed in B. anlongensis (Fig. 5 M, N).</p><p>Comparisons</p><p>(Suppl. material 4). By having medium body size, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. cheni, B. daiyunensis, B. elongata, B. gaolanensis, B. mufumontana, B. rubrimera, B. sanmingensis, B. shimentaina and B. yangchunensis (minimum SVL&gt; 34.3 mm in the new species vs. maximum SVL &lt;31.0 mm in the latter) and differs from B. binlingensis, B. caudoprocta, B. chishuiensis, B. dalaolingensis, B. fanjingmontis, B. jingdongensis, B. liboensis, B. mirabilis, B. omeimontis, B. qianbeiensis, B. sangzhiensis, B. shuichengensis, B. spinata and B. youran (maximum SVL &lt;39.0 mm in the new species vs. minimum SVL&gt; 43.0 mm in the latter).</p><p>By vomerine teeth absent, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. brachykolos, B. caudoprocta, B. daiyunensis, B. daweimontis, B. dongguanensis, B. elongata, B. fansipanensis, B. fengshunensis, B. frigida, B. hoanglienensis, B. insularis, B. jingdongensis, B. jinggangensis, B. jiulianensis, B. liboensis, B. lushanensis, B. nankunensis, B. nanlingensis, B. nebulosa, B. omeimontis, B. palpebralespinosa, B. puningensis, B. qianbeiensis, B. rubrimera, B. shimentaina, B. tongboensis and B. yingdeensis (vs. present in the latter).</p><p>By the vomerine ridges present, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. baolongensis, B. binchuanensis, B. boettgeri, B. chishuiensis, B. congjiangensis, B. daoji, B. dupanglingensis, B. gaolanensis, B. hengshanensis, B. huangniushiensis, B. hungtai, B. leishanensis, B. lichun, B. lishuiensis, B. minor, B. mirabilis, B. ombrophila, B. sanmingensis, B. shunhuangensis, B. tuberogranulatus, B. wuliangshanensis, B. wushanensis, B. xuefengmontis and B. yangchunensis (vs. absent in the latter).</p><p>By a small horn-like tubercle present at the edge of each upper eyelid, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. acuta, B. caudoprocta, B. jinggangensis, B. liboensis, B. mirabilis and B. palpebralespinosa (vs. having a prominent and elongated tubercle in the latter).</p><p>By tongue not notched posteriorly, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. baolongensis, B. binlingensis, B. boettgeri, B. cheni, B. dalaolingensis, B. fanjingmontis, B. insularis, B. jingdongensis, B. jiulianensis, B. kuatunensis, B. liboensis, B. lushuiensis, B. minor, B. nanlingensis, B. omeimontis, B. pepe, B. qianbeiensis, B. sangzhiensis, B. sanmingensis, B. shuichengensis, B. spinata, B. tongboensis and B. youran (vs. tongue weakly notched posteriorly in the latter).</p><p>By toes without lateral fringes, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. acuta, B. anlongensis, B. baishanzuensis, B. congjiangensis, B. daiyunensis, B. daoji, B. elongata, B. gutu, B. jinggangensis, B. lushanensis, B. lushuiensis, B. mirabilis, B. mufumontana, B. nanlingensis, B. nebulosa, B. omeimontis, B. rubrimera, B. sangzhiensis, B. shimentaina, B. xianjuensis, B. yangmingensis and B. yezhongensis (vs. narrow lateral fringes on toes). Differs from B. binchuanensis, B. boettgeri, B. cheni, B. dalaolingensis, B. fanjingmontis, B. jingdongensis, B. liboensis, B. lini, B. palpebralespinosa, B. qianbeiensis, B. sanmingensis, B. shuichengensis, B. spinata, B. xiangnanensis and B. youran (vs. having lateral wide fringes on toes in the latter).</p><p>By toes with rudimentary webbing, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. baishanzuensis, B. baolongensis, B. daweimontis, B. elongata, B. fansipanensis, B. frigida, B. gaolanensis, B. hengshanensis, B. huangniushiensis, B. hungtai, B. kuatunensis, B. lichun, B. lishuiensis, B. ombrophila, B. pepe, B. rubrimera, B. shunhuangensis, B. tongboensis, B. wuliangshanensis and B. xuefengmontis (vs. toes lacking webbing in the latter) and differs from B. dalaolingensis, B. jingdongensis, B. palpebralespinosa, B. qianbeiensis, B. shuichengensis, B. spinata and B. wushanensis (vs. toes with one-fourth in the latter).