identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
CED8F158E1C6517BA98B0585A7CF35F6.text	CED8F158E1C6517BA98B0585A7CF35F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boreus borealis Banks 1923	<div><p>Boreus borealis Banks, 1923</p><p>Figs 1 A, 1 B, 2 A, 2 B, 12, 19 A, 23 B, 24 C, 24 D, 25 B, 27 B, 28 B</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Redescription based on 6 ♂♂ in ethanol, 2 ♂♂ pinned (including the lectotype), 7 ♀♀ in ethanol, and 1 ♀ pinned: Lectotype. United States – Alaska • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-170.274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.128" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -170.274/lat 57.128)">St. Paul Island</a>, grassy bank, beyond village wells; 57.128, -170.274; 23 May 1914; Alvin G. Whitney and Elsie G. Whitney leg.; MCZ:Ent:11277 .</p><p>Other material.</p><p>(7 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀) United States – Alaska • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; St. Paul Island; 57, - 170; July-Aug. 1925; A. Christofferson leg.; CASENT 8076679 . • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-169.6664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.56951" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -169.6664/lat 56.56951)">St. George Island, harbor</a>; 56.56951, -169.6664; 8 Aug. 2012; DSS and Casey Engstrom leg.; UAM:Ento:235219, UAM:Ento:235218 . • 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-169.55435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.594967" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -169.55435/lat 56.594967)">St. George Island</a>; 56.594966, -169.55435; 8 Aug. 2012; DSS and Matt Klosterman leg.; UAM:Ento:504854, UAM:Ento:261148 . • 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; St. Paul Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-170.26517&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.16001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -170.26517/lat 57.16001)">Kamanista Quarry</a>; 57.16001, -170.26517; 30 July 2022; DSS and TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:476192, UAM:Ento:476193, UAM:Ento:476194, UAM:Ento:476195, UAM:Ento:476196, UAM:Ento:476197, UAM:Ento:476257 . • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as previous; 31 July 2022; UAM:Ento:476191, UAM:Ento:476259 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Both sexes of B. borealis can be differentiated from non-Alaskan members of the californicus species group sensu Penny 1977 ( B. californicus, Boreus coloradensis Byers, 1955) by the color of the thoracic segments and legs, which are orange and significantly paler than the abdominal segments in both pinned and alcohol preserved specimens. Female B. borealis can be differentiated from its apparent sister species (see below) B. intermedius by the lack of hairs emerging from the peg-like spines at the distal end of the ovipositor. Male B. borealis can be differentiated from other members of the californicus species group, including B. intermedius, by the lack of spines on the ventral surface of the hind wings.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Top of head dark with yellow-green-blue iridescent sheen from top of head to below eyes, fading to orange on the maxillolabial complex. Head length measured from top of head to distal tip of labrum 1.47–1.98 mm (female mean = 1.82, male mean = 1.59). Eyes red to reddish-purple. Diameter of eye measured parallel to direction of head 0.53–0.63 mm (female mean = 0.59, male mean = 0.55). Lateral ocelli about diameter of ocellus away from compound eye margin. Median ocellus present between base of antennae, noticeably smaller than lateral ocelli. Antennae with 18–20 antennomeres (mode for both sexes = 20). Antennae brown, fading to dark brown or black distally. Fine white pubescence covering entire head, sparse except on frontal region, where hairs are noticeably denser and longer. Maxillolabial complex to rostrum length ratio 0.81–0.95 (female mean = 0.85, male mean = 0.88).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum brown, less iridescent than head and abdominal terga, with one transverse furrow. Anterior and posterior edges of pronotum without bristles. Meso- and metanotum brown, paler than pronotum, without bristles.</p><p>Legs orange, darkened adjacent to joints. Coxae covered in short, fine, sparse, white hairs. All other leg segments covered in short, fine, dark hairs. Femur with apical-femoral spine present, short, pointed, and black, without additional spines. Tibia with two long, translucent-brown apical spurs. Tibia and tarsi with two rows of dark spines on ventral surface, no spines on dorsal surface.</p><p>Female wings. Forewings yellowish-orange, translucent, covered in fine dark hairs, reduced to small ovals 0.50–0.66 mm (mean length = 0.55 mm) in length, covering entire hindwing.</p><p>Male wings. Forewings yellowish orange, similar in color to legs, covered in short, dark hairs. Forewing length 1.64–1.96 mm (mean length = 1.80). Outer margin of forewing narrows noticeably near mid length when viewed dorsally. Margins of forewings bear 31–48 (mode = 39) inner bristles and 8–14 (mode = 12) outer spines. Terminal spine of forewings significantly longer than penultimate inner forewing spine, brown. Hindwings similar in length to forewings, ending in flattened, curled tips. Hindwings without spines. Distal half of hindwings with dense, short white hairs, ending before curved tip.</p><p>Female abdomen. Terga and sterna dark with blue-green-yellow iridescence, covered in short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs, denser on sterna than on terga. Intersegmental membrane varies in color from red to pale yellow. Tergum 8 with fine wrinkles and short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Female terminalia (segments 9–11) orange, darker than legs. Ovipositor (segments 9–11) 1.40–1.81 mm (mean = 1.59) in length. Ovipositor to rostrum length ratio 1.32–1.67 (mean = 1.41). Tergum 9 0.15–0.35 mm (mean = 0.25) in length, with short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Tergum 10 0.83–1.05 mm (mean = 0.95) in length, without hairs. Segment 11 and cerci fused, 0.45–0.55 mm (mean = 0.50) in length, with short, fine, sparse translucent hairs on dorsal surface and longer, thicker, denser, translucent-white hairs on ventral surface. Ventral ovipositor valves (valvulae) 1.10–1.41 mm (mean = 1.22) in length, with medium-length, fine, sparse, translucent hairs on the ventral surface and short, peg-like spines on the distal third of the ventral surface.</p><p>Male abdomen. Terga and sterna 1–8 colored as in female. Tergum 8 and sternum 8 fused.