identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2F7265A25AE258C889ACF5A35ECB2AED.text	2F7265A25AE258C889ACF5A35ECB2AED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acropyga epedana Snelling 1973	<div><p>Acropyga epedana Snelling, 1973</p><p>Figs 7 A, 7 B, 35 A, 35 B</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 35 A). Antenna with 12 segments. Small-sized, overall length 2.00– 2.13 mm. Mandible reduced; masticatory margin with two distinct teeth, a smaller tooth occasionally present at basal angle; large gap exists between anterior clypeal margin and inner mandibular margin which is curved. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp slightly longer than compound eye. Antennal sockets positioned at the posterior limit of clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae, surpassing posterior margin by approximately the length of first two flagellomeres. Funiculus shorter than mesosoma; first flagellomere enlarged, slightly longer than second flagellomere. Frons without paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space with an elongate lateral margin.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 35 B). Pronotum with a short, collar-like dorsal margin; anterior margin of mesoscutum gradually rounded, meeting flat dorsal face; dorsal face of mesoscutellum flattened; dorsal face of propodeum short, forming an obtuse angle with short declivitous face.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 34 A): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) absent; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 34 B): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein absent; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter than M + Cu.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>A detailed description of this species is provided in LaPolla et al. (2002). Males of Acropyga epedana are recognized by the dense body pubescence, the relatively large parameres of the genital capsule, and the thick, nodiform petiolar node. These characters distinguish the genus from other small Nearctic formicine genera, such as Plagiolepis and Brachymyrmex .</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Acropyga epedana is a cryptobiotic species that nests in soil and maintains obligate trophobiotic associations with subterranean mealybugs. Males are rarely collected but may occur in woodland habitats. Specimens from Arizona have been recorded in oak, oak – pine, and oak – pine – juniper woodlands, where individuals were recovered from soil samples, beneath stones, and from ground nests.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2F7265A25AE258C889ACF5A35ECB2AED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
D1274C194BED5AA5B87886E264FF4CC0.text	D1274C194BED5AA5B87886E264FF4CC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acropyga Roger 1862	<div><p>Acropyga Roger, 1862</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Acropyga Roger, 1862 is represented by a single valid species, Acropyga epedana Wheeler, 1905 (Bolton 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1274C194BED5AA5B87886E264FF4CC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
64640F0158945B7A976ED209AD4BC325.text	64640F0158945B7A976ED209AD4BC325.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anoplolepis gracilipes Smith, F. 1857	<div><p>Anoplolepis gracilipes Smith, F., 1857</p><p>Figs 6 A, 6 C, 36 A, 36 B</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 36 A). Antenna with 12 segments. Medium-sized, overall length 4–6 mm. Mandible well-developed, triangular; masticatory margin with eight or nine denticles. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp exceeding hypostomal margin but not reaching occipital foramen. Antennal sockets confluent with the posterior margin of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae; approximately twice as long as head length. Funiculus subequal in length to mesosoma; first flagellomere slightly shorter than the second flagellomere in medial view. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space with lateral margin longer than maximum scape width.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 36 B): pronotum distinct, anterior margin slightly concave, anterior and dorsal margins of mesoscutum forming a right rounded angle; mesoscutellum flattened; propodeum protruding.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres elongate, apically rounded; volsella moderately developed; aedeagus elongate.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 34 C): pterostigma reduced; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) absent; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 34 D): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein absent; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) absent.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Anoplolepis are characterized by extremely elongate scape (~ 2 × head length) lacking erect macrosetae, 12 - segmented antenna, and a funiculus subequal to mesosoma length. They are further distinguished by well-developed triangular mandible with numerous denticles (8 or 9), absence of paired macrosetae on the frons, and an elongate malar space. Although superficially similar to Paratrechina in possessing elongate scape, Anoplolepis differs by the absence of dorsal pilosity (present in Paratrechina) and by the nodiform petiolar node.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>In the United States, Anoplolepis gracilipes has been recorded from Honolulu, Hawaii (AntWeb 2025). Although there are currently no confirmed records from the continental Nearctic region, this species is a globally distributed tramp ant with strong invasive potential and may establish in suitable habitats of the southeastern United States; it is therefore included here for identification purposes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/64640F0158945B7A976ED209AD4BC325	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
