identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B4053C3A2568453BFF5BFE296CACFA53.text	B4053C3A2568453BFF5BFE296CACFA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus pallidus Smith 1857	<div><p>Identification key for species of the group of Z. pallidus</p><p>1. Distal lamella of T 2 flat, not bent or curled upward (Figs 13, 29)................................................ 2</p><p>- Lamella of T 2 curled upwards, at least medially (e.g., Figs 1, 2, 3).............................................. 6</p><p>2. Metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process projecting backwards (Figs 56, 57)........ 3</p><p>- Metanotum lateral margin raised and carinate but hardly projecting backwards, sometimes forming a posterior tuberculiform round protuberance (Fig. 55)............................................................................ 5</p><p>3. Mesoscutum coarsely and closely punctate; critical distance of subhumeral area about equal to one midocellus diameter (Fig. 69); tegula elongate behind, with triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum (male unknown)...................................................................................... Z. bardus Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>- Mesoscutum primarily striate rather than punctate; critical distance of subhumeral area wider, 1.5 to 2 midocellus diameters (see Fig. 70); tegula variable, but at least shortened to some extent behind (e.g., Figs 71, 72).......................... 4</p><p>4. Tegula strongly truncate behind, posterior lobe nearly transverse; mesoscutum with black paired submedian integumental swellings (welts); propodeum with apical lamella strongly angled out; apex of male clypeus strongly arcuate and bidentate; male 13th antennal flagellomere pointed, subconical, not at all truncate (Fig. 79)............... Z. corcovadensis Zavattari</p><p>- Tegula not quite truncate behind, posterior lobe pointing obliquely inwards; mesoscutum without submedian welts; propodeum with apical lamella not so angularly produced as above; apex of male clypeus much less arcuate and bidentate; male 13th antennal flagellomere shortened, nearly truncate (female unknown)............................... Z. silvicola Cooper</p><p>5. Pronotum above closely reticulate-punctate (Fig. 29); lateral face of propodeum with moderate to weak striae; propodeal apical lamella narrow, not angled out; T 1 with punctures mostly contiguous beyond spiracle; black with extensive reddish areas (Fig. 13).................................................................................... Z. productus Fox</p><p>- Pronotum above cross striate; lateral of propodeum with very strong striae; propodeal apical lamella small but distinctly angled out; T 1 with punctures well separated beyond spiracle; black with yellow marks (female unknown) ... Z. clio Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>6. Mesoscutum with very distinctive elongate paired submedian integumental swellings (welts) (Figs 17, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32).............................................................................................. 7</p><p>- Mesoscutum without such welts (Figs 21, 22, 23, 31)........................................................ 13</p><p>7. Propodeal lateral carina low and uniformly raised along its length (Fig. 58); tegula distinctly truncated behind, posterior angular lobe small and transversal (Figs 17, 26, 71, 72).............................................................. 8</p><p>- Propodeal lateral carina higher, especially at middle (Fig. 60); tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with posterior angular lobe pointing inward obliquely to the center of the metanotum................................... 9</p><p>8. Tegula more strongly truncate behind, lateral posterior margin somewhat produced outwards, posterior margin transverse with inner corner as a small fine lobe, tegula mainly black with yellow marks in front and behind (Figs 26, 27); male clypeus with less produced lateral teeth (Fig. 42); T 2 black with yellow lateral spots and distal marginal band ... Z. alogus Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>- Tegula slightly less truncate behind, lateral posterior margin not produced outwards, posterior margin transverse but inner corner as wider angular lobe, tegula mainly translucent very light brown with yellow marks in front and behind (Fig. 17); male clypeus with very salient lateral teeth (Fig. 33); T 2 and S2 mostly reddish testaceous (besides yellow lateral spots and distal marginal band) (female unknown).......................................................... Z. aikewa sp. nov.</p><p>9. Pronotal pretegular carina abnormally developed, its normal course being disrupted (Figs 65, 66); T 1 dorsally with strong flattened bristles and scale-like setae..................................................................... 10</p><p>- Pronotal pretegular carina distinct, with normal course until it meets dorsal posterior corner of pronotum (Figs 65, 66); T 1 with flattened bristles only................................................................................. 11</p><p>10. Distal lamella of T 2 bent and elevated only at center (Figs 53, 54); mesoscutum reticulate-punctate; legs painted of black and yellow (Fig. 4) (female unknown).......................................................... Z. baniwa sp. nov.</p><p>- Distal lamella of T 2 regularly bent and elevated from side to side (Fig. 12); mesoscutum striatopunctate to striate; legs totally yellow................................................................................. Z. pallidus Smith</p><p>11. Pronotal pretegular carina just distinct, not very prominent (Fig. 67); distal lamella of T 2 very strongly and uniformly curled nearly from side to side, raised part wider than its horizontal anterior counterpart; sculpture of mesoscutum distinctly striate; propodeal apical lamella as a low round lobe............................................. Z. trispinosus Zavattari</p><p>- Pronotal pretegular carina very strong and prominent (Fig. 68); posterior border of the lamella of T 2 not so strongly raised, and noticeably lower at sides; sculpture of mesoscutum closely striatopunctate; propodeal apical lamella as a more distinct angular lobe............................................................................................... 12</p><p>12. Posterior lobe of tegula small and angularly pointed; sculpture of frons striate but with interspersed punctiform patterns (Fig. 40); sculpture of middle section of T 1 less dense, with shining interstices measuring two to four puncture diameters (Fig. 61); flat bristles of T 1 narrower (male unknow)................................................. Z. pracuuba sp. nov.</p><p>- Posterior lobe of tegula distinctly larger, wider and more roundly pointed; sculpture of frons exclusively striate (Fig. 35); sculpture of middle section of T 1 more dense, not with such very large interstices (Fig. 62); flat bristles of T 1 wider......................................................................................... Z. amapaensis sp. nov.</p><p>13. Propodeum posteriorly with a lateral narrow pouch (like a perforation) just anterior to valvular region; distal lamella of T 3 narrowed medially, and divided in three fairly distinct sectors (Fig. 52).......................................... 14</p><p>- Propodeum without a lateral pouch near valve; distal lamella of T 3 undivided.................................... 15</p><p>14. Propodeum without submedian carina, or with a very short one just near the anterior margin, and with apical lamella well developed and distinctly angled out (Fig. 50); first metasomal segment quite elongate (T 1 length 1.40 X height of mesopleuron) and less expanded at middle (width at middle 0.42 X length of T 1), sides of the expanded sector from above less converging apically (width at middle 1.23 X width at apex) (Figs 49, 50, 74B) (male unknown).................. Z. roridus Zavattari</p><p>- Propodeum with submedian carina distinct and well developed, apical lamella narrow and not angled out; first metasomal segment much shorter (T 1 length 1.11 X height of mesopleuron) and far more expanded at middle (width at middle 0.50 X length of T 1), sides of the expanded sector more converging apically (width at middle 1.36 X width at apex) (Fig. 74A) (male unknown)............................................................................. Z. shipibo sp. nov.</p><p>15. Mesoscutum exclusively (and very strongly) striate (Fig. 32); anterior margin of metanotum with a distinct median keel; male last flagellomere shortened, roundly truncate (Figs 16, 48); lamella of T 2 strongly raised and higher at center; color black with numerous rather extensive yellow marks, sides of T 2 with large yellow or orange yellow spots................................................................................................... Z. restrepoicus Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>- Mesoscutum striatopunctate or reticulate-punctate; anterior margin of metanotum without a median keel or at most with vestiges of one; lamella of T 2 evenly raised from side to side; mostly black wasps, yellow marks rather unimportant............ 16</p><p>16. Metanotum lateral margin raised and forming behind a lamellate lobe that nonetheless does not project so strongly backwards (Fig. 57); pronotal pretegular carina disrupted or incompletely developed........................................ 17</p><p>- Metanotum lateral margin raised and forming behind a distinct lamellate spinous process projecting backwards, making the posterior margin of the metanotum as seen from above distinctly concave (Fig. 56); pronotal pretegular carina variable... 20</p><p>17. Wings hyaline (Figs 5,7); distal bent border of the lamella of T 2 higher, with raised part about as wide or wider than its horizontal anterior counterpart; sides of propodeum with less numerous and weaker striae, mainly above............... 18</p><p>- Wings infumated (Figs 6, 15, 22, 31), membrane darker; distal bent border of the lamella of T 2 quite low; sides of propodeum with numerous strong and elongate striae (Fig. 59).......................................................... 19</p><p>18. Raised part of distal lamella of T 2 higher, at center being wider than its horizontal anterior counterpart; T 1 more elongate with sides less converging apically; sculpture of T 1 stronger, with punctures larger and coalescent (Fig. 63) (male unknown).......................................................................................... Z. lionani sp. nov.</p><p>- Raised part of distal lamella of T 2 lower, at center being narrower than its horizontal anterior counterpart; T 1 less elongate with sides distinctly converging apically; sculpture of T 1 with smaller less dense punctures (Fig. 64) (male unknown)........................................................................................... Z. nambikwara sp. nov.</p><p>19. Sculpture of mesoscutum reticulate (macropunctate-areolate) (Fig. 31); critical distance of the pronotal subhumeral area relatively wider, ca. two midocellus diameters; propodeal lateral carina uniformly low along its length, apical lamella undefined (male unknown)................................................................. Z. caracis Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>- Sculpture of mesoscutum closely striatopunctate (Fig. 22); critical distance of pronotal subhumeral area narrower, ca. 1.5 (or less) midocellus diameters; propodeal lateral carina clearly interrupted behind, apical lamella as a definite angular lobe (male unknown)............................................................................ Z. miranha sp. nov.</p><p>20. Sculpture of frons striatopunctate; mesoscutum reticulate-punctate; first metasomal segment quite elongate (T 1 length 1.40 X height of mesopleuron) and less expanded at middle (width at middle 0.42 X length of T 1), sides of the expanded sector as seen from above less converging apically (width at middle 1.23 X width at apex) (male unknown)..... Z. arotus Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>- Both frons and mesoscutum striatopunctate; first metasomal segment much more robust or even subglobose............ 21</p><p>21. Male clypeus with apex strongly arcuate and bidentate (Fig. 41); male antenna with last flagellomere broad and roundly truncate (Fig. 78) (female unknown)................................................. Z. alacris Bohart &amp; Stange</p><p>- Male clypeus with apex much less arcuate and bidentate, nearly straight; male antenna with apex hook-like, last flagellomere as a roundly pointed cone (female unknown)................................................ Z. sculpturalis Smith</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A2568453BFF5BFE296CACFA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A256F4539FF5BF937689DF941.text	B4053C3A256F4539FF5BF937689DF941.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus aikewa Oliveira & Gomes  2025	<div><p>Zethus aikewa Gomes &amp; Silveira, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1, 17, 33, 58, 71, 75, 80–82)</p><p>Diagnosis. Small sized wasp, wing length 9 mm; distal lamella of T2 curled upward from side to side, highest in the center; only T2 with scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; mesoscutum with very distinctive welts; tegula truncate behind, lateral posterior margin not produced outwards, posterior margin transverse, mainly translucent very light brown with yellow marks in front and behind (Fig. 17); propodeal lateral carina low and uniformly raised along its length; male clypeus with very salient lateral teeth (Fig. 33); T2 and S2 mostly reddish testaceous (besides yellow lateral spots and distal marginal band).</p><p>Description. MALE. Wing length 9 mm; antennal article 13 depressed, with a somewhat curved profile, reaching the apex of the flagellomere viii; clypeus wider than high, Cl_H/ W 0.62, with very salient lateral teeth, ventral margin in apical view not transversely sulcated; interantennal area with a strong median vertical carinate ridge; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definite edged border only at sides of the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.0 mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum wider than long, Msc_L/ W 0.82, with distinct welts measuring 0.32X length of the; tegula slightly less truncate behind, lateral posterior margin not produced outwards, posterior margin transverse but inner corner as wider angular lobe; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel; process of metanotum lateral margin hight and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel; propodeum with submedian carina well developed and morphologically related to distinctive striae on dorsolateral area of the propodeum; propodeal lateral carina low and uniformly raised along its length; propodeal apical lamella a little projecting as a small angular lobe; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 short and subglobose; distal lamella of T2 curled upward from side to side, upward only at the center; distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side. Genitalia similar to that of Z. corcovadensis, but volsella covered with long hairs, digitus less elongate and recurved, anterior extremity of aedeagus forming a rounded lobe, basal apodemes less recurved inwards, anterior free extremities nearly parallel, aedeagus lateral apodemes large, broadly rounded.