</p><p>Tergum 9 and sternum 9 not fused, more brown than previous segments. Tergum 9 with hood extending laterally to edge of denticular area, clefted by median septum which extends slightly beyond hood. Tergal pockets covered in dense, fine, long white hairs. Denticular area does not extend into tergal pockets. Sternum 9 (hypandrium) is broadly triangular, with distal edge entire and square, reaching to distal edge of basistyles, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs. Dististyles orange except on basal lobe and claw, which are black and shiny, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs, except on basal lobe and claw. Basal lobe of dististyle pointed, separated from base of dististyle by triangular cleft. Inside of dististyle with small, black denticles extending between dististylar claw and basal lobe. Outside of dististyle with denticles extending from base of dististylar claw to below basal lobe. Tergum 10 and sternum 10 reduced, small oval sclerites, covered in short, fine hairs, rarely visible.</p><p>Body length. Females: preserved in ethanol 5.54–6.68 mm (mean = 6.01), pinned 7.94 mm. Males: preserved in ethanol 3.48–5.16 mm (mean = 4.01), pinned 3.64–4.88 mm (mean = 4.259).</p><p>DNA. We obtained five COI sequences for B. borealis from two localities. There was one variable site within the sequences. BIN: BOLD: ACG 1116.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Boreus borealis has been collected in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska on St. Paul Island and St. George Island (Fig. 12 B). In 1914, this species was collected from two localities on St. Paul Island, both adjacent to the town of Saint Paul. In 2022, specimens were collected from Kamanista Quarry, near the middle of St. Paul Island. Specimens collected on St. Paul Island in 1925 and 1975 did not have specific localities recorded. In 2012, B. borealis was collected from two localities on St. George Island, one near the docks and one inland.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>The Pribilof Islands are made up of subarctic mesic maritime tundra. The area is treeless, and consists of a mixture of coastal sand dunes, cliffs, extinct cinder cones and lava flows, bogs, marshes, and grass meadows. In 1914, two specimens were collected on St. Paul Island from mosses in a grassy bank outside the town of Saint Paul and two additional specimens were found on sand dunes in a nearby area. In 2012, B. borealis was collected on St. George Island under a rock in an area with Lupinus, Angelica, and mosses. Two additional specimens were collected dead in a shallow puddle under debris. In 2022, nine B. borealis specimens were collected from St. Paul Island along north-west facing mossy cliffs in Kamanista Quarry (Fig. 12 C) in a mixture of star mosses and feather mosses. Collecting efforts in other areas of the quarry and island were unsuccessful. Boreus borealis have only been collected in May, July, and August, however, there has been limited if any sampling done on the Pribilof Islands outside of the summer as the island is difficult to reach and often has inclement winter weather. Boreus borealis apparently has an approximately equal sex ratio. In total, 9 ♂♂ and 10 ♀♀ have been collected from this species.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The original description of B. borealis was based on four specimens, two males and two females. The species was diagnosed based on the color of the coxae and pleura, the length of the wings, and the overall size. The description of the color of the coxae and pleura is consistent with B. intermedius, and as noted by Carpenter (1931) and Penny (1977), the size of the wings is similar to some other Boreus species. While B. borealis are on average larger than B. californicus, B. coloradensis, and B. intermedius, the ranges in body size overlap between species too much for this to be a useful diagnostic character. Penny’s morphological description of B. borealis was based on one of the syntypes (which he assigned as the lectotype), one additional male and one additional female. Penny stated that “ ... males can be identified by the large number of setae lining the tergal hood. Females cannot be positively identified, except by locality. Banks (1923) mentioned that this was the only species with pale coxae and pleura, but some individuals of B. californicus and pilosus also have pale coxae and pleura. ” However, the color difference between the coxae and pleura and the abdominal segments is far greater and more obvious in B. borealis and B. intermedius than in any other species we have seen, and as noted above female specimens can be identified to species by the combination of the color of the thorax and legs, and the absence of hairs emerging from the spines at the distal end of the ovipositor. Otherwise, Penny’s (1977) description of B. borealis is generally accurate, but lacks information on variation due to the limited number of specimens studied.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CED8F158E1C6517BA98B0585A7CF35F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kane, Taylor L.;Sikes, Derek S.;Schiff, Nathan	Kane, Taylor L., Sikes, Derek S., Schiff, Nathan (2026): A taxonomic review of Boreus (Mecoptera, Boreidae) with descriptions of two new Alaskan species. ZooKeys 1267: 119-178, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.170946
6BA4DE3CFB6B50939505E6030441AD84.text	6BA4DE3CFB6B50939505E6030441AD84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boreus gracilis Carpenter 1935	<div><p>Boreus gracilis Carpenter, 1935, stat. res.</p><p>Figs 1 F, 2 G, 2 H, 11, 21 A, 22 A, 26 A</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Redescription based on 1 ♂ in ethanol, 3 ♂♂ pinned, 6 ♀♀ in ethanol, and 8 ♀♀ pinned: Paratype United States – Alaska • ♀; Between Kennicott and McCarthy; 61.4, -142.9; 15 Apr. 1934; Wilbur Lloyd leg.; MCZ:Ent:22361 .</p><p>Other material.</p><p>(4 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀) United States – Alaska • 3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Same collection data as paratype; 15–29 Apr. 1935; J. E. Lloyd leg.; MCZ:Ent:732346, MCZ:Ent:732347, MCZ:Ent:732348, MCZ:Ent:732349, MCZ:Ent:732350, MCZ:Ent:732351, MCZ:Ent:732352, MCZ:Ent:732353, MCZ:Ent:732354, MCZ:Ent:732355 . • 1 ♀; Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-142.87944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.47139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -142.87944/lat 61.47139)">along Wagon Road between McCarthy and Kennicott</a>; 61.47138889, -142.87944444; 16 Sept. 2021; Thalles Pereira leg.; UAM:Ento:451096 . • 4 ♀♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.47305556, -142.88027778; TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:451105, UAM:Ento:457835, UAM:Ento:457836, UAM:Ento:457837 . • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.4690, -142.8776; 23 Sept. 2022; UAM:Ento:477811, UAM:Ento:477815 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Boreus gracilis can be differentiated from non-Alaskan members of the brumalis subgroup of the