FA87E3771F8F59B58E019869D5834E80.text	FA87E3771F8F59B58E019869D5834E80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anoplolepis Santschi 1914	<div><p>Anoplolepis Santschi, 1914</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Anoplolepis Santschi, 1914 is represented by the introduced species Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith, F., 1857) (Bolton 2025) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA87E3771F8F59B58E019869D5834E80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
C76675C96B8F5909B14FE232242AE06D.text	C76675C96B8F5909B14FE232242AE06D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachymyrmex Mayr 1868	<div><p>Brachymyrmex Mayr, 1868</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Brachymyrmex Mayr, 1868 comprises approximately 6 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 32 A). Antenna with ten segments. Males small, overall length 2–2.5 mm. Mandible reduced, spatulate to spiniform; masticatory margin with one or two teeth. Palp formula 5: 3; maxillary palp approximately as long as maximum eye diameter. Antennal sockets abutting the posterior margin of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae and shorter than head length. Funiculus shorter than mesosoma length; first flagellomere enlarged, slightly longer than second flagellomere in medial view. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space laterally well developed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 32 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum relatively short, anterior margin of mesoscutum prominently anterodorsally produced, with a straight dorsum, mesoscutellum posterodorsally produced, its posterior face aligned with the declivitous face of the propodeum but separated by a weakly impressed metanotal suture; dorsum of propodeum reduced.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres short, apically rounded; volsella compact; aedeagus short and simple.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 31 A): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the basal margin of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) not reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) absent; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 31 B): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein absent; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) absent; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) absent; free section of cubitus (Cu) absent; anal vein (A) absent.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Brachymyrmex are readily recognized among Nearctic formicines by the combination of the following characters: antenna with ten segments, reduced mandible, and palp formula 5: 3. They are small and delicate and may resemble Plagiolepis, but differ in the reduced number of antennal segments and in the mesoscutum, which is distinctly produced anteriorly and the venation on the hindwing is greatly reduced.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Species of Brachymyrmex occur in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, coastal savannas, deserts, and urban environments. Colonies typically nest in soil, leaf litter, and decaying wood, and workers are frequently encountered in cryptic microhabitats (AntWeb 2025). In the Nearctic region, the genus is widely distributed across the United States, reflecting its ecological versatility and broad tolerance of environmental conditions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C76675C96B8F5909B14FE232242AE06D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
752B78029E25578EA09629FFAD04CF21.text	752B78029E25578EA09629FFAD04CF21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camponotus Mayr 1861	<div><p>Camponotus Mayr, 1861</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 comprises ~ 69 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 20 A). Antenna with 13 segments. Medium to large-sized, overall length 5–12 mm. Mandible well developed, lobate; masticatory margin edentate or with a single apical tooth. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp exceeding hypostomal margin, exceeding occipital foramen or not. Antennal sockets positioned far from the posterior clypeal margin. Scape with or without erect macrosetae, subequal to or longer than head length. Funiculus shorter than mesosomal length; first flagellomere longer or shorter than second flagellomere in medial view. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space with lateral margin well developed, much broader than maximum scape width.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 20 B). Pronotum distinct, vertical; anterior margin of mesoscutum vertical, rounding into a flattened dorsum; mesoscutellum smoothly convex; propodeum distinct, forming a rounded angle with the declivitous face.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres elongate, apically narrowed or falciform; volsella well developed; aedeagus elongate.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 19 A): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) absent; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 19 B): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) longer than M + Cu.