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons and vertex striatopunctate; pronotum above with macropunctation; mesoscutum striatopunctate; scutellum striatopunctate; propodeum centrally with fine micropunctation, and with quite striae on dorsal region outwards from submedian carina and on the lateral surface; T1 with conspicuous dense pattern of rather large mesopunctures dorsally and posteriorly; T2 with dense regular micropunctures.</p><p>Vestiture. Head with few erect hairs, denser on clypeus and gena; mesoscutum with very short hairs; propodeum with pale appressed pubescence and with more sparse longer hairs; T1 with straight strong moderately flattened bristles, and T2 with flattened bristles and scale-like setae.</p><p>Color. Black with T2 and S2 mostly reddish testaceous, and many yellow areas and marks as follows: basal part of mandible; ventral surface of antennal scape; broad semicircular mark on most of clypeus, letting a central black area; two dots above antennal sockets; transversal uninterrupted band adjacent to pronotal carina; small upper mesepisternal mark; mesoscutal welts; anterior and posterior small marks on tegula; two lateral marks on scutellum; transversal band on metanotum, small mark on mid and posterior coxa; femur e tibia de large elongate marks on external surface of all femora and tibiae; apical band on T1, joining quite broad and elongated symmetrical lateral areas extending to beyond spiracle; diffuse lateral mark distal and band on T2 and S2; light brown are: underside of antennal apex; apical area of mandible; most of the tegula; tarsal articles generally.</p><p>FEMALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: PA (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, 1♂, Brazil, Pará, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Serra das Andorinhas — Sta Cruz—Margem Rio, 1–10.xii.2004, Coleta Manual, I. S. Gorayeb, A. Tavares, J. M. F. Ribeiro, L. A. S. Sousa col. (MPEG).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to the Aikewa, indigenous people living in the Sororó indigenous territory, in the Municipality of São Geraldo do Araguaia (Pará).</p><p>Remarks. The species is known only from the male holotype. It is similar to Z. alogus but can be distinguished from it by the tegula less truncate behind, and by the very salient lateral teeth on apical margin of the male clypeus. The collecting locality of Z. aikewa sp. nov. is ca. 500 km south of the city of Belém, a reference location for the distribution of Z. alogus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A256F4539FF5BF937689DF941	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A256D4538FF5BF8886AC6F91D.text	B4053C3A256D4538FF5BF8886AC6F91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus alacris Bohart & Stange 1965	<div><p>Zethus alacris Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965</p><p>(Figs 9, 25, 41, 78)</p><p>Zethus alacris Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965: 81 .</p><p>Holotype, ♂, Brazil, Amazonas, Tefé, 20.vi.1905, A. Ducke. (MPEG) [examined].</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium to large size, wing length 11 mm; distal lamella of T2 curled upward regularly from side to side; T1 and T2 with conspicuous scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; male antenna with last flagellomere broad and roundly truncate (Fig. 78); male clypeus with ventral margin strongly arcuate and bidentate (Fig. 41); mesoscutum striatopunctate, without welts; scutellum strongly convex, laterally compressed, and with strong striae posteriorly; anterior metanotal margin without median keel; propodeal lateral carina abruptely elevated at middle; T1 short, subglobose.</p><p>Redescription. MALE. Wing length 11 mm; mandible with apical teeth 1 and 2 looking as if fused, no indentation in-between, forming a large single apical element; antenna with apex broadly truncate; clypeus with ventral margin strongly arcuate and bidentate; interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge crossed at middle by a transverse blunt protuberance; occipital carina well raised centro-dorsally, but lower at sides, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a blunt border just behind the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; mesoscutum wider than long (Msc_L/ W 0.92), without notaulices or welts; tegula well expanded posterolaterally but with general contour as an elongate oval, and with distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum strongly convex, laterally compressed, and with strong striae posteriorly; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin without a median keel; propodeum with submedian carina developed close to anterior margin; lateral carina well developed and abruptly elevated at middle; propodeal apical lamella undifferentiated; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 short and subglobose (proportional “size”: T1 /Mpl ca. 1.15; width: T1 md_W/ T1 0.56; convexity: T1 md_ H/ T1 0.47; divergence base-apex: T1 _Wap/St 2.23; apical convergence: T1 _Wmd/ap 1.47); distal lamella of T2 curled upward regularly from side to side; distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side. Genitalia (as figured by Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 200, figs 273, 274) very similar to Z. corcovadensis, digitus equally densely covered with long hairs but a little less recurved; aedeagus basally as a broad structure terminating anteriorly in a short acuminate angular lobe, basal apodemes a little shorter, equally recurved inwards but with folding less angular, extremities converging according to an angle of ca. 65 degrees, distal intromittent element of aedeagus quite slender, middle section with lateral process round but fairly projecting.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons striatopunctate; vertex striate; pronotum and mesoscutum striatopunctate; scutellum mostly punctate, but with strong striae near posterior margin; propodeum with rather weak striae on lateral aspect; T1 smooth and shining anteriorly, but with conspicuous dense pattern of intermixed micro and mesopunctures dorsally and posteriorly; T2 with dense regular micropunctures; S2 with conspicuous not very dense macropunctures.</p><p>Vestiture. Head with few erect hairs, denser on frons; mesoscutum with very short inconspicuous hairs; propodeum with pale appressed pubescence and with more sparse longer hairs; T1 and T2 with scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow as follows: moderate basal spot on mandible; broad semicircular ventral marginal band on clypeus; two dots above antennal sockets; fading stripe beneath antennal scape; narrow transversal band adjacent to pronotal carina; very small paired lateral dots on scutellum, and still smaller ones on metanotum; elongated apical marks on fore and mid femora, and practically whole external surface of all tibiae; apical band on T1, connected to irregular mark on lateral surface up to the spiracle; T2 and S2 reddish, remaining segments brown.</p><p>FEMALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Remarks. Known only from the male holotype, Z. alacris has rather unique morphology with the clypeus strongly bidentate and last antennal flagellomere broad and roundly truncate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A256D4538FF5BF8886AC6F91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A256C4537FF5BF8B46D30F87D.text	B4053C3A256C4537FF5BF8B46D30F87D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus alogus Bohart & Stange 1965	<div><p>Zethus alogus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965</p><p>(Figs 10, 11, 26, 27, 42, 43, 72)</p><p>Zethus alogus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965: 81 .</p><p>Holotype, ♂, Brazil, Pará, 5.ii.1900, A. Ducke (MPEG) [examined].</p><p>Diagnosis. Small size, wing length 9 mm; lamella of T2 bent upwards only at center; only T2 with scale-like setae; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; mesoscutum reticulate-punctate with very distinctive elongate paired submedian integumental swellings (welts); propodeal lateral carina low and uniformly raised along its length; tegula strongly truncate behind, lateral posterior margin somewhat produced outwards, posterior margin transverse with inner corner as a small fine lobe (Figs 26, 27); anterior metanotal margin with distinct median keel; propodeal lateral carina low throughout; T1 rather short, subglobose; male mandible with apical tooth 2 very small, separated from tooth1 by a small but distinct indentation; male clypeus with ventral margin nearly straight, slightly bidentate at sides (Fig. 42).</p><p>Redescription. MALE. Wing length 9 mm; male mandible with apical tooth 2 very small, separated from tooth 1 by a small but distinct indentation; antenna with apical hook rounded; clypeus with ventral margin nearly straight, slightly bidentate at sides; interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge crossed at middle by a transverse blunt protuberance; occipital carina well raised and salient, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a blunt border just behind the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, dorsolateral transitional area with without a definite border, pronotal carina with lamella little raised, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; mesoscutum wider than long (Msc_L/ W 0.92), with distinct welts; tegula nearly rectangular, with minute absolutely transversal posterior lobe; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel; propodeum with submedian carina well developed and quite long; lateral carina low throughout; propodeal apical lamella undifferentiated; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 short and subglobose (T1 scale: T1 /Mpl ca. 1.10; width: T1 md_W/ T1 0.58; convexity: T1 md_ H/ T1 0.48; total divergence: T1 _Wap/St 2.61; apical convergence: T1 _Wmd/ap 1.32; stem of T2 very wide, StT2/StT1 1.61); distal lamella of T2 curled upward only at the center; distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side. Genitalia (as figured by Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 200, figs 275, 276) similar to Z. corcovadensis, but digitus less hairy and not recurved, practically straight; aedeagus basally as a broad structure terminating anteriorly in a short acuminate angular lobe, basal apodemes very robust, a little recurved but with extremities much less converging according to an angle of only ca. 33 degrees, distal intromittent element of aedeagus quite slender, middle section with lateral process acuminate and fairly projecting.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons and vertex striatopunctate; pronotum above reticulate-punctate; mesoscutum mostly reticulate-punctate, with some evident striae on posterior third; scutellum mostly punctate, with short strong striae near posterior margin; propodeum centrally with fine micropunctation, with moderate striae near submedian carina and on lateral aspect; T1 with conspicuous macropunctures; T2 with dense regular micropunctures; S2 with conspicuous not very dense macropunctures.</p><p>Vestiture. (Probably prejudiced by poor conservation) head with few erect hairs, com pubescência prateada evidente na área lateral do clípeo; mesoscutum with very short inconspicuous hairs; propodeum with pale appressed pubescence and with more sparse longer hairs; T1 with stiff (just flattened) moderately elongate bristles; T2 vith very distinct broad and flattened scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow as follows: most of mandible; broad semicircular mark on most of clypeus, letting a central black area; two dots above antennal sockets; transversal band adjacent to pronotal carina; moderate upper mesepisternal mark; mesoscutal welts in part; anterior and posterior areas of tegula; moderate paired lateral marks on scutellum; broad transversal mark on metanotum; paired small posterior spots on propodeum; practically whole external surface of all femora and tibiae; apical band on T1, connected to irregular mark on lateral surface up to the spiracle; moderate anterior oval spot around spiracle on T2; distal band on T2–T3, and S2–S3.</p><p>FEMALE. Similar to male, but a little larger, wing length 10 mm; mandible apical margin just truncate; mesoscutum reticulate-punctate, but without evident striae on posterior third, as long as wide, Msc_L/ W 0.95; Color. Mandible with yellow spot near the base; clypeus with parallel semicircular spots on the side; welts black; anterior and posterior spots on tegula; propodeum unmarked; T2 – T5 and S2–S4 with yellow distal band.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Pará (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Examined material. BRAZIL: Pará, 1 ♀ Belém, Utinga, 20.iii.2017, Borges, R. C (MPEG) .</p><p>Remarks. The male holotype of Z. alogus was collected by Ducke in “ Pará ”. At the time, the area of the city of Belém was usually called by that name (without complements), but it is also applicable to the whole region of the “ Pará River”, a large river body southeast of Marajó Island resulting from the confluence of several large rivers, including the Tocantins and Anapu rivers. So, the recent discovery of the female of the species in Belém (Utinga) is just in accordance with the expectance based on the type locality of Z. alogus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A256C4537FF5BF8B46D30F87D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A2565452FFF5BF8F96C1BFD51.text	B4053C3A2565452FFF5BF8F96C1BFD51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus amapaensis  Silveira 2025	<div><p>Zethus amapaensis Silveira, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 2, 3, 18, 19, 34, 35, 62, 68, 77, 86–88)</p><p>Diagnosis. Small size, wing length 9 mm; lamella of T2 bent upwards only at center; only T2 with very conspicuous scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles; sculpture of frons exclusively striate (Fig. 35); metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; mesoscutum striatopunctate (in male reticulate-punctate), with distinct welts; tegula well expanded postero-laterally but with general contour as an elongate oval, and with distinct posterior lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; propodeum submedian carina present only anteriorly; lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; T1 rather elongate; sculpture of middle section of T1 more dense, without very large interstices (Fig. 62); male mandible with apical tooth 2 very small, separated from tooth1 by a small but distinct indentation; male clypeus with ventral margin nearly straight, slightly bidentate at sides; antennal article 13 short, with a curved dorsal profile, gradually acuminate, not strongly truncate (Fig. 77); color black with rather few yellow marks;</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Wing length 9 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider thant high, Cl_H/ W 0.71, apex truncate with straight profile (Fig.6), in apical view with a very distinctive transversal sulcus (rimmed); interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge crossed at middle by a transverse protuberance; occipital carina well raised and salient, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a blunt border just behind the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, dorsolateral transitional area with a definite narrowly rounded border, pronotal carina with lamella strongly raised and inclined forward, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; mesoscutum wider than long, Msc_L/ W 0.93, with distinct welts (Fig. 31); tegula well expanded postero-laterally but with general contour roughly as an elongate oval, and with distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel; propodeum with submedian carina developed only anteriorly; lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; propodeal apical lamella forming a small angular prominence; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 moderately elongate, not at all subglobose (proportional “size”: T1/Mpl ca. 1.10; width: T1md_W/T1 0.50; convexity: T1md_ H/T1 0.42; divergence base-apex: T1_Wap/St 2.43; apical convergence: T1_Wmd/ap 1.29); distal lamella of T2 curled upward only at the center (Figs 46, 54); distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons and vertex mainly striate; pronotum above mainly striatopunctate; mesoscutum striatopunctate; scutellum mostly punctate, with short strong striae near posterior margin; propodeum centrally with fine micropunctation, with moderate striae near submedian carina, stronger ones on lateral face; T1 with conspicuous macropunctures; T2 with dense regular micro to medium sized punctures (Fig. 33); S2 with conspicuous not very dense macropunctures, and a small basal central patch of dense micropunctures.