nivoriundus species group sensu Penny 1977 ( B. brumalis, B. bomari, B. insulanus, B. nix, and B. pilosus) by the greatly reduced or absent median ocellus, and from most members of the species group by the presence and relative length of cruciate bristles on the female mesonotum, which are similar in length to pronotal bristles and distinctly longer than the surrounding hairs. Boreus gracilis differs from its apparent sister species (see below) B. tananaensis by the length of the thoracic and abdominal hairs, which reach up to half the length of the thoracic bristles in B. gracilis and are shorter than half the length of the thoracic bristles in B. tananaensis . Boreus gracilis can also be differentiated from B. tananaensis by coloration; B. gracilis is brown with a gold iridescence while B. tananaensis is brown with a green-blue iridescence. This difference in coloration is less obvious in pinned specimens. Male B. gracilis also differ from B. tananaensis in the shape of the cleft of the distal hood, which is long and narrow as opposed to short and triangular in B. tananaensis, and the posterior margin of the denticular area, which is straight in B. gracilis and curves in towards the cleft in B. tananaensis .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Head dark with golden iridescent sheen from top of head to below eyes. Maxillolabial complex non-iridescent, similar in color to rest of head except on the lateral sides of the clypeus, which are paler. Head length measured from top of head to distal tip of labrum 1.14–1.57 mm (female mean = 1.42, male mean = 1.22). Eyes reddish-purple. Length of eye 0.42–0.54 mm (female mean = 0.47, male mean = 0.43). Lateral ocelli more than diameter of ocellus away from compound eye margin. Median ocellus reduced, significantly smaller than lateral ocelli, or absent. Epistomal suture extending laterally to intersect the margin of the maxillolabial complex, creating a triangular shape. Antennae with 20–22 antennomeres (mode for both sexes = 21). Antennae dark brown. Fine white hairs covering entire head, most dense and long on frontal region. Maxillolabial complex to rostrum length ratio 0.59–0.93 (female mean = 0.85, male mean = 0.76).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum grayish-brown, paler than head and abdominal terga, with two transverse furrows. Anterior edge of pronotum with 2–4 (mode = 3) bristles on each side. Posterior edges of pronotum with 2–3 (mode = 2) bristles on each side. Mesonotum similar in color to pronotum, episternum and epimeron paler than dorsal face. Mesoscutellum with two bristles curving inward in females, males without bristles. Metanotum similar in color to mesonotum, without bristles.</p><p>Legs. Leg segments grayish-brown, darker adjacent to joints, giving a striped appearance. Coxae covered in long, fine, sparse, white hairs, denser on anterior face. All other leg segments covered in short, fine, dark hairs. Femur with apical-femoral spine present, long, pointed, and black, without additional spines. Tibia with two long, translucent-brown apical spurs. Tibia and tarsi with two rows of yellow spines on ventral surface, no spines on dorsal surface.</p><p>Female wings. Forewings grayish-brown, translucent, covered in short, dense, fine, dark hairs, reduced to small ovals 0.30–0.41 mm (mean = 0.37) in length, covering entire hindwing.</p><p>Male wings. Forewings grayish-brown, similar in color to legs, covered in short, dense, fine, dark hairs. Forewing length 1.38–1.48 mm (mean = 1.43). Outer margin of forewing tapers evenly when viewed dorsally. Margins of forewings bear 15–19 (no mode) inner spines and 13–16 (mode = 13) outer spines. Terminal spine of forewing significantly longer than penultimate inner spine. Hindwings longer than forewings, ending in flattened, curled tips. Hindwings with seven or eight (mode = 7) peg-like spines which decrease in size distally. Distal half of hindwings with dense, short, white hairs, ending before curved tip.</p><p>Female abdomen. Terga and sterna dark grayish-brown with gold iridescent sheen, covered in long, fine, dense, near-translucent hairs. Intersegmental membrane varies in color from red to pale yellow. Tergum 8 with fine wrinkles and short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Female terminalia (segments 9–11) greyish brown, similar in color to legs. Ovipositor (segments 9–11) 1.03–1.31 mm (mean = 1.20) in length. Ovipositor to rostrum length ratio 1.19–1.50 (mean = 1.37). Tergum 9 0.08–0.18 mm (mean = 0.13) in length, with long, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Tergum 10 0.69–0.85 mm (mean = 0.80) in length, with sparse, long hairs present. Segment 11 and cerci fused, 0.30–0.39 mm (mean = 0.35) in length, with short, fine, sparse translucent hairs on dorsal surface and longer, thicker, denser, translucent-white hairs on ventral surface. Ventral ovipositor valves (valvulae) 0.89–1.20 mm (mean = 1.07) in length, with medium-length, fine, sparse, translucent hairs on the ventral surface and short, peg-like spines with hairs emerging from them on the distal half to third.</p><p>Male abdomen. Terga and sterna 1–8 colored as in female. Tergum 8 and sternum 8 not fused. Tergum 9 and sternum 9 not fused. Tergum 9 with a small hood extending laterally to median of the denticular areas, with short median septum and deep cleft. Cleft margins parallel. Tergal pockets not fully separated, covered in fine, short white hairs. Denticular area does not extend into tergal pockets. Sternum 9 (hypandrium) is broadly triangular, with distal edge deeply notched, reaching to distal edge of basistyles, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs. Dististyles dark brown, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs. Basal lobe of dististyle square, separated from base of dististyle by triangular cleft. Outside of dististyle with denticles extending from base of dististylar claw to basal lobe. Tergum 10 and sternum 10 reduced, small oval sclerites, covered in short, fine hairs, rarely visible.</p><p>Body length. Females: preserved in ethanol 3.77–4.54 mm (mean = 4.21), pinned 3.81–4.81 mm (mean = 4.355). Males: preserved in ethanol 3.09 mm, pinned 2.38–3.27 mm (mean = 2.82).</p><p>DNA. We obtained three COI sequences for B. gracilis from one locality. There were no variable sites within the sequences. BOLD BIN: BOLD: AES 2569.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Boreus gracilis has been collected between McCarthy and Kennicott Alaska (Fig. 11 B). In 1934, B. gracilis was collected between McCarthy and Kennicott (Carpenter 1935), and in 1935 additional specimens were collected in Kennicott and in McCarthy (Carpenter 1936). In 2021 and 2022, specimens were collected between McCarthy and Kennicott along the Wagon Road trail.