identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BA1F87CDF9551B08FE5B7000D57DBAD6.text	BA1F87CDF9551B08FE5B7000D57DBAD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthus bogotensis .	<div><p>1. ANTHUS BOGOTENSIS.</p><p>Anthus rufescens, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. p. 27; D’Orb. Voy. p. 226 (nec A. rufescens, Temm.).</p><p>Anthus bogotensis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 109, pl. 101, et p. 144, 1858, p. 550, et Cat. A. B. p. 34; Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 157; Scl. et Salv. P. 2. S. 1870, p. 780 (Merida); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 509 (Peru); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 322 (param o of Pamplona).</p><p>This is a very well-marked and unmistakable species, distinguished at once from its congeners by its dark rufous colour above, variegated with black, by the uniform cinnamomeous rufous below, with only a few stripes on the breast and fore neck, and especially by the “wing-end ” being formed by five primaries instead of four, the fifth primary being but slightly shorter than the first four, which are equal and longest*.</p><p>* The European Anthus pratensis has occurred accidentally in Greenland, and at Norton Sound, Alaska. Cf. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 'North American Birds,’ i. p. 173.</p><p>† Salvin, ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, p. 9.</p><p>This Pipit appears to be exclusively an inhabitant of the grassy districts on the higher Andes. It was first discovered by D’Orbigny in Bolivia, on the grassy plateau of Biscachal, not far from Carcuata, in the province of Yungas, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet above the sea-level. I have examined D’Orbigny’s type in the Paris Museum, Mr. Buckley obtained specimens at Sical, in Bolivia, which are now in Salvin and Godman’s collectiou. Mr. Jelski met with it at Maraynioc and Junin, in Centra1,Peru; one of his skins is in my collection. Mr. Fraser obtained a single example (also in my collection) in June 1858, in Ecuador, near Titiacuu, high up on the volcano El Altar, “running on the ground amongst the grass; ” and I have other examples from the district of Quito. Further north Mr. Wyatt obtained the same species on the Paramo of Pamplona, U. S. of Columbia, and Mr. Goering near Merida, in Venezuela, “ in the upper Paramo region; ” so that it is doubtless widely distributed over the higher Andes of South America.</p><p>My original description of Anthus bogotensis was based upon " Bogota ” skins, of which I have seen many. I have retained the name, although subsequent to D’Orbignq’s, so as to avoid the confusion of this species with Anthus rufescens of Temminck.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA1F87CDF9551B08FE5B7000D57DBAD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sclater, P. L.	Sclater, P. L. (1878): Mr. P. L. Sclater on the Neotropical Pipits. Ibis 20 (3): 356-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18470904
BA1F87CDF9571B0FFE4B777AD520BE34.text	BA1F87CDF9571B0FFE4B777AD520BE34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthus chii .	<div><p>2. ANTHUS CHII.</p><p>El chii, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 6, no. cxlvi.</p><p>Anthus chii, Vieill. N. D. xxvi. p. 490, et E. M. p. 326 (3); D’Orb.Voy. Ois. p. 225 (?); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 85 (?); Licht. Doubl. p. 37 (certè).</p><p>Anthus rufus, Pelz. Om. Bras. p. 69.</p><p>Anthus turdinus, Merrem, Ersch u. Grub. Em. iv. p. 290 (ex Azara).</p><p>It is of course quite impossible to say positively what the "Chií" of Azara, and consequently the Anthus chii of Vieillot, may have been. All we can decide from Azara’s description is that the "Chii ” (thus designated by him from its note when it descends to the ground from the air) is a second species of Paraguayan Anthus, smaller than the “Correndera ”*. By many authors A. chii has been considered to be the same as the next species. But the specimen which I received some years ago, in exchange from the Berlin Museum, under this name, and which is consequently, at all events, the A. chii of Lichtenstein, is not identical with the little A. rufus, but is decidedly larger and distinct.</p><p>Anthus chii, then, if this be its correct name, is a bird much resembling A. bogotensis, but decidedly smallel in size. The under surface is nearly uniform pale fulvous, pder on the throat and belly, but not passing into white or yellowish white on the latter part as in A. rufus.