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Camponotus are among the largest Nearctic formicines and are recognized by their robust body form, scape elongate, and well-developed wing venation. They most closely resemble Colobopsis, sharing antennal sockets positioned well posterior to the anterior clypeal margin, but differ in having longer scape and mesosoma. Confusion with Formica is possible, but Camponotus males possess 13 antennal segments. Genitalic structures are relatively large and provide additional diagnostic characters.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Camponotus is widely distributed across the United States and occupies a broad range of habitats, including forests, woodlands, grasslands, deserts, and montane environments (AntWeb 2025). Species richness is highest in the eastern United States and along the Pacific Coast, with additional diversity in the Southeast, Midwest, Southwest, and western montane regions. Most species nest in soil, rotting wood, or plant cavities, and many are commonly encountered in forested habitats. Colonies are typically large, and workers forage primarily for arthropods and carbohydrate resources such as honeydew and plant exudates.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/752B78029E25578EA09629FFAD04CF21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
02A22494EBFB5CB4A8CAB4514B95C41A.text	02A22494EBFB5CB4A8CAB4514B95C41A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colobopsis Mayr 1861	<div><p>Colobopsis Mayr, 1861</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Colobopsis Mayr, 1861 comprises ~ 7 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 21 A). Antenna with 13 segments. Medium-sized, overall length 4–6 mm. Mandible robust, triangular; masticatory margin with two or three blunt teeth, inner mandibular margin slightly curved. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp slightly longer than compound eye. Antennal sockets positioned at a considerable distance from the posterior margin of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae; short, approx. equal to head length. Funiculus shorter than mesosoma length; first flagellomere conspicuously enlarged. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae; with impressed midline from median ocellus to level of antennal insertions. Malar space with elongate lateral margin.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 21 B). Pronotum with a short oblique face, mesoscutum anteriorly strongly convex with straight dorsal face, mesoscutellum moderately elevated, propodeum with distinct dorsal and declivitous face meeting at a rounded angle.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres elongate, apically narrowed; volsella well developed; aedeagus elongate.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 19 C): pterostigma well-developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) present; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 19 D): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter than M + Cu.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Colobopsis resemble those of Camponotus but are typically smaller and more compact, relatively with short scape. In contrast to Camponotus, scape usually extend only slightly beyond the posterior margin of the head. Although males lack the phragmotic head modifications of major workers, the genus is generally recognizable by the combination of a short scape and compact mesosoma.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Species of Colobopsis are primarily arboreal, nesting in pre-existing cavities in twigs, branches, and dead wood. Colonies are generally small and often occur in forested habitats where suitable nesting sites are available. Many species exhibit marked worker polymorphism, with phragmotic major workers bearing a strongly truncated head used to block nest entrances. Workers typically forage on vegetation and tree trunks, collecting honeydew from hemipterans and occasionally preying on small arthropods. In the Nearctic region, Colobopsis species occur mainly in temperate and subtropical forests, particularly in the eastern and southern United States (Bolton 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/02A22494EBFB5CB4A8CAB4514B95C41A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
5D1CEA539FD45D9CA02F408988133C61.text	5D1CEA539FD45D9CA02F408988133C61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Formica Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Formica Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Formica Linnaeus, 1758 includes ~ 106 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 23 A). Antenna with 12 segments. Medium to large-sized, overall length 4–8 mm. Mandible well developed, triangular, and dentate; masticatory margin with two distinct teeth, with a smaller tooth occasionally present at the basal angle. A large gap occurs between the anterior clypeal margin and the inner mandibular margin, which is curved. Palp formula 6: 4 or 5: 4; maxillary palp approx. as long as or longer than the maximum eye diameter. Antennal sockets confluent with the posterior edge of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae, distinctly longer than the head length. Funiculus approx. equal to or longer than mesosoma length; first flagellomere not enlarged. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae; with impressed midline from median ocellus to level of antennal insertions. Malar space with lateral margin prominent.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 23 B). Anterior margin of pronotum vertical, mesoscutum smoothly arcuate, mesoscutellum convex; propodeum reduced, dorsum short but distinct, merging gradually with the declivitous face.