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Boreus gracilis has only been collected in sympatry with B. intermedius . Specimens were collected from boreal forest in a mountainous area bordering Kennicott glacier, consisting of predominantly spruce, alder, and willow, and groundcover consisting of moss and short shrubs (Fig. 11 C). Within this habitat, B. gracilis specimens were collected from moss on steep, near vertical rock surfaces and glacial deposits. In 1934 and 1935, this species was collected in April. Despite efforts to collect in the spring (May), B. gracilis has since only been collected in September (2021, 2022). Specimens were collected on overcast and rainy days when the moss cover was very wet. In 1934, B. gracilis specimens were collected on top of snow.</p><p>Both historic (1934: 2 ♀♀, 1935: 3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀) and recent (2021: 5 ♀♀, 2022: 1 ♂, 1 ♀) collection events indicate that female B. gracilis are more numerous than males (total: 4 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀). This is the only Alaskan species in which such an uneven sex ratio has been observed, but similar ratios have been observed in other species (Lestage 1941; Cooper 1974) and larger sample sizes are needed to be confident of this result.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>As the holotype of B. gracilis has been lost, we were only able to examine a paratype. The B. gracilis specimens collected in 1934 were initially identified as B. unicolor (Lloyd 1934), a species that has since been synonymized under B. californicus Packard, 1870 (Penny 1977). Contrary to what Lloyd reported (1934), the morphology of the B. gracilis specimens is inconsistent with the description of B. unicolor, both in terms of overall size, ovipositor length, and pilosity.</p><p>The original description for B. gracilis was based on female specimens only. Carpenter (1935) identified the female forewings not entirely covering the hindwing scar as a diagnostic character; however, this appears to be an artifact of preservation – this trait is not found in any B. gracilis specimen stored in alcohol or freshly collected. In his description of male B. gracilis, Carpenter (1936) noted that males had “ nearly straight outer margins of the wings. ” Penny (1977) used this trait as the basis for his synonymization of B. gracilis under B. nix: “ [Carpenter] mentioned that this species differed from B. nix only in having male wings which were not abruptly narrowed at mid-length. However, in observing the series he used in describing the male wings, I noted that these specimens do have such abruptly narrowed wings. As there are no other differences, I consider gracilis as a junior synonym of nix. ” In reviewing the three male specimens remaining from Carpenter’s original series of male B. gracilis as well as one freshly collected male specimen, the wings appear to taper evenly, as was described by Carpenter. This, paired with the presence of a median septum in the tergal hood of males, the consistent presence of mesothoracic bristles on females, and the absence or near-absence of a median ocellus supports the validity of the specific status of B. gracilis, as do COI data (see molecular results section below). We therefore resurrect Boreus gracilis in this work. The collection data on the label of all specimens collected in 1935 reads “ Kennecott, Alaska April 15, ‘ 35. ” However, Carpenter (1936) stated of these specimens “ 1 ♀ was collected at Kennecott, Alaska, April 15, 1935; and the rest at McCarthy, Alaska, April 29, 1935. ” It is unclear which specimens were collected at which locality and on which date.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BA4DE3CFB6B50939505E6030441AD84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kane, Taylor L.;Sikes, Derek S.;Schiff, Nathan	Kane, Taylor L., Sikes, Derek S., Schiff, Nathan (2026): A taxonomic review of Boreus (Mecoptera, Boreidae) with descriptions of two new Alaskan species. ZooKeys 1267: 119-178, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.170946
F65AFAED59895AE297FDEA53ADDA1CA1.text	F65AFAED59895AE297FDEA53ADDA1CA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boreus intermedius Lloyd 1934	<div><p>Boreus intermedius Lloyd, 1934</p><p>Figs 1 E, 2 C, 2 D, 13, 14, 24 A, 24 B, 25 A, 27 A, 28 A</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Redescription based on 6 ♂♂ in ethanol, 1 ♂ pinned, 9 ♀♀ in ethanol, 3 ♀♀ pinned: United States – Alaska • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Between McCarthy and Kennicott; 61.4, -142.9; 15 Apr. 1935; J. E. Lloyd leg.; MCZ:Ent:732356, MCZ:Ent:732357, MCZ:Ent:732358, MCZ:Ent:732359 . • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-142.88228&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.45381" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -142.88228/lat 61.45381)">along Wagon Road between McCarthy and Kennicott</a>; 61.45381, -142.88228; 13 May 2021; DSS, TLK and Thalles Pereira leg.; UAM:Ento:447163, UAM:Ento:447165, UAM:Ento:447167, UAM:Ento:447168 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.45427, -142.88199; UAM:Ento:447164 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.45426, -142.88248; UAM:Ento:447166 . • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.45935, -142.88072, 15 Sept. 2021; TLK, Thalles Pereira, and Hannah Doerrier leg.; UAM:Ento:451000, UAM:Ento:451067 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.45417, -142.88203; UAM:Ento:451001 . • 2 ♀♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.475, -142.881 1; 16 Sept. 2021; UAM:Ento:451065, UAM:Ento:451066 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 61.47138889, -142.87944444; UAM:Ento:451103 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 61.47416667, -142.88055556; UAM:Ento:451104 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 61.47306, -142.8803; 23 Sept. 2022; TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:477814 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 61.4690, -142.8776; 24 Sept. 2022; UAM:Ento:477812 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Both sexes of B. intermedius can be differentiated from non-Alaskan members of the californicus species group sensu Penny 1977 ( B. californicus, B. coloradensis) by the color of the thoracic segments and legs, which are significantly paler than the abdominal segments in both pinned and alcohol preserved specimens. Female B. intermedius can be differentiated from its apparent sister species (see below) B. borealis and other members of the californicus species group by the presence of hairs emerging from the peg-like spines at the distal end of the ovipositor, which are absent in these other species. Male B. intermedius can be differentiated from B. borealis by its short tergal hood septum, which does not reach the base of the denticular area.