</p><p>Besides the specimen received from Berlin, as above mentioned, which mas collected by Sello in Southern Brazil or Uruguay, I have seen but two examples of this species, both bearing Natterer’s number 463. Of one of them in my awn collection the exact locality is not marked; the other, which Hr. v. Pelzeln has kindly lent me, is from Curytiba.</p><p>This is consequently the ‘( Anthus rufus, Gmel.,” of Pelzeln, but not tlie A. rufus commonly so called. Natterer met with it on the steppes (i. e. campos) of Inner Brazil, near Curytiba, and says that its song is different from that of the Rio bird, which dwells in the swamps (i. e. the next species)*. In both my specimens the wings are not quite perfect; but, so far as I can judge by them, the fifth primary is but very slightly shorter than the fourth (as in A. bogotensis); and this is decidedly the case in the skin belonging to the Vienna Museum.</p><p>* Length 4 5/6, instead of 5 5/6 Spanish inches.</p><p>The dimensions of the three specimens are as follows:-</p><p>On the whole, I think it extremely probable that this species is the true ‘‘ Chii ” of Azara, as it is much more likely that this bird of the Pampas should occur in Paraguay than the next-following species, which has not yet been recognized so far south.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA1F87CDF9571B0FFE4B777AD520BE34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sclater, P. L.	Sclater, P. L. (1878): Mr. P. L. Sclater on the Neotropical Pipits. Ibis 20 (3): 356-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18470904
BA1F87CDF9501B0DFE45700DD471BEB3.text	BA1F87CDF9501B0DFE45700DD471BEB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthus rufus .	<div><p>3. ANTHUS RUFUS.</p><p>Le variole, Buff. Hist. Nat. v. p. 348.</p><p>Petite alouette de Buenos Ayres, Buff. P1. Enl. 738. fig. 1.</p><p>Alauda rufa, Gm. S. N. i. p. 798.</p><p>Alauda bonariensis, Bonn. Enc. MCth. p. 317 (ex Buffon).</p><p>Anthus rufus, Merrem, Ersch u. Grub. Enc. iv. p. 290; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 118; Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p. 322; Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 156; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 173, et p. 568 (W. Peru).</p><p>Anthus parvus, Lawr. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1865, p. 106; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 135.</p><p>Anthus chii, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 75, p1. lxxvi. fig. 2 (?); Max. Beitr. iii. p. 631 (?); Pelzeln, Om. Bras. p. 69 (certk); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 569; Tacz. P. Z. 8.1874, p. 506 (Lima).</p><p>Anthus lutescens, Lesson, Tr, d’Orn. p. 424 t (descr. nulla).</p><p>* Pelzeln, Om. Bras. 1. a. c.</p><p>† Cf. Pucheran, Arch. d. Mus . vii. p, 343,</p><p>Anthus peruvianus, Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 291 (?)</p><p>This little Anthus is at once recognizable by its small size, the wiEg barely exceeding 2 1/2inches in any specimens, and being generally less. It is with some hesitation that I continue to use for it the name ‘‘ rufus,” bestowed by Gmelin upon the " Petite alouette de Buenos Ayres,” otherwise “ Le variole" of Buffon. If the bird so designated was really obtained by Commerson upon the banks of the Bio de la Plata, as Buffon tells us, it is much more likely to have been A. correndera; and Burmeister has actually applied Gmelin’s term to the latter species. But errors in locality are not very uncommonin Buffon’s works, as every one knows; and, taking this view, I will continue to call this little species by the name applied to it by Messrs. Lawrence and Baird. This is the more convenient because I have just shown that the name chii, often used for it, most probably belongs elsewhere.</p><p>Anthus rufus, then, as we will call it, has an extensive range. It is not uncommon in Rio collections, and is, I believe, the only species found in that part of Brazil. Natterer obtained ten examples of it near Rio, “ on the puddles in the roads and in the swamps” (no. 168 of his collection). In Sal.vin and Godman’s collection is a skin forwarded from Bahia by Dr. n’ucherer. Proceeding northwards, I have a skin of this species obtained by Mr. Wallace on the island of Mexiana, at the mouth of the Amazons, where, Mr. Wallace tells us, it is “tolerably plentiful on the open dry plains.” From Guiana I have seen but a single immature specimen, in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution (no. 70,695). A single skin in my own collection is labelled Trinidad, but was perhaps obtained in the savannahs of the opposite coast of Venezuela, whence many “ Trinidad ” skins are certainly derived. I have also before me two specimens from Panama (one of which is the type of A. parvus of Lawrence) and one from Veragua; and I fully share Mr. Salvin’s views (given P. z. S. 1867, p. 135) as to the difficulty of separating these from Brazilian examples.