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres elongate, apically narrow; volsella well developed; aedeagus elongate, weakly curved.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing: pterostigma well-developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) present and completely fused with Rs; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) present; crossvein (2 rs-m) present; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu and Rs + M combined. Hindwing: fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter than M + Cu.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Formica are clearly recognized by their robust body form, scape elongate, pale tibiae, and well-developed wing venation. They may resemble males of Polyergus, but differ in possessing triangular mandible and less reduced wing venation. In comparison with Camponotus, males of Formica have the head broader posteriorly, the antenna composed of 12 segments (vs 13 in Camponotus), and relatively larger eyes.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Species of Formica are widely distributed across the Nearctic region and are particularly diverse in northern and montane areas of North America. They occupy a broad range of habitats, including forests, grasslands, meadows, and alpine environments (AntWeb 2025). Colonies typically nest in soil or construct conspicuous mound nests composed of soil and plant material. Many species exhibit complex social systems, including temporary social parasitism and dulotic (slave-making) behavior. Males are produced seasonally and are most often encountered during nuptial flights or attracted to lights, and are frequently collected independently of workers in light traps or Malaise traps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5D1CEA539FD45D9CA02F408988133C61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
A40AC8DADB1A56DA9EEBD6AB21DF7E9D.text	A40AC8DADB1A56DA9EEBD6AB21DF7E9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lasius Fabricius 1804	<div><p>Lasius Fabricius, 1804</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Lasius Fabricius, 1804 comprises ~ 39 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 26 A). Antenna with 12 segments. Medium-sized, overall length 3.5–6 mm. Mandible noticeably enlarged; masticatory margin edentate or with one tooth; inner margin of mandible with a distinct lateral angle. Palp formula 6: 4 or 3: 4; maxillary palp exceeding hypostomal margin, exceeding occipital foramen or not. Antennal sockets inserted directly at the posterior clypeal edge. Scape with or without erect macrosetae, shorter than or approx. equal to head length. Funiculus shorter than mesosomal length; first flagellomere shorter and wider than second flagellomere in lateral view. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space with lateral margin longer than maximum scape width.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 26 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum almost vertical, anterior margin of mesoscutum rounding gradually to its dorsal margin, mesoscutellum distinctly convex, propodeum dorsum short and meeting the declivitous face at an obtuse angle.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres short to moderately elongate, apically rounded; volsella compact; aedeagus short.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 25 A): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) present and completely fused with Rs; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) present; crossvein (2 rs-m) present; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 25 B): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter than M + Cu.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Lasius resemble those of Nylanderia but can be distinguished by the combination of the following characters: scape lacking erect macrosetae, funiculus shorter than mesosoma, a relatively compact mesosoma, wings relatively long and broad relative to body size, and a petiole forming a high, upright squamiform node. The propodeal dorsum is short, ~ 1 / 3 the length of the declivitous face.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Species of Lasius are widely distributed across the Nearctic region and occur throughout much of North America, from the Pacific Coast (e. g., California, Washington, Oregon) to the Atlantic seaboard (e. g., New York, Florida, Massachusetts), with some species extending into northern Mexico. Colonies typically nest in soil, beneath stones, or in decaying wood, and many species maintain trophobiotic associations with honeydew-producing hemipterans.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A40AC8DADB1A56DA9EEBD6AB21DF7E9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