</p><p>Vestiture. Head and mesosoma conspicuous erect pale brownish hairs, longer on metanotum; mesopleuron and propodeum with pale whitish appressed pubescence, the latter also with much longer hairs; T1 with stiff flattened moderately elongate bristles; T2 vith very distinct broad and flattened scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow as follows: large basal mark on mandible; ventral surface of antennal scape; paired small lateral marks on clypeus; two dots above antennal sockets; practically continuous transversal band adjacent to pronotal carina; minute upper mesepisternal mark; anterior and posterior marks on tegula; small paired lateral marks on scutellum; transversal mark on metanotum; large elongate marks on external surface of all femora and tibiae; apical band on T1; small anterior oval spot near spiracle on T2; narrow distal band on T2 and S2–T3, centrally interrupted on T3 and S3.</p><p>MALE. Similar to female, but mesoscutum reticulate-punctate instead of striatopucntate; male mandible with apical tooth 2 very small, separated from tooth1 by a small but distinct indentation; clypeus with ventral margin nearly straight, slightly bidentate at sides; antennal article 13 short, with a curved dorsal profile, gradually acuminate, not strongly truncate; first metasomal segment similar to female (T1 scale: T1/Mpl ca. 1.06; width: T1md_W/T1 0.50; convexity: T1md_ H/T1 0.44; total divergence: T1_Wap/St; apical convergence: T1_Wmd/ap 1.25) stem of T2 very wide, StT2/StT1; Genitalia (as figured by Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 200, figs 275, 276) similar to Z. corcovadensis, but digitus less hairy and not recurved, practically straight; aedeagus basally as a broad structure terminating anteriorly in a short acuminate angular lobe, basal apodemes very robust, a little recurved but with extremities much less converging according to an angle of only ca. 33 degrees, distal intromittent element of aedeagus quite slender, middle section with lateral process acuminate and fairly projecting.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow as follows: most of mandible; ventral surface of antennal scape; broad semicircular mark on most of clypeus, letting a central black area; two dots above antennal sockets; transversal uninterrupted band adjacent to pronotal carina; small upper mesepisternal mark; mesoscutal welts in part; anterior and posterior areas of tegula; small paired lateral marks on scutellum; transversal centrally interrupted mark on metanotum; paired small posterior spots on propodeum; anterior mark on mid coxa; lateral mark on hind coxa; large elongate marks on external surface of all femora and tibiae; apical band on T1; moderate anterior oval spot close to spiracle on T2; distal band on T2–T3, and S2–S3.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amapá (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Amapá, Oiapoque, BR- 156 km 13, 11.vii.2001, C. Henrique &amp; R. Nonato (IEPA; INS 004762) . Paratype, ♂, Brazil, Amapá, Serra do Navio, Pedra Preta, prox. Rio Amapari, 8.ii.2001, J. Madson &amp; C. Henrique (IEPA; INS 004761) .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to the type locality situated in Amapá state, Brazil.</p><p>Remarks. Known from both female and male specimens, this species closes the set of species with very typical “welts” on the mesoscutum ( alogus, aikewa sp. nov, baniwa sp. nov., pallidus, trispinosus, pracuuba sp. nov and amapaensis sp. nov.). Together, these species make up a northeastern pattern of distribution. In the phylogenetic analysis here made, part of the trees indeed showed a monophyletic group formed by these seven species, but the complementary set of trees showed a slightly larger group containing these species plus Z. restrepoicus and Z. alacris, none of the latter two presenting mesoscutal welts. Apart from the seven species just considered, in the pallidus group only Z. corcovadensis has a pair of (not so typical) mesoscutal welts, but this species does not have the T2 lamella bent upwards and is probably distantly related to such an aikewa - amapaensis component.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A2565452FFF5BF8F96C1BFD51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A257B452EFF5BFCF86D6CFDC1.text	B4053C3A257B452EFF5BFCF86D6CFDC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus arotus Bohart & Stange 1965	<div><p>Zethus arotus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965</p><p>Zethus arotus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965: 82 .</p><p>Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, 3.viii.1955, Elias and Roppa (MNRJ; not found); Cooper 2016: 210 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Wing length 10–11 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards, evenly raised from side to side; T1 and T2 with conspicuous scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles; pronotal subhumeral critical distance around 1.5X midocellus diameter; mesoscutum without welts, distinctly reticulate-punctate in front to striatopunctate behind; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and with spine-like process projecting backwards, without median keel on anterior margin; sculpture of frons striatopunctate; mesoscutum reticulate-punctate; first metasomal segment quite elongate (proportional size 1.40 X height of mesopleuron) and less expanded at middle (width 0.42 X length of T1).</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Wing length 10–11 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus much wider than high (Cl_H/ W 0.62), apex truncate, ventral margin nearly straight and transversally sulcate (rimmed); occipital carina raised and salient; pronotal carina well developed, its lamella as wide as 1.0 mod; lateral aspect of humeral region strongly compressed, almost carinate, subhumeral critical distance about 1.5 mod; mesoscutum wider than long (Msc_L/ W 0.89), without notaulices or welts; tegula somewhat expanding laterally but quite elongate behind, with distinct triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; anterior margin of metanotum without median keel, lateral margin raised, carinate and with spine-like process projecting backwards; propodeum with submedian carina well developed, lateral carina also present and regularly raised throughout, apical lamella low, not angled out; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 with a short median longitudinal carina; T1 well elongate, little convex, and moderately convergent apically (T1 scale: T1 /Mpl 1.26; width: md_W/ T1 0.44; convexity: md_H/ T1 0.38; total divergence: Wap/St 2.40; apical convergence: Wmd/ap 1.25; StT2/StT1 1.50); lamella of T2 curled upwards, evenly raised from side to side; distal lamella of T3 undivided; apex of T6 slightly flattened.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; interantennal area with median vertical ridge; frons and vertex striatopunctate; pronotum above striatopunctate, subhumeral area striate; mesoscutum strongly reticulate-punctate; scutellum mostly reticulate–punctate; posterior surface of metanotum just micropunctate; propodeum centrally finely micropunctate, with poorly developed striae laterally; T1 with medium-sized macropunctures, interstices shining without micropunctures; T2 with similar pattern of sculpture.</p><p>Vestiture. Hairs on head and thorax about as long as one median ocellus diameter, longer on propodeum and metasoma; sides of clypeus with short decumbent pubescence, similar micropubescence also on ocular sinus, gena, and mesopleuron; very short and appressed hairs on the median aspect of propodeum; T1 and T2 with strongly flattened bristles, including scale-like setae; metasomal sterna with sparse regularly distributed long fine hairs.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow spots as follows: two small dots above antennal sockets; medially interrupted transverse band on pronotum adjacent to dorsal carina; basal and posterior spots on tegula, paratégula; metanotum with two small spots; stripe on outer region of tibiae and frontal surface of femora; distal band on T1–T3; distal band on S2–S3; circular spots on T2 on spiracles; wings infumated, veins dark brown; tibial spurs reddish-brown.</p><p>MALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas; Bolivia: Cochabamba (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Examined Material. BOLIVIA: Cochabamba, 1 ♀, Palmar, 30 km NNE Tiraque, c. 1.900m, 3–6.vi.1979, M. Cooper (NHM) (with identification label by L. Stange) .</p><p>Remarks. The type specimen of Z. arotus could not be found by the curator of the NMRJ some ten years ago, and after the 2018 fire in that museum, the chances of finding the specimen are clearly zero. The specimen examined by us at the NHM was identified by L. Stange and matches the description in Bohart &amp; Stange (1965). It was used here for the description presented above, but one should note that occurrence of the species in Bolivia implies a very wide distribution containing both Andean and central amazonian localities (Fig. 90A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A257B452EFF5BFCF86D6CFDC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A257A452DFF5BFD086AC0FBDD.text	B4053C3A257A452DFF5BFD086AC0FBDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus baniwa Oliveira & Silveira 2025	<div><p>Zethus baniwa Oliveira &amp; Silveira, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 4, 20, 36, 53, 54, 56, 60, 65, 76, 83–85)</p><p>Diagnosis. Small to medium size, wing length 9 mm; distal lamella of T2 bent and elevated only at center; T1 and T2 dorsally with strong flattened bristles and scale-like setae; pronotal pretegular carina abnormally developed, its normal course being disrupted (Fig. 65); metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; mesoscutum reticulate-punctate, with very distinctive welts; tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; propodeal submedian carina distinct anteriorly, lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; T1 rather short, subglobose (Figs 53, 54); mesopleuron with golden micropubescence; legs painted of black and yellow (Fig. 4).</p><p>Description. MALE. Wing length 9 mm; male mandible with apical tooth 2 very small, separated from tooth1 by a small but distinct indentation; antenna with last flagellomere short, cup-shaped; clypeus with ventral margin very weakly arcuate, nearly straight, slightly bidentate at sides; median vertical ridge on interantennal area scarcely developed, mostly a blunt protuberance; occipital carina well raised and salient, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definite edged border only at sides of the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, dorsolateral transitional area with with a definite border, pronotal carina with lamella well raised, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; mesoscutum distinctly wider than long, Msc_L/ W 0.84, with distinct welts measuring ca. 0.65 X length of the mesoscutum (Fig. 31); tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel; propodeum with submedian carina well developed and morphologically related to distinctive striae on dorsolateral area of the propodeum; lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; propodeal apical lamella poorly differentiated, not angled out; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 short and subglobose, very wide and convex (T1 scale: T1/Mpl ca. 1.13; width: T1md_W/T1 0.62; convexity: T1md_ H/T1 0.52; total divergence: T1_Wap/St 3.0; apical convergence: T1_Wmd/ ap 1.36; stem of T2 very wide, StT2/StT1 1.92); distal lamella of T2 a little curled upward only at the center, just horizontal elsewhere (Figs 46, 54); distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side. Genitalia as in Z. corcovadensis, but digitus less hairy and not recurved, practically straight; aedeagus basally as a broad structure terminating anteriorly in a short acuminate angular lobe, basal apodemes very robust, a little recurved but with extremities much less converging according to an angle of only ca. 33 degrees, distal intromittent element of aedeagus quite slender, middle section with lateral process acuminate and fairly projecting.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons mostly striate; vertex distinctly striate; pronotum above reticulate-punctate; mesoscutum mostly and distinctly reticulate-punctate, with more striate aspect posteriorly; scutellum mostly punctate, with strong longitudinal striae on the posterior half; propodeum centrally with fine micropunctation, and with quite strong striae on dorsal region outwards from submedian carina and on the lateral surface;T1 smooth and shining anteriorly, but with conspicuous dense pattern of intermixed micro and mesopunctures posteriorly, larger at sides; T2 with dense regular micropunctures</p><p>Vestiture. Whole body with abundant yellowish or golden variably elongate hairs; T1 and T2 dorsally with strong flattened bristles and scale-like setae; mesopleuron with golden micropubescence.