</p><p>By heels overlapping when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. acuta, B. brachykolos, B. daoji, B. dongguanensis, B. fengshunensis, B. gaolanensis, B. hengshanensis, B. hungtai, B. insularis, B. kuatunensis, B. lichun, B. lushanensis, B. nankunensis, B. obesa, B. ombrophila, B. pepe, B. puningensis, B. shuichengensis and B. wugongensis (vs. not meeting in the latter). Differs from B. binchuanensis, B. elongata, B. gutu, B. huangniushiensis, B. minor, B. nebulosa, B. xiangnanensis, B. xuefengmontis and B. yangchunensis (vs. just meeting in the latter).</p><p>By tibiotarsal articulation reaching the middle of eye when leg stretched forwards, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. cheni, B. congjiangensis, B. daweimontis, B. gutu, B. lini, B. obesa, B. shunhuangensis, B. yangmingensis and B. youran (vs. reaching the anterior corner of the eye or beyond eye or nostril and tip of snout in the latter); and differs from B. brachykolos, B. chishuiensis, B. dalaolingensis, B. daoji, B. dongguanensis, B. fengshunensis, B. hungtai, B. insularis, B. jiangi, B. kuatunensis, B. lishuiensis, B. mufumontana, B. nankunensis, B. puningensis, B. qianbeiensis, B. shimentaina, B. xiangnanensis, B. xuefengmontis, B. yingdeensis and B. yunkaiensis (vs. reaching the level between tympanum and eye or reach the tympanum or being even closer in the latter).</p><p>By having a single subgular vocal sac in male, Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. differs from B. caudoprocta and B. shuichengensis (vs. vocal sac absent in the latter).</p><p>Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. is genetically closest to B. anlongensis . The new species can be readily distinguished from B. anlongensis by the following morphological characters: adult males exhibit a significantly smaller snout-vent length (SVL; 34.3–39.0 mm vs. 40.0– 45.5 mm in male B. anlongensis, p &lt;0.05; Table 3, Fig. 5) and all other measured morphometric traits are also significantly smaller, including HL, HW, SL, INS, UEW, TD, LAHL, LAD, HLL, TL, TW, TFL and FL (Table 3). Furthermore, the new species lacks lateral fringes on toes (vs. narrow lateral fringes present in B. anlongensis) (Fig. 4 J) and its relative finger lengths follow the order II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III (vs. I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III in B. anlongensis) (Figs 4, 5).</p><p>Distribution and habitats.</p><p>Boulenophrys tianlinensis sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality, Langping Town, Tianlin County, Guangxi, China, at elevations of approximately 1495 m. The individuals of the new species were frequently observed on stones in the streams or gorges surrounded by evergreen broadleaved forest (Fig. 7). Four sympatric amphibian species were recorded, i. e. Boulenophrys jingdongensis Fei &amp; Ye, 1983, Kurixalus odontotarsus Ye &amp; Fei, 1993, Amolops sinensis Lyu, Wang &amp; Wang, 2019 and Leptobrachella ventripunctata Fei, Ye &amp; Li, 1990 .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet tianlinensis refers to the type locality of the species. We propose the common English name “Tianlin Horned Toad” and the Chinese name “Tián Lín Jiǎo Chán (田林角蟾)” for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B10E8184DC2E53A184D9626F9F8F9937	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liu, Jing;Cheng, Yanlin;Shen, Tuo;Feng, Chaobo;Mu, Lang;Zhou, Junjian;Wei, Gang;Li, Shize	Liu, Jing, Cheng, Yanlin, Shen, Tuo, Feng, Chaobo, Mu, Lang, Zhou, Junjian, Wei, Gang, Li, Shize (2026): A new species of the genus Boulenophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from western Guangxi, China. Zoosystematics and Evolution 102 (5): 1139-1157, DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.193995