</p><p>Going now to the west coast of South America, I have under my eyes three skins from Lima (Nation), and two from Southern Peru, Islay, and Arequipa (Whitely), which belong to the recently described A. peruvianus of Mr. Nicholson. After examining them, and considering the differential characters pointed out by Mr. Nicholson, I do not find these characters hold when the whole series is examined. In one of my Lima skins the outer tail-feathers are quite as white as in Brazilian specimens; and there is every variety as regards the white edgings of the wing-coverts, taking the series as a whole, though this feature is most pronounced in the Peruvian birds, and least apparent in the Central-American specimens. I admit that the yellow tinge of the abdomen is not apparent in the so-called A. peruvianus; but this is, in my opinion, not sufficient to found a species upon, and this tinge is likewise deficient in the Central-American skins.</p><p>The length of the hind claw in my ten specimens of this species varies from 0.50 to about 0.38 inch.</p><p>If the three forms of this species shall be ultimately established as distinct, it would be better to reject the term rufus altogether as void for uncertainty, and to use lutescens for the Brazilian form, parvus for the Central-American, and peruvianus for the Western bird.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA1F87CDF9501B0DFE45700DD471BEB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sclater, P. L.	Sclater, P. L. (1878): Mr. P. L. Sclater on the Neotropical Pipits. Ibis 20 (3): 356-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18470904
BA1F87CDF9521B03FE44709ED59BBFBE.text	BA1F87CDF9521B03FE44709ED59BBFBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthus correndera	<div><p>4. ANT HUS CORRENDERA .</p><p>La correndera, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 2.</p><p>Anthus correndera, Vieill. N. D. xxvi. p. 491, et E. M. p. 325; D'Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 225; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 85; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 24; id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 384 (Falklands), 1867, p. 321 (Chili), 1872, p. 548 (Rio Negro); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 2868, p. 139 (Buenos Ayres); Hudson, Z. S. 1873, p. 771 (habits); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 95 (nest).</p><p>Anthus rufus (Gm.), Burm. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 474.</p><p>Anthus -, Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 158.</p><p>Corydalla chilensis, Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 298.</p><p>Anthus calcaratus, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 507 (T).</p><p>In Chili, Patagonia, and all over the pampas of Buenos Ayres this Pipit appears to be abundant. Mr. Hudson (l. s. c.) has given us an excellent account of its habits-in the Argentine Republic, and says it is the only Aathus known to him there. I have an example obtained by him near Conchitas, a series of four from Santiago, Chili (Landbeck), and a single skin from the Falkland Islands, besides an odd Chilian specimen. In these birds, and in others now before me, there is considerable variation in the length of the hind claw; but as a general rule the hind claw is long and rather straight, measuring in the longest-clawed specimens 0.7 inch in a straight line from the base to the tip, but in others not quite reaching 0.5.</p><p>As a general rule, the second anterior rectrix in A. correndera is white at its tip; and this white colour is continued in a narrow line along the inside of the shaft, nearly down to the base of the feather, the shaft itself being white down quite to the base. But in a large series there will he found exceptions to this rule. In some cases the white line extends only halfway down the feather; and in one of my specimens (6 adult, ex Chili, Landbeck) it extends only about a third down on one side, and two thirds on the other, which proves that this is a variable character.