</p><p>Color . Black with extensive yellow areas as follows: most of mandible, except apical toothed margin; practically whole clypeus, except lateral margins very narrowly; two minute dots on interantennal area; continuous transversal mark above antennal sockets; most of anteroventral surface of antennal scape; broad transversal band adjacent to pronotal carina, and another similar band on anterior aspect of pronotum just in front of carina; moderate upper mesepisternal mark; mesoscutal welts; most of tegula, except for black inner margin and a central circular brown mark; parategula; anterior half of scutellum; most of metanotum, except narrow posterior area; most of dorsal surface of propodeum, except median stripe and two small paired triangular areas adjacent to anterior margin; anterior aspect of midcoxa; large lateral mark on hindcoxa; most of ventral and external surfaces of all femora and tibiae; dorsal mark on first article of foretarsus; apical band joining quite broad and elongated symmetrical lateral areas on T1, extending to beyond spiracles; most of T2, except for black petiole and small central anterior mark linked by a median linear connective to a distal trilobed brown mark; broad apical band and anterolateral areas on S2; apical band on T3–T7, and S3–S6; light brown are: antennal apex; articles 2–5 of fore tarsus; mid and hind tarsi have proximal articles black.</p><p>FEMALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♂, Brazil, Amazonas, Barcelos, Bacuquara, viii.2007, Malaise, A. S. Filho &amp; T. Krolow (INPA).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to the Baniwa, an indigenous people inhabiting the region of the Rio Negro, in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.</p><p>Remarks. This species is very similar to Z. pallidus and the male holotype has an identification label with this name (by M. G. Hermes), but we think it has some differences sufficient to diagnose it as a new species. In Z. baniwa sp. nov. the distal lamella of T2 is bent and elevated only at center, the mesoscutum is reticulate-punctate, and the legs are painted of black and yellow, while in Z. pallidus the lamella of T2 is regularly raised from side to side, the mesoscutum is striatopunctate to striate, and legs are totally yellow.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A257A452DFF5BFD086AC0FBDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A2579452CFF5BFB746D74F9A9.text	B4053C3A2579452CFF5BFB746D74F9A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus corcovadensis Zavattari 1913	<div><p>Zethus corcovadensis Zavattari, 1913</p><p>(Fig. 79)</p><p>Zethus corcovadensis Zavattari, 1913: 105 .</p><p>Lectotype, ♀, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado, 23.v.1912, G.E. Bryant (NHM), designated by Bohart &amp; Stange 1962: 30 [examined]; Bequaert 1928: 155; Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 84 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized, wing length 11 mm; lamella of T2 flat, not curled or bent upwards; occipital carina low and appressed; critical distance of pronotal subhumeral area wider, 1.5 to 2 midocellus diameters; mesoscutum primarily striate rather than punctate, with black paired submedian integumental swellings (welts); metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; T1 and T2 with setae strong and stiff but not typically scale-like; tegula subrectangular with posterior margin absolutely transverse; propodeum without submedian carina, with apical lamella strongly angled out; male with clypeus strongly bidentate apically; male antenna with apex hook-shaped, last flagellomere rather short and slightly curve, not at all truncate (Fig. 79).</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Body length to apex of T2 12–13 mm, wing length 11 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than high (Cl_H/ W 0.68), apex truncated but not bidentate, ventral margin in apical view transversely sulcated (rimmed); interantennal area with a vertical low ridge; occipital carina low and appressed, not vertically prominent; pronotal critical subhumeral distance 1.5–2.0 mod, lateral aspect of humeral region produced into a round or subacute edge, not really carinate, lamella of pronotal dorsal carina well developed, with a small and shallow central indentation; mesoscutum a little wider than long (Msc_L/ W 0.93), with a median pair of black but quite distinct welts, tegula truncate behind, subrectangular with posterior triangular lobe very small and transverse; scutellum relatively plane and laterally compressed; metanotum with process of lateral margin well raised and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a minute median spine-like keel; propodeum without submedian carina; lateral carina incomplete, low anteriorly and interrupted on the posterior half; apical lamella distinctly angled out, moderately projecting; lateral striae on propodeum weak; T1 short and subglobose, middle of expanded part much wider than the basal stem, with sides considerably converging apically (proportional “size”: T1/Mpl ca. 1.0; width: md_W/T1 0.59; convexity: md_ H/T1 0.50; divergence base-apex: Wap/St 2.33; apical convergence: Wmd/ap 1.36); inclined post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; distal lamella of T2 flat, not curled or bent upwards; lamella of T3 not narrowed medially; apex of T6 slightly flattened.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow medium-sized macropunctures; interantennal area with a median vertical low ridge; frons and vertex striated; gena ventrally punctate-striate, above punctate; dorsal surface of pronotum transversally striate; mesoscutum striate; scutellum in front punctate, behind striate; metanotum behind quite smooth, almost shining, anteriorly punctate; median area of propodeum smooth and shining, dorsolateral area with only moderate striae beside the lateral carina; T1 generally with fine and dense punctures, larger punctures on the dorsum; T2 with similar punctation, fine, dense and regular.</p><p>Vestiture. Bristles on head and mesosoma just longer than 1 mod, longer on propodeum and metasoma; with shorter decumbent whitish pubescence on the ventral corners of the clypeus, mesopleuron and sides of propodeum; T1 and T2 with long flattened bristles, but without typical scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow spots as follows: small spot at base of mandible, two minute dots on interantennal area, lateral spots on scutellum and on the apex of metanotal processes; apical spot on fore and mid femora; lateral spot on mid and hind coxae; spots on the anterior surface of the fore tibia; elongated spot around the spiracle of T1; very narrow distal bands on terga and sterna; wings slightly infumated, with dark brown veins, membrane darker near costal margin.</p><p>MALE. Besides the usual characters of sexual dimorphism, the male has the clypeus strongly bidentate; mandible with first and second apical tooth almost fused, forming a large composite element; antennal apex hook-shaped, last flagellomere subcylindrical short and slightly curve (Fig. 79); more numerous and extensive yellow spots: clypeus almost entirely, relatively large basal area on the mandible, well developed paired marks near base of the antennae, antennal scape beneath, mesepisternal dorsal spot, base of the pronotal carina, anterior and posterior marks on tegula, marks on mid and hind coxae, two large spots on the dorsum of propodeum, and two other smaller ones located just anteriorly, distal bands on terga and sterna very narrowly. Genitalia (as figured by Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 200, figs 271, 272) with volsella with abundant hairs, digitus strongly recurved with apex pointing dorsally; aedeagus with the slender distal intromittent element about 0.75x length of the quite broad basal region, which terminates anteromedially as a broad triangular lobe whose apex is roundly blunt, basal apodemes strongly recurved inwards, free proximal extremities distinctly converging according to an angle of ca. 78 degrees, middle section of aedeagus with conspicuous lateral process with apex roundly blunt.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Examined material. Paralectotype, ♂, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado, 15.v.1912, G. E. Bryant (NHM). BRAZIL: Espírito Santo, 3 ♀ Santa Teresa, 28.xi.1966, C.T. &amp; C. Elias col. (UFPR) .</p><p>Remarks. Zavattari (1913) based the description of the species mainly on the female, while Bohart &amp; Stange (1965) focused attention on the male only. No other specimens of Z. corcovadensis are known besides the types from Southeastern Brazil, which we could examine at the London Museum (NHM).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A2579452CFF5BFB746D74F9A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A2578452BFF5BF9E06A78FAF5.text	B4053C3A2578452BFF5BF9E06A78FAF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus lionani Oliveira &  Silveira 2025	<div><p>Zethus lionani Gomes &amp; Silveira, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 5, 21, 37, 63, 69)</p><p>Diagnosis. Size small, wing length 9 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards, but clearly higher medially, at center being wider than its horizontal anterior counterpart; T1 and T2 dorsally with scale-like setae; pronotal pretegular carina disrupted or incompletely developed; mesoscutum reticulate-punctate, without welts; metanotum lateral margin raised but not forming a quite salient spinous process projecting backwards, anterior margin without a median keel; bulk of T1 moderately elongate and linear from above; sculpture of T1 strong, with coalescent punctures (Fig. 63); mostly black wasps, yellow marks rather unimportant.</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Wing length 9 mm; first and second teeth of the mandible distinct and separated by a recess; clypeus wider than long, Cl_H/ W 0.57 ventral margin nearly straight, slightly bidentate at sides, in apical view with a very distinctive transversal sulcus (rimmed); interantennal area with strong vertical median carinate ridge; occipital carina well elevated and inclined forward, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a defined border on the sides of the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, dorsolateral transition area without defined border, pronotal carina with lamella strongly elevated and inclined forward, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow (medir), mesoscutum wider than long, Msc_L/ W 0. 86, without welts; tegula with a general outline in an elongated oval shape, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely towards the center of the metanotum; scutellum (medir) relatively flat, compressed laterally; process of the lateral margin of the metanotum relatively high, not projecting backwards, without traces of an anterior median keel; propodeum with a poorly developed and short submedian carina; lateral carina quite high, gradually rising to a higher point in the middle; propodeal apical lamella projecting distinctly as a rounded angular lobe; T1 volume moderately elongated and linear from above; T2 distal lamella curved upwards from side to side, distinctly higher medially; T3 and S3 distal lamella developed continuously from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macro and micropunctuations; forehead and vertex with macropunctuations and some visible striations on the vertex; pronotum reticulate-punctuated; scutellum with macropunctuations; propodeum centrally with fine micropunctuations, and with striae in the dorsal region outside the submedian carina and short striae on the lateral surface; T1 predominantly with macropunctuations, with the beginning of the anterior region with micropunctuations; T2 with dense and regular micropunctuations.</p><p>Vestiture. Body with abundant variably elongated yellowish hairs, with whitish pubescence on the sides of the clypeus; T1 and T2 dorsally with scale-like bristles.</p><p>Color . Black with large discal area of T2 and S2 reddish yellow and many yellow areas and marks as follows: lower part of antennal scape; paired marks adjacent to antennal sockets; band adjacent to pronotal carina; anterior and posterior marks on tegula; parategula; metanotum with two paired marks; lateral mark on anterior femur; elongate marks on outer face of all tibiae; apical band on T1, extending to lateral sides, before spiracle; distal band on T2; apical band on T3 and T4 and S2 and S3; light brown are: lower part of apex of antenna; lateral band on anterior femur; ventrally on tarsal articles in general.</p><p>MALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Pará (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Pará, Belém, Utinga, 4.ii.2012, J. Rocha, L. Lima, R. S. Gomes, G. A. Locher (MPEG).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a homage to Lionan P. Vilhena Sales, son of the second author.</p><p>Remarks. This is one of three new species here described that are similar to Z. caracis Bohart &amp; Stange in having the posterior process of metanotum lateral margin poorly projecting backwards, and with a relatively dark ground color, with few yellow marks. Zethus lionani sp. nov. has the lamella of T2 higher and the bulk of T1more elongate. Only the female is known from Belém (Brazil, PA).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A2578452BFF5BF9E06A78FAF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A257F452AFF5BFA1C6B4CFB65.text	B4053C3A257F452AFF5BFA1C6B4CFB65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus miranha  Silveira 2025	<div><p>Zethus miranha Silveira, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 6, 22, 38, 57, 59)</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized wasp, wing length 11 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards, evenly raised from side to side, quite low; only T2 dorsally with scale-like setae; mesoscutum closely striatopunctate, without welts (Fig. 22); critical distance of pronotal subhumeral area narrower, ca. 1.5 (or less) midocellus diameters; propodeal lateral carina clearly interrupted behind, apical lamella as a definite angular lobe; metanotum lateral margin raised but not so strongly projecting backwards, metanotum without any vestiges of an anterior median keel; bulk of T1 moderately elongate and linear from above; sides of propodeum with numerous strong elongate striae; pronotal pretegular carina incompletely developed.</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Wing length 11 mm; mandible with first and second teeth very distinct and separated by recess; clypeus wider than high, Cl_H/ W 0.66, with ventral margin nearly straight, slightly bidentate at sides; interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge crossed at middle by a transverse blunt protuberance; occipital carina well raised and salient, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a blunt border just behind the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, dorsolateral transitional area with without a definite border, critical distance of pronotal subhumeral area narrower, ca. 1.5 (or less) mod; mesoscutum long than wider, Msc_L/ W 0.89, without notaulices or welts; tegula with general shaped oval, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum square, laterally compressed; metanotum lateral margin raised but not quite forming salient spinous process projecting backwards, without any vestiges of an anterior median keel; propodeum with submedian carina underdeveloped and short; propodeal lateral carina clearly interrupted behind, apical lamella as a definite angular lobe; T1 moderately elongate and linear from above; distal border of the lamella of T2 quite low, curled upward from side to side; distal lamella of T3 undivided.