BCDE016404975BB99D77AB98A71401E9.text	BCDE016404975BB99D77AB98A71401E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmecocystus Wesmael 1838	<div><p>Myrmecocystus Wesmael, 1838</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael, 1838 comprises approximately 30 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 27 A). Antenna with 12 segments. Medium to large-sized, overall length 5–9 mm. Mandible thickened, subtriangular; masticatory margin with two distinct teeth, a smaller tooth occasionally present at basal angle; inner mandibular margin close to anterior clypeal margin. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp greatly elongated, with individual segments slender and cylindrical. Antennal socket confluent with the posterior margin of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae, clearly surpassing the posterior margin by approximately the length of the first two flagellomeres. Funiculus shorter than mesosoma length; first flagellomere ~ 2 × the length of the second flagellomere in medial view. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space laterally well developed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 27 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum slightly concave anteriorly; anterior margin of mesoscutum meeting dorsal margin at a rounded angle; mesoscutellum weakly convex; propodeal dorsum greatly reduced, merging with the declivitous face, the latter straight to feebly convex.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres elongate, apically tapered; volsella well developed; aedeagus elongate.</p><p>Wings consistently present. Forewing (Fig. 25 C): pterostigma well-developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) present and completely fused with Rs; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) present; crossvein (2 rs-m) present; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) shorter or subequal to the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 25 D): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter than M + Cu.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Myrmecocystus in the Nearctic region are recognized by the combination of elongate maxillary palps (palp formula 6: 4), scape clearly surpassing the posterior margin of the head, subtriangular mandible with two principal teeth, and a psammophore on the ventral surface of the head.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Species of Myrmecocystus occur primarily in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, with records extending from California and Arizona to Utah and Texas, and locally into the Pacific Northwest and parts of the Midwest. Commonly known as “ honeypot ants, ” these species inhabit desert ecosystems as well as pinyon – juniper woodlands and chaparral. Colonies typically nest in soil, often beneath shrubs such as creosote bush, and many species possess specialized replete workers that store liquid food as a reserve for the colony.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCDE016404975BB99D77AB98A71401E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
AE26DD65D635546F8380A00934C1D7CF.text	AE26DD65D635546F8380A00934C1D7CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmelachista Roger 1863	<div><p>Myrmelachista Roger, 1863</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Myrmelachista Roger, 1863 is represented by a single valid species, Myrmelachista ramulorum (Wheeler, 1904) (Bolton 2025) . However, as males of M. ramulorum are unknown, males of Myrmelachista rsp 069 and Myrmelachista catharinae are used to illustrate the key and accompanying description.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 33 A). Antenna with nine or ten segments. Small to medium-sized, overall length 2.5–4 mm. Mandible moderately developed, subtriangular dentate; masticatory margin with two large teeth. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp longer than compound eye diameter and shorter than head length. Antennal sockets inserted close to the posterior edge of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae; shorter than head length. Funiculus shorter than the mesosoma; first flagellomere enlarged. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae; with an impressed midline extending from the median ocellus to the level of the antennal insertions. Malar space laterally developed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 33 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum slightly concave anteriorly; anterior margin of mesoscutum rounding into dorsal margin; mesoscutellum weakly convex; propodeal dorsum distinct, subequal in length to vertical declivitous face.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres short, apically rounded; volsella reduced; aedeagus short and simple.</p><p>Wings consistently present. Forewing (Fig. 31 A): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) present and completely fused with Rs; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) absent; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 31 B): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein absent; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) absent; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) absent; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) absent.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Myrmelachista are distinguished by antenna with 9–10 segments, scape lacking erect macrosetae, and an enlarged first flagellomere. The petiolar node is distinctly nodiform. This combination of characters separates Myrmelachista from Plagiolepis and Brachymyrmex, both of which lack a nodiform petiole.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, Myrmelachista ramulorum has been recorded from Highland City, Florida. This species is considered introduced (Deyrup et al. 2000), but subsequent surveys suggest it may no longer be established in the state (Deyrup 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE26DD65D635546F8380A00934C1D7CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