</p><p>Mr. Taczanowski has most kindly sent me for examination the type ofhis Anthus calcaratus . My impression is that this is a freshly-moulted example of the present species. The outer rectrix is wholly white, with a black patch on the inner web at the base; and the second rectrix is coloured quite after the usual pattern of A. cornendera. The specimen is certainly rather more rufescent on the breast than any example of A. correndera I have seen; but I think this may be due to its recent moult, as is the case in other Pipits. In the length of the hind claw it is exceeded by some of Mr. Hudson's BuenosAyres specimens. The fifth primary is about equal to the first in length, the sixth being rather more than 0.2 inch shorter.</p><p>I have also carefully examined the two skins (21,035 and 26,362 of the Smithsonian Institution) described by Prof. Baird in his ' Review,' p. 158, but not named, and have come to the conclusion that they must be referred to this species. I have no doubt that Prof. Baird is correct in supposing that the latter is of the same origin as the former (Uruguay), and did not come from any part of North America. These two specimens are peculiar in having the breast-spots nearly lineiform, and not expanded into arrow-heads. This is especially the case in no. 21,035. But I can very nearly match this in other skins. The hind claw in both specimens is rather short; and there is but a slight extension of the white line downwards in the second external rectrix. As regards the conformation of the primaries, upon which Prof. Baird lays so much stress, I find on examining a large series of A. correndera much variation in this part of the structure. The fifth primary is generally rather shorter than the first, and the second, third, and fourth nearly equal and longest. But in some skins the first primary fully equals, and even exceeds, the next three in length; and the fifth is then definitely shorter than the first four.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA1F87CDF9521B03FE44709ED59BBFBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sclater, P. L.	Sclater, P. L. (1878): Mr. P. L. Sclater on the Neotropical Pipits. Ibis 20 (3): 356-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18470904
BA1F87CDF95C1B02FE497183D4C7B3F1.text	BA1F87CDF95C1B02FE497183D4C7B3F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthus furcatus	<div><p>5. ANTHUS FURCATUS .</p><p>Anthus furcatus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. p. 27; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 227; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 85 (La Plata).</p><p>Anthus brevirostris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,p. 507 (Peru).</p><p>I have compared one of Mr. Taczanowski’s specimens of his Anthus brevirostris with the type of A. furcatus at Paris, and believe I may say that they belong to the same species. Whether, however, it will be ultimately possible to keep this form distinct from A. correndera I am not quite so certain. One of Mr. Hudson’s skins from Conchitas in my collection and two others in the Smithsonian series, all marked " Cachila ” by Mr. Hudson, and not distinguished by him from A. correndera, certainly cannot be separated from A. furcatus .</p><p>The characters of this species (if, as I say, it is to be kept distinct) are the smaller bill, short and more curved hind claw, less spotted under surface, and different markings of the second outer rectrix. There are slight variations in all these points, which render i t difficult, to say the least of it, to decide in every case to which of the two specips a particular specimen is to be referred, though when two such extremes are compared as Taczanowski’s A. calcaratus and A. brevirostris it is somewhat startling to affirm that they ought to be put together. For the present, at any rate, I keep them distinct.</p><p>In A. furcatus, then, the outer rectrix is pure white, with a broad black patch on the inner web, beginning at the base, and extending up to within one third of the length of the feather from the tip. Towards the tip there is likewise more or less indication of a narrow black patch on the outer web. In the second rectrix (see fig. 2 a) there is a very clear and distinct broad white line along the inner side of the shaft, the remaining (outer portion) of the inner web being quite black. This is obviously a mere augmentation of the corresponding colours in A. correndera; but the colours are much more definite.</p><p>D’Orbigny gives Patagonia and High Bolivia as the patria of his Anthus furcatus. If my views as to his species are correct, it also occurs near Buenos Ayres and in Central Peru, having nearly the same range as A. correndera . The question is, Is it really separable from that species?</p><p>I n three examples of A. f w c a t u s before me the two middle rectrices are slightly shorter than the others, and the tail may be said t o be slightly forked. But I also observe this feature in some specimens of A. corredera.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA1F87CDF95C1B02FE497183D4C7B3F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sclater, P. L.	Sclater, P. L. (1878): Mr. P. L. Sclater on the Neotropical Pipits. Ibis 20 (3): 356-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18470904