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons and vertex striated with few punctures; pronotum striatopunctate; scutellum mostly punctate, but with strong striae near posterior margin; propodeum centrally finely micropunctate, propodeum with rather weak striae on lateral aspect, and with quite strong striae on dorsal region outwards from submedian carina and on the lateral surface; T1 smooth and shining anteriorly, but with mesopunctures very dense lateral; T2 with dense regular micropunctures..</p><p>Vestiture. Clypeus, area between eyes, gena, with medium, silvery, decumbent pubescence; forehead and vertex with yellow, straight hairs; mesosculum with short, inconspicuous hairs; mesopleura and propodeum with silvery pubescence and longer, denser hairs; T1 with straight, moderately elongated bristles; T2 with strong, flat bristles.</p><p>Color . Black with extensive yellow areas as follows: two spot in the interantennal area; broad transverse band adjacent to the pronotal carina; lobe of the tegula; paired oval spots on the metanotum; propodeal valve; T1, T2 and S2 with broad transverse band; spot on the anterior femur; mark on the anterior, medial and posterior tibia.</p><p>Variation. The paratype has rather subtle differences: mesoscutum with two parallel yellow spots; spot on tegula anteriorly; propodeal median carina not very marked; apical lamella less angled.</p><p>MALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas, Pará (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Amazonas, Alvarães, 5 km 23 / Terra Firme, 11.ix.1993, I. S. Gorayeb &amp; O. T. Silveira (MPEG) . Paratype, ♀, Brasil, Pará Melgaço, Caxiuanã-Grade PPBio, 5.xi.2006, Trilha J4-N°15, Malaise, Silva, S.S. &amp; J. Dias .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to the Miranha, an indigenous people inhabiting the region of Alvarães, Amazonas.</p><p>Remarks. This species has the wing membrane infumate as in Z. caracis but can be promptly distinguished by the mesoscutum sculpture striatopunctate, a narrower critical distance on pronotum subhumeral area, and the propodeal lateral carina interrupted behind.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A257F452AFF5BFA1C6B4CFB65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A257E4529FF5BFAAC6AEEFA91.text	B4053C3A257E4529FF5BFAAC6AEEFA91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus nambikwara Oliveira, Silveira & Lopes 2025	<div><p>Zethus nambikwara Oliveira, Silveira &amp; Lopes, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 7, 23, 39, 64)</p><p>Diagnosis. Wing length 12 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards, evenly raised from side to side; T2 with very conspicuous scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles; pronotal subhumeral area very narrow, critical distance 1–1.5X midocellus diameter; clypeus with apex rimmed, sculpture with both large and small punctures; mesoscutum striatopunctate, without welts; metanotum with a minute vestige of median keel on anterior margin; propodeum with submedian carina present anteriorly, lateral carina low, interrupted behind, its posterior course obliterated by strong striae; sculpture of T1 with smaller less dense punctures (Fig. 64); black with reduced yellow marks, metasomal segment 2 reddish.</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Large size, wing length 12 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than long, Cl_H/ W 0.67, apex truncate and weakly bidentate at sides, anterior edge of ventral margin slightly bisinuous (Fig. 7), ventral margin in apical view just transversely sulcated; interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge crossed at middle by a transverse blunt protuberance; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definte sharp edge that traverses the posterior region of head just behind the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance 1–1.5X mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum wider than long, Msc_L/ W 0.89, without notaulices or welts (Fig. 31); tegula with outer margin well expanded, but with roughly elongated oval contour, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high, but relatively short, not sinuous, anterior metanotal margin with a minute vestige of median keel; propodeum with submedian carina developed anteriorly, area external to the carina marked by transverse striae; lateral carina low, interrupted behind, its posterior course obliterated by strong striae, lateral area of propodeum with striae only dorsally close to lateral carina, propodeal apical lamella relatively wide but hardly angled out; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 with a short median longitudinal carina; T1 moderately elongate and with sides relatively convergent apically (T1 scale: T1/Mpl about 1.18; width: T1md_W/T1 0.48; convexity: T1md_H/T1 0.40; total divergence: T1_WAp/St 2.4; apical convergence T1_WMd/Ap 1.33; StT2/StT1 1.26); distal lamella of T2 curled upward regularly from side to side (Figs 46, 54); lamella of T3 undivided; distal lamella of S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with both macro and micropunctures; interantennal area with median vertical ridge prolonged to dorsal part of clypeus; frons and vertex striatopunctate; pronotum above reticulate-punctate, with striae on subhumeral area; mesoscutum striatopunctate; scutellum mostly reticulate–punctate, with a striate narrow zone adjacent to posterior margin; posterior surface of metanotum smooth; propodeum centrally finely micropunctate, with well-developed transverse striae along both sides of lateral carina; dorsum of T1 with regular pattern formed both of micro and macropunctures, the latter larger and more conspicuous laterally; T2 with very regular dense pattern of small punctures; S2 with much more rarefied small punctures, interstices smooth and shining.</p><p>Vestiture. Head and mesoscutum with abundant moderately long erect pale hairs, longer on propodeum and metasoma; mesopleuron with abundant appressed silvery micropubescence; propodeum centrally with pale micropubescence and with silvery longer hairs; T1 with long flattened bristles; T2 with flattened bristles and scale-like setae</p><p>Color . Black with few yellow marks as follows: very small dot on basal inner aspect of antennal escape; paired spots just above antennal sockets; transversal band on pronotum adjacent to dorsal carina, narrowly interrupted at center; paired very small lateral dots on scutellum; most of anterior surface of metanotum; anterior and posterior spots on tegula; parategula; diffuse spot on basalar plate; longitudinal stripe on inner surface of femora; longitudinal stripe on outer surface of tibiae; distal band on T1, laterally sending a forward extension to near the spiracle; distal band on T2–T5, on S2–S5, T6 totally yellow; T2 and S2 reddish testaceous.</p><p>MALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Mato Grosso (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Jaurú, 4.i.2011, A. R. Lima (UFMG).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to the Nambikwara, an indigenous people living in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.</p><p>Remarks. As Z. lionani sp. nov. just described above, Z. nambikwara sp. nov. has the membrane of wings hyaline, with the lamella of T2 lower and with T1 shorter and more robust.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A257E4529FF5BFAAC6AEEFA91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A257D4528FF5BFA386BE7F9F1.text	B4053C3A257D4528FF5BFA386BE7F9F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus pallidus Smith 1857	<div><p>Zethus pallidus Smith, 1857</p><p>(Figs 12, 28, 44, 66)</p><p>Zethus pallidus Smith, 1857: 11 .</p><p>Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Pará, Santarém (NHM) [examined]. Bequaert 1928: 156; Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 84; Pereira et al. 2016: 398 (misidentification) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Small to medium size, wing length ca. 9 mm; mesoscutum striatopunctate to striate on posterior half, with very distinctive welts; tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; propodeal submedian carina absent, undeveloped, lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; T1 rather short, subglobose; distal lamella of T2 bent and elevated from side to side; mesopleuron with golden micropubescence; T1 and T2 with very conspicuous scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles; legs yellow.</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Wing length 9 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than long, Cl_H/ W 0.72, apex truncate, ventral margin straight, in apical view just obliquely plane, not transversely sulcated; interantennal area with a strong median vertical carinate ridge; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward, lateroventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definite edged border only at sides of the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region slightly projecting angularly outwards, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow, with critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum wider than long (Msc_L/ W 0.94), with distinct welts measuring ca. 0.70 X length of the mesoscutum; tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel; propodeum without submedian carina, striae on dorsolateral intercarinae area of propodeum scarcely developed; lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; propodeal apical lamella poorly differentiated, not angled out; post-stem dorsoanterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 short and subglobose, very wide and convex (size: T1 /Mpl ca. 1.0–1.09; width: T1 md_W/ T1 0.58–0.63; convexity: T1 md_ H/ T1 0.48–0.53; divergence base-apex: T1 _Wap/St 2.54–2.62; apical convergence: T1 _Wmd/ap 1.43); distal lamella of T2 curled upward from side to side; distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow rather dense macropunctures; frons mostly striate; vertex distinctly striate; pronotum above reticulate-punctate; mesoscutum mainly striatopunctate; scutellum mostly punctate, with strong longitudinal striae on the posterior half; propodeum centrally with fine micropunctation, region outwards from submedian carina and on the lateral surface with striae, but not so strong a pattern; T1 smooth and shining anteriorly, but with conspicuous dense pattern of intermixed micro and mesopunctures posteriorly, larger at sides; T2 with dense regular micropunctures</p><p>Vestiture. Whole body with abundant yellowish or golden variably elongate hairs; T1 and T2 with typical scale-like setae besides flattened bristles.</p><p>Color . Black with very extensive yellow areas as follows: most of mandible, except apical toothed margin; practically whole clypeus; continuous transversal mark between upper contour of antennal sockets; most of anteroventral surface of antennal scape; most of pronotum dorsally and pronotal carina, and transversal band on anterior aspect just in front of carina; moderate upper mesepisternal mark; mesoscutal welts; most of tegula, except for a central circular yellowish-brown mark; parategula; anterior half of scutellum; most of metanotum, except very narrow posterior area; most of dorsal surface of propodeum, except median stripe; all parts of all legs yellow or light yellowish brown; most of enlarged part of T1, letting a median ovoid elongate mark; most of T2, except for black petiole and some diffuse darker areas; most of S2, except for transversal central mark (sometimes trilobed, or bilobed); all visible parts of T3–T6, and S3–S6; very light brown are: antennal flagellum; articles 2–5 of tarsi;</p><p>MALE. Similar to female, but having the clypeus truncated and bidentate, the apex of antenna hook-shaped with the 13th flagellomere very short cup-shaped.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas, Pará (Fig. 90B)</p><p>Examined material. BRAZIL: Amazonas, 1 ♀ Manaus (DZSJRP-Hymenoptera); Pará, 1 ♀ Óbidos ix.1953, 1♀ Santarém (MPEG; labelled as “homotype” by B&amp;S, 1965) .</p><p>Remarks. Bohart &amp; Stange (1965) state that Z. pallidus is one of the species of the group in which the lamellar characteristics of T3 and S3 are similar to the observed in the subgenus Z. ( Zethoides). However, a detailed analysis of material of the group showed that only Z. roridus (and a new species described below) has the lamellae of T3 and S3 similar to conditions observed in species of Z. ( Zethoides), particularly in Z. chapadensis Bohart &amp; Stange. We could not see the male of Z. pallidus . Pereira et al. (2016) described a mite from a Zethus host identified as Z. pallidus which was collected in Espírito Santo, Brazil. However, by examining the figure presented in the article we can safely say that it is not Z. pallidus, so the available information indicates that the distribution of this species is restricted to the north of South America (Fig. 90B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A257D4528FF5BFA386BE7F9F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A257C4527FF5BF9186DEBF941.text	B4053C3A257C4527FF5BF9186DEBF941.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus pracuuba  Silveira 2025	<div><p>Zethus pracuuba Silveira, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 8, 24, 40, 61)</p><p>Diagnosis. Small size, wing length 9 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards, posterior border not so strongly raised, and noticeably lower at sides; T1 with flattened bristles only, T2 with scale-like setae; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process projecting backwards, anterior margin with distinct median keel or spine; pronotal pretegular carina very strong and prominent; mesoscutum closely striatopunctate, with welts; posterior margin of tegula markedly turned inwards but not quite transverse, posterior lobe small and angularly pointed; propodeal apical lamella as a distinct angular lobe; sculpture of frons striate with interspersed punctiform patterns (Fig. 40); sculpture of middle section of T1 less dense, with shining interstices measuring two to four puncture diameters (Fig. 61); black insect with not very extensive yellow marks</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Wing length 9 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than long, Cl_H/ W 0.73, apex truncate, ventral margin straight in apical view forming an oblique plane weakly sulcated; interantennal area with a strong median vertical carinate ridge; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definite edged border at sides of the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.0 mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum distinctly wider than long, Msc_L/ W 0.82, with distinct welts measuring ca 0.50 X length of the mesoscutum; tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, but with posterior margin markedly turned inwards while not quite transverse, and with small angularly pointed posterior lobe; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel and with other two smaller adjoining ones; propodeum with submedian carina well developed and associated to distinctive striae on dorsolateral area; lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; propodeal apical lamella distinctly projecting as an angular rounded lobe; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 moderately short and considerably wide, distinctly convex (T1 scale: T1/Mpl ca. 1.03; width: T1md_W/T1 0.55; convexity: T1md_ H/T1 0.48; total divergence: T1_Wap/St 2.8; apical convergence: T1_Wmd/ap 1.23; stem of T2 very wide, StT2/StT1 1.77); distal lamella of T2 curled upward from side to side, elevated portion not very high and distinctly lower at sides; distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons and vertex striatopunctate; pronotum above reticulate-punctate; mesoscutum striatopunctate; scutellum mostly striatopunctate, striae strong behind; propodeum with strong striae on dorsal region outwards from submedian carina and on the lateral surface; sculpture of middle section of T1 with shining interstices measuring two to four puncture diameters; T2 shining with regular moderate dense pattern of mesopunctures.