0CAD42CD199C5242A0F1CAECC08434A4.text	0CAD42CD199C5242A0F1CAECC08434A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nylanderia Emery 1906	<div><p>Nylanderia Emery, 1906</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Nylanderia Emery, 1906 comprises ~ 30 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 28 A). Antenna with 12–13 segments. Small to medium-sized, overall length 2.5–4.5 mm. Mandible broad, triangular; masticatory margin with two denticles. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp longer than compound eye diameter and shorter than head length. Antennal insertions confluent with the posterior clypeal border. Scape usually with erect macrosetae, longer than head length but distinctly shorter than mesosoma length. Funiculus longer than mesosoma length; first flagellomere distinctly longer than second flagellomere in medial view. Frons with paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space laterally extended, approximately equal to the length of the first flagellomere.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 28 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum slightly oblique; anterior margin of mesoscutum meeting dorsal margin at a rounded angle; mesoscutellum almost straight; propodeal dorsum longer than declivitous face, meeting at a rounded angle.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres short to moderately elongate, apically rounded or weakly digitiform; volsella compact; aedeagus short.</p><p>Wings present or absent. Forewing (Fig. 25 E): pterostigma well-developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the endpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) present; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) shorter or subequal to the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 25 F): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter, not surpassing the junction with the cu-a vein.</p><p>Males of the following Nylanderia species are recorded as wingless in the Nearctic region: Nylanderia parasitica Messer, Cover &amp; Rabeling, 2020, Nylanderia deyrupi Messer, Cover &amp; Rabeling, 2020, Nylanderia deceptrix Messer, Cover &amp; LaPolla, 2016 .</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Nylanderia are recognized by the presence of erect macrosetae on the scape and frons. They most closely resemble males of Paratrechina but lack the extremely elongate appendages characteristic of that genus; the antenna and legs are comparatively shorter and more robust.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Species of Nylanderia are widely distributed across the United States, occurring from the Southeast (e. g., Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi) and Midwest (e. g., Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa, Missouri) to the Northeast (e. g., New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia) and western states (e. g., California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Washington). Members of the genus occupy a broad range of habitats, including pine – hardwood forests, bottomland hardwoods, sandhills, prairies, coastal scrub, and desert riparian zones, and are also common in urban and suburban environments (AntWeb 2025). Colonies typically nest in soil and leaf litter, beneath logs or stones, and within decaying wood.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0CAD42CD199C5242A0F1CAECC08434A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
64B93E67FCCB5019811CE049B40E78A7.text	64B93E67FCCB5019811CE049B40E78A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratrechina longicornis Latreille 1802	<div><p>Paratrechina longicornis Latreille, 1802</p><p>Figs 1 D, 9 A, 13 A, 13 B, 29 A, 29 B</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 29 A). Antenna with 13 segments. Medium-sized, overall length 3.5–5.5 mm. Mandible moderately broad, spatulate; masticatory margin with single apical tooth. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp as long as head. Antennal sockets contiguous with the posterior margin of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae; extremely long. Funiculus longer than mesosoma length; first flagellomere slightly shorter than the second flagellomere in medial view. Frons with paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space with an extended lateral border.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 29 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum slightly oblique; anterior margin of mesoscutum meeting dorsal margin at a rounded angle; mesoscutellum slightly convex; propodeal dorsum smoothly curved into declivitous face; propodeal angle effaced.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres elongate, apically rounded to weakly tapered; volsella well developed; aedeagus elongate.</p><p>Wings consistently present. Forewing (Fig. 25 G): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) present; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) shorter or subequal to the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 25 H): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter, not surpassing the junction with the cu-a vein.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Paratrechina longicornis are distinguished from Nylanderia by their extremely elongate scape lacking erect macrosetae and strongly surpassing the posterior head margin (scape shorter and with erect macrosetae in Nylanderia). They further differ by the presence of a single apical mandibular tooth, maxillary palps as long as the head, and a funiculus longer than the mesosoma.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Paratrechina longicornis exhibits broad ecological tolerance and occurs in a wide range of natural and anthropogenic habitats. In the Nearctic region, it is established outdoors across the southeastern United States from South Carolina to Florida and west to Texas, and also occurs in California and other southern states; farther north it is typically confined to indoor environments. Colonies nest in soil, debris, and structural cavities, and workers commonly forage in disturbed and urban habitats, reflecting the strongly synanthropic habits of this cosmopolitan tramp species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/64B93E67FCCB5019811CE049B40E78A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