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Top of head dark, iridescent yellow-green from top of head to below eyes, fading to yellow or orange on the maxillolabial complex. Head length measured from top of head to distal tip of labrum 1.28–1.57 mm (female mean = 1.51, male mean = 1.39). Eyes reddish-orange to reddish-purple. Diameter of eye measured parallel to direction of head 0.44–0.55 mm (female mean = 0.52, male mean = 0.49). Lateral ocelli approximately one ocellus away from compound eye margin. Median ocellus present between base of antennae, noticeably smaller than lateral ocelli. Antennae with 19–22 antennomeres (mode for both sexes = 20). Antennae brown, fading to dark brown distally. Fine white hairs covering entire head, sparse and short except on frontal region, where hairs are noticeably denser and longer. Maxillolabial complex to rostrum length ratio 0.74–0.89 (female mean = 0.83, male mean = 0.84).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum dark and iridescent yellow-green, similar in coloration to head and abdominal terga, with one transverse furrow. Anterior and posterior edges of pronotum without bristles. Meso- and metanotum similar in color to pronotum, without bristles.</p><p>Legs. Leg segments yellow-orange, darkened adjacent to joints. Coxae covered in short, fine, sparse, white hairs. All other leg segments covered in short, fine, sparse, dark hairs. Femur with apical-femoral spine present, short, pointed, and black, without additional spines. Tibia with two long, translucent-brown apical spurs. Tibia and tarsi with two rows of dark spines on ventral surface, no spines on dorsal surface.</p><p>Female wings. Forewings yellowish-orange, paler than legs, translucent, covered in fine dark hairs, reduced to small ovals 0.41–0.50 mm (mean = 0.45) in length, covering entire hindwing.</p><p>Male wings. Forewings yellowish-orange, paler than legs, translucent, covered in fine dark hairs. Outer margin of forewings noticeably narrowed near mid length when viewed dorsally. Forewing length 1.59–1.91 mm (mean = 1.74). Margins of forewings bear 25–32 (no mode; each observed value occurred only once) inner spines and 6–14 (mode = 11) outer spines. Forewing spines along both margins curl in towards margin and increase in length distally. Terminal spine of forewing less than twice as long as penultimate inner forewing spine, brown. Hindwings similar in length to forewings, ending in flattened, curled tips. Hindwing spines number 2–8 (mode = 3) and are significantly smaller than forewing spines. Distal half of hindwings with dense, short white hairs, ending before curved tip.</p><p>Female abdomen. Terga and sterna 1–7 dark brown and iridescent, covered in short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs, denser on sterna than on terga. Intersegmental membrane varies in color from red to pale yellow. Female terminalia (segments 8–11) orange, darker than legs. Tergum 8 with fine wrinkles and short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Ovipositor (segments 9–11) 1.13–1.33 mm (mean = 1.24) in length. Ovipositor to rostrum length ratio 1.13–1.48 (mean = 1.34). Tergum 9 0.09–0.21 mm (mean = 0.13) in length, with short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Tergum 10 0.79–0.89 mm (mean = 0.83) in length, with few long, fine sparse, near-translucent hairs. Segment 11 and cerci fused, 0.37–0.41 mm (mean = 0.39) in length, with long, fine, sparse, translucent hairs on dorsal surface and longer, thicker, denser, translucent-white hairs on ventral surface. Ventral ovipositor valves (valvulae) 0.97–1.13 mm (mean = 1.07) in length, with medium-length, fine, sparse, translucent hairs on the ventral surface and short, peg-like spines with taper into fine, hairlike processes pointing posteriorly on the distal third of the ventral surface.</p><p>Male abdomen. Terga and sterna 1–7 colored as in female. Tergum 8 and sternum 8 fused. Tergum 9 and sternum 9 not fused, more brown than previous segments. Tergum 9 with hood extending laterally to edge of denticular area, clefted by short median septum which extends slightly beyond hood. Tergal pockets covered in dense, fine, long white hairs. Denticular area does not extend into tergal pockets. Sternum 9 (hypandrium) is broadly triangular, with distal edge entire and square, extending beyond the end of basistyles, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs. Dististyles orange except on basal lobe and claw, which are black and shiny, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs, except on basal lobe and claw. Basal lobe of dististyle blunt tipped, separated from base of dististyle by triangular cleft. Dististylar claw long and pointed. Outside of dististyle with denticles extending from base of dististylar claw to below basal lobe. Tergum 10 and sternum 10 reduced, small oval sclerites, covered in short, fine hairs, rarely visible.</p><p>Body length. Females: preserved in ethanol 4.41–5.22 mm (mean = 4.80), pinned 4.26–4.66 mm (mean = 4.50). Males: preserved in ethanol 2.76–3.90 mm (mean = 3.36), pinned 3.89 mm.</p><p>Variation. Boreus intermedius specimens collected in the fall and spring exhibited morphological differences. In specimens collected in the fall (September), the rostrum, legs, wings, meso- and meta-thoracic segments, and terminalia are yellow (Fig. 14 A), while in specimens collected in the spring (May), these characters are orange (Fig. 14 B). In some fall B. intermedius specimens, these characters were also semi-translucent, suggesting that the paler coloration is due to the exoskeleton not being fully developed. The coloration of the terga and sterna is consistent between seasons, and only in one particular teneral specimen were the abdominal segments semi-translucent. The color of the intersegmental membrane and compound eyes also vary seasonally. In spring collected specimens, the intersegmental membrane is pale pink except on the abdomen of females, where it is red, and the eye is reddish-orange. In fall collected specimens, the intersegmental membrane is white to pale yellow, and the eyes are a darker reddish-purple. Boreus intermedius also appear to exhibit temporal variation in body size – in both sexes, spring collected specimens were on average 0.5 mm longer than their fall counterparts, though this difference is only statistically significant in females, likely due to the smaller sample size in male specimens (female: fall body length mean = 4.55 mm (n = 5), spring body length mean = 5.11 mm (n = 4), t-test p-value = 0.0007; males: fall body length mean = 3.21 mm (n = 4), spring body length mean = 3.67 mm (n = 2) t-test p-value = 0.1819).</p><p>DNA. We obtained nine COI sequences for B. intermedius from four localities. There were four variable sites within the sequences. BIN: BOLD: AEL 2631.