</p><p>Vestiture. Whole body with variably elongate bristles, with whitish pubescence on gena, and sides of mesosoma and propodeum; T1 with flattened bristles only; T2 dorsally with strong flattened bristles and scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with many yellow areas and marks as follows: base of mandible largely; underside of antennal scape; paired dorsolateral spots on clypeus; paired marks adjacent to antennal sockets; band adjacent to pronotal carina; mesoscutal welts; minute dorsal spot on mesepisternum; anterior and posterior marks on tegula; parategula; two lateral marks on scutellum; transversal band on metanotum; minute inner mark on mid coxa; small lateral mark on hind coxa; elongate marks on external face of all femora and tibiae; paired small to medium sized anterior dorsal spots on propodeum; paired small anterior central-dorsal spots on the widened part of T1, and apical band on T1 joining short symmetrical lateral marks; paired large irregular anterior lateral mark on T2; distal band on T2–T5, and S2–S5; light brown are the underside of antennal apex; apical area of mandible; distal tarsal articles. Wing with membrane hyaline (slightly infumated on some distal areas), with brown veins.</p><p>MALE. unknown</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amapá (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Amapá, Município de Pracuúba, Pernambuco/ mata, 27.x.2004, O. Silveira col. (MPEG).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to the type locality, Pracuúba, in Amapá state, Brazil.</p><p>Remarks. This is one of the two species of the group known to occur in the Brazilian state of Amapá, but occurrence there of Z. trispinosus is highly expected since it has been recorded from other areas of the Guiana shield. Zethus pracuuba sp. nov. is known only from the female and is superficially similar to the next species Z. amapaensis sp. nov., but they can be promptly separated with the characters presented in the key.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A257C4527FF5BF9186DEBF941	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A25734525FF5BF8886829FC99.text	B4053C3A25734525FF5BF8886829FC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus productus Fox 1899	<div><p>Zethus productus Fox, 1899</p><p>(Figs 13, 29, 45, 55)</p><p>Zethus productus Fox, 1899: 418 .</p><p>Lectotype, ♂, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Chapada da Santa Anna, without date and collector (CMNH), designated by Bohart &amp; Stange 1962: 31 [photographs examined]; Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 85; Cooper 2016: 209; Lopes et al. 2021: 261.</p><p>Discoelius brunconiger Ihering, 1911: 469 . Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Goiás, without date and collector (MZSP) [examined]; synonymy by Bohart &amp; Stange (1965).</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized wasp, wing length 11–13 mm; color pattern with a mixture of black and extensive reddish areas; lamella of T2 flat, not curled or bent upwards (Figs 13, 29); T1 and T2 without typical scale-like setae; lateral margin of metanotum lamellate and forming behind a low round process, more like a tubercle than a spine (Fig. 55); subhumeral area wider than in most species of this group, critical subhumeral distance about two midocellus diameters; pronotum above closely reticulate-punctate; lateral face of propodeum with moderate to weak striae, propodeal submedian carina absent or poorly developed, apical lamella narrow not angled out; T1 with punctures mostly contiguous beyond spiracle; male with clypeal apex just truncate, not bidentate at sides, mandible reasonably similar to that of female; antennal apex rolled, last flagellomere roundly truncate.</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Wing length 11–13 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider thant high (Cl_H/ W 0.68), apex truncate with straight profile, in apical view with a very distinctive transversal sulcus; interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge crossed at middle by a transverse blunt protuberance; occipital carina well developed, more prominent dorsolaterally, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definte sharp edge that traverses the posterior region of head just behind the buccal cavity; lateral aspect of humeral region produced into a narrowly rounded edge; in lateral view subhumeral critical distance larger than in most species of this group, measuring about 2.0 mod; pronotal carina with lamella relatively narrow and less inclined forward; mesoscutum as long as wide, without notaulices or welts; tegula with posterior margin oblique, not produced outwards, forming a posterior triangular lobe which points to the center of the metanotum; scutellum relatively plane with sides gently rounded, uncompressed; anterior margin of metanotum with a distinct median spine-like keel; lateral margin of metanotum lamellate, forming behind a low round process more like a tubercle than a spine; submedian carina of propodeum absent or poorly developed; lateral carina of propodeum with lamella low throughout; apical lamella undeveloped; T1 well elongate, middle of expanded part much wider than the base, with sides moderately converging apically (proportional “size”: T1/Mpl about 1.28; width: T1md_W/T1 0.48; convexity: T1md_ H/T1 0.40; divergence base-apex: Wap/St 2.66; apical convergence: Wmd/ap 1.20); post-stem dorsoanterior region of T1 with a median longitudinal carina; distal lamella of T2 flat, not bent upwards; lamella of T3 not narrowed medially; apex of T6 slightly flattened.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with regularly spaced shallow medium-sized macropunctures, and numerous well evident micropunctures; frons with longitudinal lamelliform striae, with interspersed series of punctures (bordered by minute transverse trabeculae along the course of striae, so creating a striatopunctate pattern), vertex mostly punctate; pronotum sculpture above with a reticulate framework containing impressed punctures (reticulate-punctate), subhumeral area striate; mesoscutum striatopunctate; scutellum punctate; mesopleuron reticulate-punctate; tegula micropunctate with some larger punctures; metapleuron behind punctate; lateral surface of propodeum weakly striate; T1 both with macro and micropunctures; distal lamella of T2 micropuntate.</p><p>Vestiture. Clypeus with short and decumbent silvery micropubescence; head and mesoscutum with erect hairs; mesopleuron with decumbent hairs; propodeum with numerous long and fine hairs; T1 and T2 with strong flattened bristles, but without scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black; with extensive reddish areas as follows: most of clypeus and mandible, antenna (darker apically), pronotum except ventral corner, diffuse trilobite mark on mesoscutum, large dorsal area on mesopleuron, scutellum, metanotum, large dorsal area on propodeum, legs except parts of coxae and trochanters, diffuse anterior dorsal and distal marks on T1, diffuse basal areas on T2 and S2, narrow areas along margins of these segments, more distal segments lighter reddish (or orange); yellow or reddish yellow are the following: basal antennal segments beneath, longitudinal fascia on mandible, small paired interantennal dots, small dots on pronotal humeral angles, narrow distal band on T1; wings strongly infumated, with dark brown veins, membrane darker near costal margin, especially in the case of anterior pair.</p><p>MALE. Besides the usual sexually dimorphic characters, the male has the apex of the clypeus truncated and slightly bidentate; the last antennal segment is roundly truncate. It is also very similar to female in color, possessing the integument reddish with yellow spots as follows: transverse apical band on clypeus, spot on base of mandible, paired dots on interantennal area, scape beneath, spot on mesopleuron, distal narrow band on T1. Genitalia (as figured by Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 200, figs 280–282) with volsella a little less hairy than in Z. corcovadensis, digitus also less recurved; aedeagus mostly as a quite broad structure, presenting mediodorsally a short but distinct vertical triangular crest, aedeagus with the distal intromittent element so widened to the point of being hardly distinguishable from the basal body, which is nonetheless prolongued anteriorly into a median slender roundly pointed lobe, basal apodemes strongly recurved inwards, free proximal extremities distinctly converging according to an angle of ca. 70 degrees, middle section of aedeagus with conspicuous lateral process with roughly triangular shape and acuminate apex.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Maranhão, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Goiás, São Paulo; Paraguay: Central, La Cordillera, Concepción, Guaira (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Examined material. BRAZIL: Maranhão, 1♀ Barreirinhas, Atoleiro, 02.7010°S 42.7935°W, 18.iii.2023, Muniz (UFMA); 1 ♀ Mirador, Parque Estadual do Mirador, 06.35°S 45.49°W, 3.xii.2009, Mendonça, M.W.A ; Brasília, Água Limpa, 1 ♀ 3.ii, 1 ♀ 22.ii.1979 ; 1 ♀ Lago Sul, 25.ii.1977 (A. Raw) ; Goiás, 1 ♂ vi.1964; Mato Grosso, S. Roncador, Basecamp ( Royal Geographic Society Expedition), 1 ♀ 10.ii, 1 ♀ 31.v, 1 ♀ 16.vii, 1 ♀ 19.vii.1968 ; Barra do Garças, 1 ♀ 18.i.1977 (NHM); Minas Gerais, 1 ♀ Serra do Salitre ( RPPN Cachoeira do Campo), 23–26.x.2000, A. F. Kumagai, R. B. Lopes, A. R. Lima (UFMG) ; São Paulo, 1♀ 2 ♂ Teodoro Sampai, PE Morro do Diabo, 22– 25.xi.2024, E.F. Santos col. (DZSJRP-Hymenoptera) . PARAGUAY: Villa Rica, 1 ♀ 14.ii.1923 (NHM) .</p><p>Remarks. We examined photographs of the Fox’s male specimen designated as lectotype by Bohart &amp; Stange (1965) and also saw the type of Discoelius brunconiger Ihering, 1911, an unquestionable synonym. The species is quite distinctive in the group in respect to morphology and color and, together with Z. corcovadensis, it has a southern pattern of distribution which is also distinct of those of most other species. Cooper (2016) reported observing “ Zethus productus Fox, another species in the pallidus-group, nesting in posts of a fence at Villa Rica in Paraguay ”.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A25734525FF5BF8886829FC99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A25714524FF5BFC306C5EFB65.text	B4053C3A25714524FF5BFC306C5EFB65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus restrepoicus Bohart & Stange 1965	<div><p>Zethus restrepoicus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965</p><p>(Figs 16, 32, 48)</p><p>Zethus restrepoicus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965: 86 .</p><p>Holotype, ♂, Colombia, Dept. Meta, Restrepo, 500m, 1936, J. Bequaert (MCZC). Paratypes, ♂ and ♀ (MCZC, UCD) [photographs examined]; Cooper 2016: 210.</p><p>Diagnosis. Mesoscutum exclusively and very strongly striate, without welts; metanotum with lateral margin raised, with spine-like process projecting backwards, anterior margin with a median keel; lamella of T2 raised to a higher point at center; T2 with very conspicuous scale-like setae; critical distance of subhumeral area ca. 1.5X midocellus diameter; male last flagellomere shortened, cup shaped; color black with numerous rather extensive yellow marks.</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Medium sized, wing length 12 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than long, apex truncate, ventral margin straight, ventral margin in apical view just obliquely plane, not transversely sulcated; interantennal area with a strong median vertical carinate ridge; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, subhumeral area very narrow, in lateral view critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum widen than long, without notaulices or welts; tegula well expanded postero-laterally but with general contour as an elongate oval, and with distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; lateral marging of metanotum very high, lamellate, and continuous in front with similarly raised margin of the scutellum, process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with conspicuous median keel; propodeum with submedian carina well developed; lateral carinae very high and abruptely raised at middle, lateral area of propodeum exterior to submedian carina with very strong striae, region contiguous to valvula without any pouch, propodeal apical lamella undeveloped not prominent or angled out; T1 rather short and subglobose, middle of expanded part much wider than the basal stem, distinctly converging apically (T1 scale: T1/Mpl ca. 1.0; width: T1md_W/T1 0.61; convexity: T1md_ H/T1 0.45; total divergence: T1_Wap/St 2.8; apical convergence: T1_Wmd/ap 1.43; StT2/StT1 1.30); distal lamella of T2 raised to a higher point at center; distal lamella of T3 not narrowed medially; distal lamella of S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with very shallow macropunctures; interantennal area with very strong median vertical ridge; frons and vertex, pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, mesopleuron dorsally absolutely striate (striae shaped as very raised vertical lamellae); propodeum laterally also with strong striae.