6CC7318B886D5EC490F86DB70C1A8D5A.text	6CC7318B886D5EC490F86DB70C1A8D5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratrechina Motschoulsky 1863	<div><p>Paratrechina Motschoulsky, 1863</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Paratrechina Motschoulsky, 1863 is represented by the cosmopolitan species Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802) (Bolton 2025) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6CC7318B886D5EC490F86DB70C1A8D5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
64468B90A5605A5E837506849B24E658.text	64468B90A5605A5E837506849B24E658.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery 1894	<div><p>Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery, 1894</p><p>Figs 5 A, 6 D, 6 E, 7 C, 7 D, 8 A, 8 B, 37 A, 37 B</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 37 A). Antenna with 12 segments. Males minute, overall length 1.5–2.5 mm. Mandible relatively broad, subtriangular; masticatory margin with two or three teeth. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp slightly longer than compound eye. Antennal sockets directly contacting the posterior clypeal margin. Scape lacking erect macrosetae, slightly longer than head length. Funiculus shorter than mesosoma length; first flagellomere ~ 2 × the length of the second in medial view. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space laterally compressed, shorter than scape width.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 37 B): Dorsal margin of pronotum short and vertical; anterior margin of mesoscutum rounding into flat dorsal face; mesoscutellum weakly developed; propodeum with distinct dorsal face longer than declivitous face.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres short, apically rounded; volsella reduced; aedeagus short.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 34 E): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) absent; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 34 F): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein absent; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) absent; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) absent; free section of cubitus (Cu) absent; anal vein (A) absent.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Plagiolepis in the Nearctic region are minute ants recognized by the following characters: antenna 12 - segmented, scape lacking erect macrosetae, malar space relatively short, and the very small body size. They may resemble small males of Brachymyrmex, but differ in the higher antennal segmentation and the distinctive wing venation, notably the absence of the forewing crossvein 2 rs – m and the strongly reduced hindwing venation. These characters easily distinguish the genus from other Nearctic formicine genera.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, Plagiolepis alluaudi has been recorded from Florida (Chouvenc et al. 2018). The species is introduced and appears to occur primarily in disturbed habitats associated with human activity. Colonies typically nest in soil, leaf litter, or other sheltered microhabitats in warm environments.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/64468B90A5605A5E837506849B24E658	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
5081F048A6085607B1FFF8DB99273B89.text	5081F048A6085607B1FFF8DB99273B89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plagiolepis Mayr 1861	<div><p>Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861 is represented by the introduced species Plagiolepis alluaudi Emery, 1894 (Bolton 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5081F048A6085607B1FFF8DB99273B89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
2E905F881203526BBC6DF0F215136664.text	2E905F881203526BBC6DF0F215136664.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polyergus Latreille 1804	<div><p>Polyergus Latreille, 1804</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Polyergus Latreille, 1804 comprises approximately 12 valid species (Bolton 2025).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 24 A). Antenna with 12 segments. Medium-sized, overall length 4.5–6 mm. Mandible reduced, falcate, and denticulate, with the inner margin set far from the anterior clypeal margin. Palp formula: 4: 2 or 4: 3. Antennal sockets confluent with the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae; not reaching the posterior margin of the head. Funiculus shorter than mesosoma; first flagellomere not enlarged. Frons lacking paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space laterally well developed.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 24 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum slightly oblique and forms a right angle with its lateral margin; anterior margin of mesoscutum rounding and meeting the flat dorsal margin; mesoscutellum domelike; propodeum with distinct dorsal and declivitous face.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres elongate, apically narrow; volsella well developed; aedeagus elongate.</p><p>Wings present. Forewing (Fig. 22 C): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) present and completely fused with Rs; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) present; crossvein (2 rs-m) absent; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) longer than the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu and Rs + M combined. Hindwing (Fig. 22 D): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter than M + Cu.