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Boreus intermedius has been collected from multiple localities along a 2.4 - km section of the Wagon Road Trail between McCarthy and Kennicott, Alaska (Fig. 13 B). In 1934, specimens were collected between McCarthy and Kennicott (Lloyd 1934) and in 1935 specimens were collected in McCarthy (Carpenter 1935). In 2021 and 2022 specimens were only found between McCarthy and Kennicott, along the Wagon Road trail. The main road between McCarthy and Kennicott, which was a railroad track bed in the 1930 s, was also sampled in spring 2021, but no specimens were found.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Boreus intermedius has been collected in sympatry with B. gracilis, but appears to have a larger range and has also been collected from sites where no B. gracilis were found. The specimens were collected from boreal forest in a mountainous area bordering Kennicott glacier, consisting of predominantly spruce, alder, and willow, and groundcover consisting of moss and short shrubs (Fig. 13 C). Within this habitat, B. intermedius specimens were collected from moss on steep, near vertical rock surfaces and glacial deposits. Boreus intermedius has been collected both in the spring (April 1934, April 1935, May 2021) and fall (September 2021, September 2022). Specimens have been collected on sunny, overcast, and rainy days from moss that was very wet and on dry days from moss that was nearly desiccated. In 1934, B. intermedius specimens were collected on top of snow.</p><p>A total of 10 ♂♂ and 16 ♀♀ B. intermedius specimens have been observed. The sex ratio difference could be attributed to the small sample size. Further sampling is needed to test this.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The holotype and paratype of this species have been lost. Lloyd (1934) diagnosed B. intermedius as “ very similar to B. borealis . The female agrees perfectly with descriptions of the species (Banks 1923; Carpenter 1931) while the male differs in the shape of the wings which approach the form found in B. californicus . ” Penny (1977) also noted “ males of B. intermedius can be separated from other members of the californicus group by the septum of the ninth tergal hood, which is short and deeply divided ventrally. ” Penny (1977) listed male B. intermedius as having no spines on their hind wings, however all specimens we examined had at least two short spines on the ventral surface of each hind wing.</p><p>The collection data on the label of all B. intermedius specimens collected in 1935 reads “ Kennecott, Alaska April 15, ‘ 35. ” Carpenter (1936) stated of these specimens “ Three additional specimens (1 ♂, 2 ♂) ... have been sent to me by Mr. Lloyd; they were collected at McCarthy, Alaska, April 29, 1935. ” Carpenter presumably meant (1 ♂, 2 ♀), but this does not match the number of specimens bearing 1935 collection labels (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀). It is possible that one of the females with a 1935 label is the missing allotype. If this is true, it is likely specimen MCZ:Ent:732358, which was originally labeled 1934, but the 4 was scratched out and replaced with a 5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F65AFAED59895AE297FDEA53ADDA1CA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kane, Taylor L.;Sikes, Derek S.;Schiff, Nathan	Kane, Taylor L., Sikes, Derek S., Schiff, Nathan (2026): A taxonomic review of Boreus (Mecoptera, Boreidae) with descriptions of two new Alaskan species. ZooKeys 1267: 119-178, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.170946
77B7FFFA98825E1C951F17D3941E12A3.text	77B7FFFA98825E1C951F17D3941E12A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boreus tananaensis Kane 2026	<div><p>Boreus tananaensis Kane sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1 C, 1 D, 2 E, 2 F, 7, 8, 9, 19 C, 20 B, 21 B, 22 B, 26 B</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Description based on 29 ♂♂ in ethanol, 1 ♂ pinned, 23 ♀♀ in ethanol, and 1 ♀ pinned: Holotype (UAM). United States – Alaska • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-145.8288&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.19966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -145.8288/lat 64.19966)">Quartz Lake Recreation Area</a>; 64.199658, -145.828804; 12 Sept. 2020; DSS and TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:442469 . Paratypes (17 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀ – 33 UAM, 2 CAS, 2 MCZ, 2 RBCM). United States – Alaska • 1 ♂; Fairbanks, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-147.52808&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.90114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -147.52808/lat 64.90114)">Fitz Ct.</a>; 64.90114, -147.52807; 10 Apr. 2016; DSS leg.; UAM:Ento:334169 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 64.899906, -147.526471; 16 Sept. 2022; UAM:Ento:476981 . • 1 ♀; Fairbanks, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-147.84528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.93915" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -147.84528/lat 64.93915)">Goldstream Rd.</a>; 64.93915, -147.84528; 14 Sept. 2020; TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:442474 . • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-145.8288&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.19966" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -145.8288/lat 64.19966)">Quartz Lake State Recreation Area</a>; 64.199658, -145.828804; 15 Sept. 2018; Takeyuki Nakamura leg.; UAM:Ento:378804, UAM:Ento:378805 . • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Same collection data as type specimen; 12 Sept. 2020, DSS and TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:442467, UAM:Ento:442468, UAM:Ento:442472, UAM:Ento:442473, UAM:Ento:442487, UAM:Ento:442505, UAM:Ento:442506 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 2 May 2022; TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:471748 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 15 May 2022; UAM:Ento:477847 . • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 25 Sept. 2022; UAM:Ento:477813, UAM:Ento:477818, UAM:Ento:477819 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 11 May 2023; UAM:Ento:483367 . • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Same collection data as previous; 9 Sept. 2023; UAM:Ento:492015, UAM:Ento:492023, UAM:Ento:492024, UAM:Ento:492026 . • 5 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Same collection data as previous; 12 Sept. 2024; UAM:Ento:504855, UAM:Ento:504856, UAM:Ento:504857, UAM:Ento:504860, UAM:Ento:504862, UAM:Ento:504863, UAM:Ento:504864, UAM:Ento:504865, UAM:Ento:504866, UAM:Ento:504867, UAM:Ento:506621 . • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Same collection data as previous; 27 Apr. 2025; UAM:Ento:508001, UAM:Ento:508002, UAM:Ento:508003, UAM:Ento:508004, UAM:Ento:508005, UAM:Ento:508006 .</p><p>Other material.