</p><p>Vestiture. Head and mesoscutum with erect hairs; mesopleuron with silvery micropubescence; T1 and T2 with both long-flattened bristles and scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow marks as follows: most of mandible basally; two large dorso-lateral spots and a ventral apical band on clypeus; antennal scape and pedicel beneath; moderately large paired spots above antennal sockets; uninterrupted transversal band on pronotum just behind dorsal carina; fine longitudinal paired stripes on mesoscutum; dorsal spot on mesopleuron; basal and posterior apical spots (narrowly connected marginally) on tegula; parategula; anterolateral paired spots on scutellum; most of metanotum; large areas on the dorsum of propodeum; mark on mid and hind coxae; elongated mark on femora and tibiae; distal band on T1 connected to wide lateral oblique stripes over spiracular region; distal and lateral marginal bands on T2, lateral elements widening anteriorly letting a central trilobed black area; remaining terga with similar distal bands; sterna similarly marked, S2 with a large central basal mark.</p><p>MALE. Besides the usual sexually dimorphic characters, the male clypeus has the apical margin shallowly concave, slightly angled at sides, but not really bidentate; last antennal flagellomere short, cup shaped. Color similar to female, yellow marks more extensive, especially on head. Genitalia (as figured by Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 200, figs 285, 286) very similar to Z. corcovadensis, digitus equally densely covered with long hairs but a little less recurved; aedeagus basally as a broad structure terminating anteriorly in a short acuminate angular lobe, basal apodemes more separated, strongly recurved inwards, the free proximal extremities distinctly converging according to an angle of ca. 70 degrees, distal intromittent element of aedeagus quite slender, middle section with lateral process more round and less produced outwards.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Roraima; Colombia: Meta, Putumayo; Ecuador: Napo, Morona-Santiago (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Examined material. COLOMBIA: Putumayo, 1 ♀ Mocoa, 19.iv.1974 (NHM; BM 1974-327); photographed specimens in NHM website: (NHMUK013628218 ♀ Ecuador, Morona-Santiago, near Rio Macuma, M. Cooper); (NHMUK013628337 ♀ Colombia, Putumayo, Villa Garzon, 500m, 24.xii.1987, M. Cooper); (4 ♀, NHMUK013628217, NHMUK013628338, NHMUK013628339, NHMUK013628340, Ecuador, Napo, Nueva Rocafuerte, iii.93, M. Cooper) . BRAZIL: Roraima, 1 ♂ Alto Alegre, ESEC Maracá, 3°21’59”N-61°26’04”W, 1- 15.ii.2016, Malaise, R. Boldrini &amp; J.A. Rafael .</p><p>Remarks. Examination of type material of Z. restrepoicus was possible through photographs sent by Mr. Philip Perkins (curator of the Museum of Harvard—MCZC). Direct examination of the female morphology was performed by OTS on a specimen (Colombia, Mocoa) deposited in the London NHM, with an identification label by Dr. L. Stange. Six more female specimens (listed above; from Ecuador and Colombia) deposited by M. Cooper in the NHM could be examined through photographs in the institutional website (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/search#). A male from Roraima, Brazil was examined in hands and it is the first record of the species in Brazilian territory.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A25714524FF5BFC306C5EFB65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A25704522FF5BFAAC6BE5F9D5.text	B4053C3A25704522FF5BFAAC6BE5F9D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus roridus Zavattari 1912	<div><p>Zethus roridus Zavattari, 1912</p><p>(Figs 49–52, 74B)</p><p>Zethus roridus Zavattari, 1912: 41 .</p><p>Holotype, ♀, Ecuador, Vale Santiago, without date and colector (Turin?) [possibly lost]; Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 87.</p><p>Diagnosis. Small sized, wing length ca. 10 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards from side to side; T1 and T2 with long and strong bristles, which otherwise area not significantly flat, nor scale-like; lateral margin of metanotum forming a backward projecting process, like a spine; propodeum with a narrow lateral pouch (like a perforation) just anterior to the valvular area, submedian carina poorly developed, only anteriorly, propodeal apical lamella distinctly angled, quite prominent; distal lamella of T3 divided into three sectors, the central sector narrower and notably demarcated in respect to the lateral ones (Fig. 52); T1 quite elongate (T1 length 1.40 X height of mesopleuron) and less expanded at middle (width at middle 0.42 X length of T1), sides of the expanded sector from above less converging apically (width at middle 1.23 X width at apex) (Figs 49, 50, 74B).</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Small sized, wing length ca. 10 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than long (Cl_H/ W 0.69), apex truncate, anterior edge of ventral margin gently arcuated upwards, with the apex profile being slightly bidentate at sides, ventral margin in apical view just obliquely plane, not transversely sulcated; interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge crossed at middle by a transverse blunt protuberance; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definte sharp edge that traverses the posterior region of head just behind the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum wider than long (Msc_L/ W 0.88), without notaulices or welts; tegula subretangular, posterior margin nearly transverse, posterior triangular lobe truncate, almost absent; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high, but relatively short, not sinuous, anterior metanotal margin with conspicuous median keel; propodeum with submedian carina hardly developed just contiguous to anterior margin, this area marked by well-developed transverse striae; lateral carinae low throughout, lateral area of propodeum with very conspicuous striae, region contiguous to valvula with a pouch (like a perforation), propodeal apical lamella very distinct and prominent, well angled out; post-stem dorsoanterior region of T1 with a short median longitudinal carina; T1 quite elongate for this group, and relatively parallel sided, less converging apically (proportional “size”: T1 /Mpl ca. 1.40; width: T1 md_W/ T1 0.42; convexity: T1 md_W/ T1 0.34; divergence base-apex: Wap/St 2.60; apical convergence: Wmd/ap 1.23); distal lamella of T2 curled upward regularly from side to side; lamella of T3 divided into three well-demarcated sectors, the narrower central one, distinctly differentiated from the lateral areas; distal lamella of S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow large macropunctures; interantennal area with median vertical ridge prolonged to dorsal part of clypeus; frons and vertex striatopunctate; pronotum above reticulate-punctate, with low striae on subhumeral area; mesoscutum strongly reticulate-punctate; scutellum mostly reticulate–punctate, with a striate narrow zone adjacent to posterior margin; posterior surface of metanotum smooth; propodeum centrally finely micropunctate, with well developed transverse striae sublaterally, and laterally.</p><p>Vestiture. Head and mesoscutum with sparse light hairs; mesopleuron with silvery micropubescence; propodeum centrally with pale micropubescence and with silvery longer hairs; T1 with long and erect hairs; T2 with strong but hardly flattened hairs, without scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow spots as follows: ventral surface of antennal escape; small dots above antennal sockets; medially interrupted transverse band on pronotum adjacent to dorsal carina; narrow distal band on T1-T3; distal band on S2-S5; legs brown, external frontal stripe on tibiae; subapical elongate spot on fore and mid femora.</p><p>MALE: Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas; Ecuador: Napo; Peru: Loreto (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Material examined. ECUADOR: 1 ♀, Napo, Panacocha, 17.v.1990, M. Cooper, “ primary forest ” (photographs in the NHM website: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/. Catalog number NHMUK013628219) . PERU: 1 ♀, Loreto, Pebas (“cotypus”) (ETHZ) .</p><p>Remarks. Bohart &amp; Stange (1965) did not find the type of Z. roridus (from Ecuador), but they examined another specimen (from Peru) identified by Zavattari deposited in Zurich. This second specimen could be examined by us and was used for the redescription presented above, its morphology corresponding to that presented in Bohart &amp; Stange (1965). A specimen from Ecuador in the NHM identified by M. Cooper was examined through photographs and it matches the ETHZ specimen. Another specimen in the NHM (from Peru) identified by L. Stange as Z. roridus has significant differences especially in the shortened shape of T1 and is described here as a new species (see below “ Z. shipibo sp. nov. ”). Bohart &amp; Stange (1965) pointed to similarity between Z. roridus and Z. (Zethoides) chapadensis Bohart &amp; Stange in respect of the distal lamella of T3 with “sublateral lobes”. We confirm this observation in both Z. roridus and the next species, also calling attention that the propodeum lateral “pouch” of Z. roridus is practically identical to that of Z. (Zethoides) biglumis Spinola.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A25704522FF5BFAAC6BE5F9D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A2576451FFF5BF97C6B5CFD6D.text	B4053C3A2576451FFF5BF97C6B5CFD6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus sculpturalis Smith 1857	<div><p>Zethus sculpturalis Smith, 1857</p><p>Zethus sculpturalis Smith, 1857: 11 . Holotype, ♂, Brazil, Amazonas, Ega (Tefé), (NHM) [examined]. Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 87.</p><p>Diagnosis. Wing length ca. 8 mm; apex of male antenna hook-shaped, 13rd article conic; subhumeral area very narrow, critical distance 1-1.5X mod; lamella of T2 evenly raised from side to side; T2 with very conspicuous scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles; clypeus with ventral margin shallowly concave, slightly bidentate at sides; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards, without median keel on anterior margin; frons and vertex nearly exclusively striate; mesoscutum striatopunctate, without welts; propodeum with submedian carina present anteriorly, lateral carina low throughout; color black with reduced yellow marks, base of T2 diffusely tinged of dark reddish color.</p><p>Redescription. MALE. Wing length ca. 8 mm; apex of male antenna hook-shaped, 13rd article conic, short; clypeus with disk very convex, ventral margin arcuate, with concave profile, slightly bidentate at sides; interantennal area with a very strong “T-shaped” median carinate ridge; pronotum with humeral region slightly projecting outwards, pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward, dorso-lateral area strongly compressed as an acute border, in lateral view subhumeral area very narrow, critical distance 1-1.5X mod; mesoscutum just wider than long, without notaulices or welts; tegula well expanded laterally but with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; process of metanotum lateral margin projecting behind, but relatively short and broad, anterior metanotal margin without median keel; propodeum with well-developed submedian carina, lateral carinae low throughout, lateral area of propodeum with rather strong striae; post-stem dorsoanterior region of T1 with a short median longitudinal carina; T1 well elongate, moderately convex and convergent apically (size: T1/Mpl 1.27; width: md_W/T1 0.47; convexity: md_H/T1 0.42; divergence base-apex: Wap/St 2.16; apical convergence: Wmd/ap 1.38); distal lamella of T2 curled upward regularly from side to side; distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures; frons and vertex striate; pronotum striate; mesoscutum striatopunctate; scutellum mostly reticulate–punctate, with a striate narrow zone adjacent to posterior margin; propodeum centrally finely micropunctate, with well-developed transverse striae laterally; T2 with dense micropunctation.</p><p>Vestiture. Clypeus with abundant long and decumbent whitish hairs; frons and vertex with well elongated erect hairs; propodeum centrally with abundant pale micropubescence and with silvery longer hairs; T1 and T2 with typical scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow spots as follows: small dots above antennal sockets; broad apical band on clypeus; transverse band on pronotum adjacent to dorsal carina; posterior spot on tegula; broad anterior transversal mark on metanotum, narrowly interrupted medially; elongate stripes on leg parts; narrow distal band on T1–T3 and S2–S3; base of disk of T2 with diffuse reddish spot.</p><p>FEMALE. Unknown</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Remarks. In Bohart &amp; Stange (1965), the couplet 7 of the identification key leading to Z. sculpturalis and Z. alacris says “lateral propodeal carina very strong, jutting out near middle where it equals about 2 midocellus diameters”. Examination of the type of Z. sculpturalis showed that this does not match the condition in this species, which has the lateral carina regularly low.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A2576451FFF5BF97C6B5CFD6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A254B451EFF5BFCA46B9BFDB9.text	B4053C3A254B451EFF5BFCA46B9BFDB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus shipibo  Silveira 2025	<div><p>Zethus shipibo Silveira, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 73, 74A)</p><p>Diagnosis. Small sized, wing length 9 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards from side to side; T1 and T2 with flattened bristles only, without scale-like setae; lateral margin of metanotum forming a backward projecting process, like a spine; propodeum with a narrow lateral pouch (like a perforation) just anterior to the valvular area, submedian carina well developed, apical lamella narrow and not angled out; distal lamella of T3 divided into three sectors, the central one narrower and notably demarcated in respect to the lateral ones; first metasomal segment rather short (T1 length 1.11 X height of mesopleuron) and expanded at middle (width at middle 0.50 X length of T1), sides of the expanded sector more converging apically (width at middle 1.36 X width at apex) (see Fig. 74A).</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Small sized, wing length 9 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than long, apex truncate, anterior edge of ventral margin gently arcuated upwards, with the apex profile being slightly bidentate at sides, ventral margin in apical view just obliquely plane, not transversely sulcated; interantennal area with a median vertical carinate ridge that reaches the base of clypeus; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, subhumeral area very narrow, in lateral view critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum wider than long, without notaulices or welts; tegula subrectangular, posterior margin nearly transverse, posterior triangular lobe truncate, almost absent; scutellum relatively plane; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high, but relatively short, not sinuous, anterior metanotal margin with conspicuous median keel; propodeum with submedian carina well developed; lateral carina low throughout, just interrupted on posterior extremity lateral area of propodeum with rather weak striae, region contiguous to valvula with a pouch (like a perforation); post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 with a short median longitudinal carina; T1 relatively short and wide, moderately convex, and well converging apically (T1 scale: T1/Mpl about 1.11; width: md_W/T1 0.50; convexity: md_W/ T1 0.40; total divergence: Wap/St 2.20; apical convergence: Wmd/ap 1.36; StT2/StT1 1.30); distal lamella of T2 curled upward regularly from side to side; lamella of T3 divided into three well-demarcated sectors, the narrower central one, distinctly differentiated from the lateral areas; distal lamella of S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with large macropunctures; interantennal area with median vertical ridge prolonged to dorsal part of clypeus; frons and vertex striatopunctate; pronotum above reticulate-punctate, with low striae on subhumeral area; mesoscutum strongly reticulate-punctate; scutellum mostly reticulate–punctate, with a striate narrow zone adjacent to theposterior margin; propodeum centrally finely micropunctate, with rather weak striae laterally.