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Polyergus are readily recognized by their distinctive mandibular shape and reduced palp formula (4: 3 or 4: 2). They most closely resemble males of Formica but are generally more slender and differ in mandibular form and wing venation, notably by the absence of the forewing crossvein 2 rs – m.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Polyergus is patchily distributed, with species primarily occurring in the western United States, including California, Arizona, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Eastern populations are more scattered, with records from the Midwest, Great Plains, and parts of the Southeast, such as Georgia and Florida. Polyergus typically nests in soil, under stones, or in rotting wood, inhabiting a broad range of ecosystems, including coniferous and mixed forests, alpine meadows, prairies, chaparrals, riparian zones, and sandy or rocky woodland habitats. Their presence is closely tied to the availability of Formica hosts, with which they engage in obligate dulotic behavior, often conducting brood raids during the summer months.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E905F881203526BBC6DF0F215136664	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
4BFD06D7E75A5033A3DD273C3D2B6EFC.text	4BFD06D7E75A5033A3DD273C3D2B6EFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prenolepis imparis Say 1836	<div><p>Prenolepis imparis Say, 1836</p><p>Figs 10 A, 10 B, 30 A, 30 B</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Head (Fig. 30 A). Antenna with 13 segments. Medium-sized, overall length 4–6 mm. Mandible well developed; masticatory margin with a single apical tooth. Palp formula 6: 4; maxillary palp very long, reaching the occipital margin. Antennal sockets closely approximated to the posterior margin of the clypeus. Scape lacking erect macrosetae; barely surpassing the posterior margin of the head. Funiculus longer than mesosoma length; first flagellomere slightly shorter than second flagellomere in medial view. Frons without paired coarse macrosetae. Malar space laterally long.</p><p>Mesosoma (Fig. 30 B). Dorsal margin of pronotum inclined posteriorly; anterior margin of mesoscutum rounding and meeting the dorsal margin; mesoscutellum smoothly curved; propodeum evenly rounded, forming a continuous slope without a distinct base and declivity.</p><p>Male genitalia. Parameres moderately elongate, apically rounded; volsella well developed; aedeagus elongate.</p><p>Wings consistently present. Forewing (Fig. 25 I): pterostigma well developed; costal vein (C) present; fused subcostal and radial veins (Sc + R) present; cross vein (2 r-rs) connected with radial sector vein at the midpoint of pterostigma; radial sector-medial vein (Rs + M) absent; radial sector vein (Rs) reaching the costal margin; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; first medial-cubital crossvein (1 m-cu) absent; crossvein (2 rs-m) present; media vein (M) incomplete, not reaching the wing margin; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) proximal to junction between media and cubitus; anal vein (A) shorter or subequal to the fused medial-cubital vein M + Cu. Hindwing (Fig. 25 J): fused radius and radial sector vein (R + Rs) present; medial-cubital (M + Cu) vein present; fused radial sector-medial crossvein and medial vein (1 rs-m + M) present; cubital-anal crossvein (cu-a) present; free section of cubitus (Cu) present; anal vein (A) shorter, not surpassing the junction with the cu-a vein.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Males of Prenolepis imparis are recognized by relatively short scape without erect macrosetae and by the large eyes, which are longer than the postocular distance. They most closely resemble Nylanderia and Lasius, but differ in pilosity pattern and petiolar shape.</p><p>Biology and distribution.</p><p>Prenolepis imparis is widely distributed across the United States, with records from numerous states including Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. The species occurs in a variety of habitats, ranging from mesic hardwood and mixed forests to more xeric environments such as chaparral and sand pine scrub. Colonies typically nest in soil or beneath stones, logs, and decaying wood, and workers are frequently collected in leaf litter and at the bases of trees. The species also occurs in disturbed environments such as suburban yards, botanical gardens, roadsides, and urban parks (AntWeb 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4BFD06D7E75A5033A3DD273C3D2B6EFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
196DB825F8A85D9A8E9F1DB4EDD0601C.text	196DB825F8A85D9A8E9F1DB4EDD0601C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prenolepis Mayr 1861	<div><p>Prenolepis Mayr, 1861</p><p>Note.</p><p>In the Nearctic region, the genus Prenolepis Mayr, 1861 is represented by a single valid species, Prenolepis imparis (Say, 1836) (Bolton 2025) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/196DB825F8A85D9A8E9F1DB4EDD0601C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rasoamanana, Nicole;MacGown, Joe A.;Fisher, Brian L.;Hill, JoVonn G.	Rasoamanana, Nicole, MacGown, Joe A., Fisher, Brian L., Hill, JoVonn G. (2026): Male-based key to genera for the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Nearctic region. ZooKeys 1280: 1-43, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1280.176598