</p><p>(13 ♂♂, 1 ♀) United States – Alaska • 1 ♂; Quartz Lake State Recreation Area; 12 Sept. 2020; DSS and TLK leg.; UAM:Ento:442471 . • 4 ♂♂; Same collection data as previous; 9 Sept. 2023; UAM:Ento:495423, UAM:Ento:495424, UAM:Ento:492025, UAM:Ento:492027 . • 6 ♂♂; Same collection data as previous; 25 Sept. 2023; UAM:Ento:492080, UAM:Ento:492134, UAM:Ento:492135, UAM:Ento:492136, UAM:Ento:492137, UAM:Ento:492138 . • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀,: Same collection data as previous; 12 Sept. 2024; UAM:Ento:504858, UAM:Ento:504859, UAM:Ento:504861 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Boreus tananaensis can be differentiated from non-Alaskan members of the brumalis subgroup of the nivoriundus species group sensu Penny 1977 ( Boreus brumalis Fitch, 1847, Boreus bomari Byers &amp; Shaw, 1999, Boreus pilosus Carpenter, 1935, B. insulanus, and B. nix) by the greatly reduced or absent median ocellus, and from most members of the species group by the presence and relative length of cruciate bristles on the female mesonotum, which are similar in length to pronotal bristles and distinctly longer than the surrounding hairs. Both sexes of Boreus tananaensis differ from those of its apparent sister species (see below) B. gracilis by the length of the thoracic and abdominal hairs, which are shorter than half the length of the thoracic bristles in B. tananaensis and exceed half the length of the thoracic bristles in B. gracilis . Boreus tananaensis can also be differentiated from B. gracilis by coloration; B. tananaensis is brown with a green-blue iridescence, while B. gracilis is brown with a gold iridescence. This difference in coloration is less obvious in pinned specimens. Male B. tananaensis also differ from B. gracilis in the shape of the cleft of the tergal hood, which is short and triangular as opposed to long and narrow in B. gracilis, and the posterior margin of the denticular area, which curves in towards the cleft in B. tananaensis and is straight in B. gracilis .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Head dark with green-blue iridescent sheen from top of head to part way down rostrum. Maxillolabial complex non-iridescent, brown fading to yellow distally. Head length measured from top of head to distal tip of labrum 1.06–1.53 mm (female mean = 1.33, male mean = 1.25). Eyes reddish-purple. Diameter of eye measured parallel to direction of head 0.34–0.52 mm (female mean = 0.43, male mean = 0.43). Lateral ocelli about diameter of ocellus away from compound eye margin. Median ocellus reduced, significantly smaller than lateral ocelli, or absent. Epistomal suture not reaching the margin of the maxillolabial complex. Antennae with 20–23 antennomeres (female mode = 20, male mode = 21). Antennae dark brown, darker distally. Fine white hairs covering entire head, most dense and long on frontal region. Maxillolabial complex to rostrum length ratio 0.76–0.90 (female mean = 0.81, male mean = 0.84).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum same color as top of head and abdominal terga, with two transverse furrows. Anterior edge of pronotum with 2–4 (mode = 2) bristles on each side. Posterior edges of pronotum with 2–3 (mode = 2) bristles on each side. Mesonotum similar in color to pronotum. Mesoscutellum with two cruciate bristles similar in length to pronotum bristles in females, no bristles in males. Metanotum similar in color to mesonotum, without bristles.</p><p>Legs. Leg segments brown, darker adjacent to joints, giving a striped appearance. Coxae covered in long, fine, white hairs; densest on anterior face. All other leg segments covered in short, fine, white hairs. Femur with apical-femoral spine present, long, pointed, and black, without additional spines. Tibia with two long, translucent-brown apical spurs. Tibia and tarsi with two rows of yellow spines on ventral surface, no spines on dorsal surface.</p><p>Female wings. Forewings yellow-brown, translucent, covered in short, sparse, fine, dark hairs, reduced to small ovals 0.25–0.40 mm (mean = 0.33) in length, covering entire hindwing.</p><p>Male wings. Forewings yellow-brown, similar in color to legs, darker distally. Forewings covered in medium-length, dense, fine, dark hairs. Forewing length 1.08–1.56 mm (mean = 1.31). Outer margin of forewing tapers evenly when viewed dorsally. Margins of forewings bear 12–21 (mode = 13) inner spines and 11–22 (mode = 16) outer spines. Terminal spine of forewing significantly longer than penultimate inner spine. Hindwings approximately same length as forewings, ending in flattened, curled tips. Hindwings with 7–11 (mode = 11) peg-like spines which decrease in size distally. Distal half of hindwings with pad of dense, short white hairs, ending before curved tip.</p><p>Female abdomen. Terga and sterna brown with blue-green iridescent sheen, covered in long, fine, dense, near-translucent hairs. Intersegmental membrane varies in color from red to pale yellow. Tergum 8 with fine wrinkles and short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Female terminalia (segments 9–11) brown, similar in color to legs. Ovipositor (segments 9–11) 1.00– 1.33 mm (mean = 1.17) in length. Ovipositor to rostrum length ratio 1.22–1.54 (mean = 1.35). Tergum 9 0.04–0.18 mm (mean = 0.10) in length, with short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Tergum 10 0.55–0.93 mm (mean = 0.81) in length, with few hairs along dorsal surface. Segment 11 and cerci fused, 0.26–0.38 mm (mean = 0.31) in length, with short, fine, sparse translucent hairs on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Ventral ovipositor valves (valvulae) 0.90–1.17 mm (mean = 1.03) in length, with medium-length, fine, sparse, translucent hairs on ventral surface transitioning to short, peg-like spines with hairs emerging from them on the distal third of the ventral surface.</p><p>Male abdomen. Terga and sterna 1–8 colored as in female. Tergum 8 and sternum 8 not fused. Tergum 9 and sternum 9 not fused. Tergum 9 with a small hood extending laterally to median of the denticular areas, with short median septum and deep cleft. Cleft triangular, narrowing underneath hood. Tergal pockets not fully separated, covered in fine, short white hairs. Denticular area does not extend into tergal pockets. Sternum 9 (hypandrium) is broadly triangular with notched distal edge, reaching to distal edge of basistyles, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs. Dististyles brown to yellow, covered in long, fine, dense, white hairs. Basal lobe of dististyle square, separated from base of dististyle by triangular cleft. Outside of dististyle with denticles extending from base of dististylar claw to basal lobe. Tergum 10 and sternum 10 reduced, small oval sclerites, covered in short, fine hairs.</p><p>Body length. Females: preserved in ethanol 3.05–4.44 mm (mean = 3.83), pinned 3.39 mm. Males: preserved in ethanol 2.19–3.22 mm (mean = 2.68), pinned 1.71 mm.