</p><p>Vestiture. T1 and T2 with strong flattened hairs, without scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with yellow spots as follows: ventral surface of antennal escape; small dots above antennal sockets; medially interrupted transverse band on pronotum adjacent to dorsal carina; small anterior and posterior spots on tegula; distal band on T1–T4; distal band on S2–S5; legs brown, external frontal stripe on tibiae; subapical elongate spot on fore and mid femora.</p><p>MALE. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. Peru: Ucayali (Fig. 90B).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, Peru, Cord. Azul, Previsto, 720m, 12.v.1965, J.M. Shunke (NHM).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a reference to the Shipibo, an indigenous people living along the Ucayali River in the Amazon in Peru.</p><p>Remarks. This species is very similar to Z. roridus but can be distinguished by the propodeum with a distinct submedian carina and a poorly developed apical lamella. In especial, in Z. shipibo sp. nov. the first metasomal segment is much shorter and more expanded at middle. The two species are undoubtedly closely related and have a western pattern of distribution in Andean areas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A254B451EFF5BFCA46B9BFDB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A254A451CFF5BFDD06A12FA90.text	B4053C3A254A451CFF5BFDD06A12FA90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus trispinosus Zavattari 1912	<div><p>Zethus trispinosus Zavattari, 1912</p><p>(Figs 14, 30, 46, 67)</p><p>Zethus trispinosus Zavattari, 1912: 52 .</p><p>Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Piauí (probably lost, reported by Zavattari as deposited in “ HNM ” collection, Hungarian National Museum); Bohart &amp; Stange 1965: 88.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized, wing length 10–11 mm; lamella of T2 curled upwards, well elevated from side to side; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; mesoscutum striate, with very distinctive welts; propodeal lateral carina higher, especially at middle, apical lamella as a low round lobe; tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with posterior angular lobe pointing inward obliquely to the center of the metanotum; pronotal pretegular carina distinct, with normal course until it meets dorsal posterior corner of pronotum (Fig. 67); T1 with flattened bristles only; T2 with conspicuous scale-like setae besides more normally flattened bristles.</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Wing length 10–11 mm; mandible apical margin with a small inflected sector between the first and second teeth; clypeus wider than long (Cl_H/W ca. 0.71), apex truncate, ventral margin straight, ventral margin in apical view just obliquely plane, not transversely sulcated; interantennal area with a strong median vertical carinate ridge; occipital carina well raised and inclined forward, ventrally the branch of the carina that diverges medially forms a definite edged border only at sides of the buccal cavity; pronotum with humeral region projecting angularly outwards, subhumeral area very narrow, critical subhumeral distance about 1.5 mod; pronotal carina with lamella high, inclined forward; mesoscutum wider than long (Msc_L/ W 0.90 –0.95), with distinct welts measuring 0.46–0.59X length of the; tegula with general contour shaped as an elongate oval, with a distinct posterior triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum; scutellum relatively plane, laterally compressed; process of metanotum lateral margin quite high and projecting backwards, anterior metanotal margin with a distinct median keel; propodeum with submedian carina well developed and morphologically related to distinctive striae on dorsolateral area of the propodeum; lateral carina quite elevated, gradually raised to a higher point at middle; propodeal apical lamella a little projecting as a small angular lobe; post-stem dorso-anterior region of T1 without a median longitudinal carina; T1 moderately short and considerably wide, distinctly convex (proportional “size”: T1/ Mpl ca. 1.14; width: T1md_W/T1 0.50–0.54; convexity: T1md_ H/T1 0.41–0.46; divergence base-apex: T1_Wap/ St 2.50–2.92; apical convergence: T1_Wmd/ap 1.29–1.42); distal lamella of T2 curled upward from side to side; distal lamella of T3 and S3 continuously developed from side to side.</p><p>Sculpture. Clypeus with shallow macropunctures;frons and vertex mostly striate;pronotum above striatopunctate; mesoscutum striate to striatopunctate; scutellum mostly punctate, with strong longitudinal striae behind; propodeum centrally with fine micropunctation, and with quite strong striae on dorsal region outwards from submedian carina and on the lateral surface; T1 smooth and shining anteriorly, but with conspicuous dense pattern of rather large macropunctures dorsally and posteriorly; T2 with dense regular micropunctures and mesopunctures.</p><p>Vestiture. Whole body with abundant yellowish variably elongate hairs, with whitish pubescence on gena, and sides of mesosoma and propodeum; T1 with flattened bristles, but without scale-like setae; T2 with scale-like setae.</p><p>Color . Black with major discal area of T2 and S2 reddish yellow, and many yellow areas and marks as follows: basal half of mandible; underside of antennal scape; paired dorsolateral spots on clypeus; paired marks adjacent to antennal sockets; band adjacent to pronotal carina; mesoscutal welts; dorsal spot on mesepisternum; anterior and posterior marks on tegula; two lateral marks on scutellum; transversal band on metanotum; v-shaped mark on anterior face of mid coxa; lateral mark on hind coxa; elongate marks on external face of all femora and tibiae; dorsal mark on first and fifth article of fore tarsus; small to medium sized posterior spots on propodeum, often with anterior spots also; apical band on T1, joining quite broad and elongated symmetrical lateral areas extending to beyond spiracle; distal band and diffuse lateral mark on T2; apical band on T3–T6, and S3–S5; light brown are: underside of antennal apex; apical area of mandible; central area on tegula; tarsal articles generally. Wing with membrane hyaline, slightly infumated on some areas, veins brown.</p><p>Variation. Specimens from Suriname and Guiana may be darker with mesosoma and the mesoscutal welts black, and with propodeum and T1 without yellow marks.</p><p>MALE. Similar to female, but apex of clypeus truncate with lateral teeth; antennal hook short, stout, depressed, somewhat bent in profile, reaching apex of flagellomere VIII (as described by Bohart &amp; Stange 1965).</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia; Guiana: Bartica; Suriname: Blakawatra, Replubiek, Kabel Station, Zanderij; French Guiana (Fig. 90A).</p><p>Examined Material. BRAZIL: Pará, 2 ♀, 23.ii.1900, Ducke; 1 ♀ R. Tapajós, Itaituba, 10.ix.1902, Ducke; 1 ♀ 20.vi.1903, Ducke; 1 ♀, Ilha de Marajó, Soure, iv.1914, A. Ducke; 1 ♀ Rondônia, E. F. Madeira-Mamoré; 2 ♀, Santarém Novo, Fazenda Jaburú 7–9.i.1993, J. Dias; 1 ♀ Faz. Ema, Viseu, 52° 21’ 29,6” S, 01º 25’ 13,5”W, Malaise, mata, I.S. Gorayeb, T. Pimentel, R . N. Bittencourt, J. O. Dias, 24.xi–7.xii./1999; 1 ♀ Cametá, Campo Redondo, iv.2015, F. S Carvalho Filho (MPEG); 1 ♀, Mocajuba, Mangabeira, vii.1953 O. Rego, coleção Campos Seabra (MNRJ) ; Maranhão, 1 ♀ Peri Mirim, Parque Agroecológico Buritirana, 02.38°S 44.50°W, 29.iii.2015, Sardinha &amp; Azevedo (UFMA), 1 ♂ São Luis, 22.x.1988, Drummond, M.S. (UFMA); Bahia, 1 ♀ Prado, PARNA do Descobrimento, 17°07’17.6”S 39°21’09.1”W, 13.xii.2015, Puçá, Predação, J.E. Santos &amp; J.C. Oliveira leg., UFMG IHY 1603791 (CCT-UFMG) . FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♀, Sinnamary, Piste de St. Ellie 4–6.xii.2000 C.M.T Rapper e A. Neild; 1 ♀, Roura, Poute de Kaw, PK20 1.xii.2000, C.M.T Rapper e A. Neild (NHM) .</p><p>Remarks. This is probably the best represented species in collections, and with the surprising finding of a specimen from Bahia, it becomes the widest distribution in the Z. pallidus group, rivaled only by Z. productus . Despite apparent loss of the type, it can be easily identified among other forms of the group, and its morphology is relatively homogeneous. We agree with Bohart &amp; Stange (1965) that the slightly darker specimens from French Guiana and Suriname do not deserve especial status.</p><p>Species examined only from photos or not examined</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A254A451CFF5BFDD06A12FA90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A2548451CFF5BFAE4688AF95A.text	B4053C3A2548451CFF5BFAE4688AF95A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus bardus Bohart & Stange 1965	<div><p>Zethus bardus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965</p><p>Zethus bardus Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965: 82 .</p><p>Holotype, ♀, Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus (UCD); Paratype, ♀, Brazil, Pará, Óbidos (CMNH) [possibly lost].</p><p>Diagnosis. Distal lamella of T2 flat, not bent or curled upward; T1 and T2 without scale-like setae; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process markedly projecting backwards; mesoscutum coarsely and closely punctate; critical distance of subhumeral area about equal to one midocellus diameter; tegula elongate behind, with triangular lobe pointing obliquely to the center of the metanotum.</p><p>Remarks. We could not find specimens or photographs of this species, so the presented diagnosis is based on Bohart &amp; Stange (1965). Apparently, the two types from Manaus and Óbidos (Brazil, AM) are the only known specimens (see Fig. 90B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A2548451CFF5BFAE4688AF95A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A2548451BFF5BF8F16887FE71.text	B4053C3A2548451BFF5BF8F16887FE71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus caracis Bohart & Stange 1965	<div><p>Zethus caracis Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965</p><p>(Figs 15, 31, 47).</p><p>Zethus caracis Bohart &amp;Stange, 1965: 83 .</p><p>Holotype, ♀, Peru, Achinamiza 9/1926. H. Bassler (MCZC) [photographs examined].</p><p>Diagnosis. Lamella of T2 curled upwards; metanotum with lateral margin raised, carinate and forming prominent process not so strongly projecting backwards; T1 and T2 without scale-like setae; critical distance of pronotal subhumeral area wide, ca. two mid ocellus diameters; mesoscutum without welts; sculpture of mesoscutum reticulate (or areolate) (Fig. 31); critical distance of the pronotal subhumeral area relatively wider, ca. two midocellus diameters; propodeal lateral carina uniformly low along its length, apical lamella undefined (male unknown); wings infumated, membrane dark.</p><p>Remarks. The holotype of Z. caracis could be examined by photographs sent by the curator of the Harvard Museum. The diagnosis presented above is based mainly on Bohart &amp; Stange (1965), and the species is only known from Peru (see Fig. 90A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A2548451BFF5BF8F16887FE71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A254F451BFF5BFD986CB1FCDB.text	B4053C3A254F451BFF5BFD986CB1FCDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus clio Bohart & Stange 1965	<div><p>Zethus clio Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965</p><p>Zethus clio Bohart &amp; Stange, 1965: 83 .</p><p>Holoytpe, ♂, Brazil, Pará, Santarém (CMNH) [possibly lost].</p><p>Diagnosis. Distal lamella of T2 flat, not bent or curled upward; T1 and T2 without scale-like setae; metanotum lateral margin raised and carinate but hardly projecting backwards; pronotum above cross striate; lateral of propodeum with very strong striae; propodeal apical lamella small but distinctly angled out; T1 with punctures well separated beyond spiracle; black with yellow marks.</p><p>We could not find specimens or photographs of this species, so the presented diagnosis is based on Bohart &amp; Stange (1965). Apparently, the holotype from Santarém (Brazil, PA) is the only known specimen (see Fig. 90A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A254F451BFF5BFD986CB1FCDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
B4053C3A254F451BFF5BFC776C45FA53.text	B4053C3A254F451BFF5BFC776C45FA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zethus silvicola Cooper 1999	<div><p>Zethus silvicola Cooper, 2016</p><p>Zethus silvicola Cooper, 2016: 207 .</p><p>Holotype, ♂, ECUADOR: Napo [now Sucumbios], Pañacocha, 7.xii.1990, note 94, M. Cooper (NHM). Paratype, ♂, COLOMBIA: Putumayo, Villa Garzon, 6.x.1984, primary forest, M. Cooper [photographs examined].</p><p>Diagnosis. Tegula not quite truncate behind, posterior lobe pointing obliquely inwards; mesoscutum without submedian welts; propodeum with apical lamella not so angularly produced as above; apex of male clypeus much less arcuate and bidentate, and 13th antennal article shortened, nearly truncate.</p><p>Remarks. A paratype specimen of this species could be examined by photographs in the NHM website (https:// data.nhm.ac.uk/media/; NHMUK013628224). The presented diagnosis is based on Cooper (2016). Cooper’s notes on the collecting of the holotype present one of a few records of nest features in the group of Z. pallidus, “ holotype and another wasp, which was not caught, were flying around a sapling in primary forest. A cleft in the sapling 30cm from the ground contained a nest. The exposed part of the nest was a tube about lcm wide constructed of fragments of leaves and macerated vegetable material that extended 3cm upwards from an entrance 0.7cm wide and downwards for 2cm within the sapling ”. The species has been recorded from Ecuador and Colombia (Fig. 90B)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B4053C3A254F451BFF5BFC776C45FA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De;Gomes, Rayane Sales;Lopes, Rogerio Botion;Silveira, Orlando Tobias	Oliveira, Suelen Cristina Da Silva Cruz De, Gomes, Rayane Sales, Lopes, Rogerio Botion, Silveira, Orlando Tobias (2025): A review of the Zethus pallidus Smith species group, with phylogenetic analysis and description of eight new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Zootaxa 5737 (4): 451-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5737.4.1