BA1F87CDF95E1B07FE4F7439D593BE3E.text	BA1F87CDF95E1B07FE4F7439D593BE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthus nattereri Sclater 1878	<div><p>6. ANTHUS NATTERERI, sp. nov. (Pl. X.)</p><p>Anthus correndera, Pelz. Om. Bras. p. 69 (Natt. no. 441).</p><p>The bird which Hr. v. Pelzeln has placed, in his excellent memoir on Natterer’s collection, under the name A. correndera seems to me to be quite distinct from that species; and I propose to rename it after its discoverer. I have one skin in my own collection, received in exchange from Vienna; and Hr. v. Pelzeln has kindly lent me a second.</p><p>The short thick bill (fig. 3 a) seems to render this bird distinct from any other American species known to me. The plumage is altogether more tawny or rufous; there is a pretty distinct eye-stripe; the strize on the breast are few and lineiform; and the legs are rather stout. The hind claw is unfortunately imperfect in one specimen; in the other it is long and slender (see fig. 3 b).</p><p>The wings are shorter than in A. correndera . The first four primaries are equal, or nearly so, in length; and the fifth is about 125 inch shorter, the sixth more than as much shorter again. But too much stress should never be placed upon wing-formulae, as the proportions will always be found to vary when a series is examined.</p><p>The tail is rounded at the end, and the feathers are very pointed. The outer rectrix is pale smoky, with a slight black elongated patch towards the base on the inner web. This black patch is much increased in the second rectrix, occupying more than half the web, and leaving only a smoky white line along the shaft, which increases in breadth towards the tip. There is a slight white tip to the third outer pair, the rest of which, along with the six others, is black, the two middle rectrices being margined with rufous, like the back.</p>Long . tota. in. Alae. in.Caudae. in.Tarsi. in.Ung. post. in.Mus. P. L. S. ........5.42.92.50.90.7Mus. Vindob., ........5.02.82.20.2..<p>In the latter specimen the tail-feathers are not quite fully developed, I think.</p><p>Natterer obtained his specimens of this Anthus during his third journey, in the south of the province of Sao Paulo in July and August 1820, at Pescaria, Rio Verde, and Ytarare. He remarks that it frequents the grassy plains, and likes to run on the roads.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA1F87CDF95E1B07FE4F7439D593BE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sclater, P. L.	Sclater, P. L. (1878): Mr. P. L. Sclater on the Neotropical Pipits. Ibis 20 (3): 356-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18470904
BA1F87CDF9581B07FE6C7004D482B3FE.text	BA1F87CDF9581B07FE6C7004D482B3FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthus	<div><p>According to our present state of information, therefore, I am inclined to discriminate six species of Neotropical Pipits</p><p>(not counting Anthus ludovicianus, which only occurs in Gua-temala), somewhat as follows:</p><p>a. Bill slender j tail-feathers rounded.</p><p>a'. External rectrices smoky; under surface of body tawny.</p><p>larger, wing 3.2 1. A. bogotensis .</p><p>smaller, wing 2.8. 2. A. chii .</p><p>b'. External rectrices white; under surface of body white or yellowish.</p><p>a". Very small, wing 2.5 .................... 3. A. rufus .</p><p>b". Larger, wing 3.0 to 3.2.</p><p>hind claw long and straight 4. A. correndera .</p><p>hind claw short and curred 5. A.furcatus .</p><p>b. Bill stout; tail-feathers pointed 6. A. nattereri .</p><p>These characters may seem somewhat undecided perhaps, but not more undecided, I think, than the species themselves to which I have applied them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA1F87CDF9581B07FE6C7004D482B3FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sclater, P. L.	Sclater, P. L. (1878): Mr. P. L. Sclater on the Neotropical Pipits. Ibis 20 (3): 356-368, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18470904