</p><p>Variation. The shape of distal margin of the hypandrium varies significantly in male B. tananaensis . In all specimens, the hypandrium is emarginate, but the width and the depth of the notch vary significantly. As has been documented in other Boreus species, B. tananaensis shows temporal variation in coloring related to development. The coloration differences between B. tananaensis and B. gracilis noted above are consistent regardless of the darkness of specimens although the iridescence is most noticeable on darker areas. Boreus tananaensis specimens collected in the fall (September) have multiple forms. In the majority of specimens collected the thorax, legs, abdominal sterna, and terminalia are significantly paler than the abdominal terga and head (Fig. 8 A). Some specimens exhibit an intermediate form, where the abdominal terga and sterna are the same dark color, but the legs, wings, and terminalia are still significantly paler (Fig. 8 B), and some individuals have the same coloration as the spring-collected specimens (Fig. 8 C). Specimens collected in the spring (April and May) are dark and have abdominal sterna and terga that are the same color, while their legs, wings, and terminalia are slightly paler than the abdomen (Fig. 8 D).</p><p>DNA. We obtained eight COI sequences for B. tananaensis: two from specimens collected in Fairbanks, and six from specimens collected at Quartz Lake. There were 17 variable sites within the sequences. BIN: BOLD: ADR 7546. Holotype sequence: UAMIC 4046-21.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the Tanana Valley in Interior Alaska, where all specimens representing this species were collected. The name Tanana comes from the Athabaskan Tena Dona’, meaning upriver trail (Kari 1985).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Boreus tananaensis has been collected from three localities in the Tanana Valley of Interior Alaska (Fig. 7 B). The two localities in the greater Fairbanks area have yielded only singleton specimens, while the Quartz Lake locality consistently yielded a large number of B. tananaensis specimens. It seems likely that B. tananaensis is more widespread in Interior Alaska, but other localities have not yet been identified.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>All specimens were collected from mossy embankments in boreal forest consisting predominantly of mixed spruce ( Picea mariana and Picea glauca), birch ( Betula sp.), and willows ( Salix spp.). The population at Quartz Lake was collected on a mossy embankment that consists primarily of a mixture of Polytrichum strictum and multiple feather moss species. Specimens were collected in spring (April and May) and fall (September) on sunny, cloudy, and rainy days when the temperature ranged from 4–17 ° C (mean = 10 ° C). In the spring, specimens were collected while there was still partial snow cover, but B. tananaensis was never observed active on the snow, and only ever collected from moss. Even on days when the ambient temperature was relatively high (~ 10 ° C) specimens that were placed on nearby snowbanks became unresponsive. This suggests that B. tananaensis may not be active on the snow, as is seen in other Boreus species. This could be explained by the significantly colder temperatures observed in Interior Alaska, which regularly drops below - 40 ° C during the winter.</p><p>Boreus tananaensis was observed mating on three occasions, 15 September 2018 (by Takeyuki Nakamura), 16 September 2022 (by TLK), and 27 April 2025 (by TLK). On 16 September 2022 the specimens were collected mid-coitus and continued to mate for an additional hour while being observed. On 27 April 2025 two male and three female specimens were collected individually and placed in a vial with moss. One pair began copulating almost immediately and remained joined for at least three hours. Both instances of mating observed by TLK (Fig. 9) were consistent with the mating behavior previously described in Boreus (Lestage 1941) .</p><p>The sex ratios of B. tananaensis appear to be approximately equal, with a total of 36 ♂♂ and 38 ♀♀ observed, and similar ratios in both the fall (31 ♂♂ and 33 ♀♀) and spring (5 ♂♂ and 6 ♀♀). At the beginning of sampling, all specimens found were collected. During later collecting trips, to reduce the potential impact on this population, females that appeared gravid were not collected. The number of specimens reported here are the numbers that were observed but not necessarily collected.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/77B7FFFA98825E1C951F17D3941E12A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kane, Taylor L.;Sikes, Derek S.;Schiff, Nathan	Kane, Taylor L., Sikes, Derek S., Schiff, Nathan (2026): A taxonomic review of Boreus (Mecoptera, Boreidae) with descriptions of two new Alaskan species. ZooKeys 1267: 119-178, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.170946
9EB93EFDCA7E535D8CB0085CAED2F58A.text	9EB93EFDCA7E535D8CB0085CAED2F58A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boreus timaryi Kane 2026	<div><p>Boreus timaryi Kane sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2 I, 2 J, 10, 19 B, 20 A, 23 A</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Description based on 7 ♂♂ in ethanol and 6 ♀♀ in ethanol: Holotype (UAM). United States – Alaska • ♀; Seward Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-164.58995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.83713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -164.58995/lat 65.83713)">Bering Land Bridge National Preserve</a>; 65.83713, -164.58995; 9 July 2016; DSS, Kathryn M. Daly, Sam Tocktoo, and Timary Stenek leg.; UAM:Ento:406584 . Paratypes (7 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 6 UAM, 1 CAS, 1 MCZ, 1 RBCM), United States – Alaska • 1 ♀; Same collection data as type specimen; UAM:Ento:347657 . • 1 ♀; Seward Peninsula, Feather River; 64.81, -165.96; 10–16 July 2012; Kelly Overduijn leg.; UAM:Ento:507962 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 64.82294, -166.01715; 11 July 2012; UAM:Ento:507963 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 29 July 2012; UAM:Ento:507959 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 64.82578, -166.00455; 27 July 2012; UAM:Ento:507960 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 64.82407, -166.00308; 18 July 2012; UAM:Ento:507961 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 64.82347, -166.00791; 7–13 June 2013; UAM:Ento:250553 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 64.82705, -166.05324; 14–19 June 2013; Kelly Overduijn, Terri Wild, Skyler Jordan, Mitch Parsons leg.; UAM:Ento:433067 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 64.8318, -166.03925; 20–25 July 2013; UAM:Ento:433217 . • 1 ♀; Same collection data as previous; 64.82349, -166.00785; UAM:Ento:433069 . • 1 ♂; Seward Peninsula, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-166.06606&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.84007" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -166.06606/lat 64.84007)">Blume Creek</a>; 64.84007, -166.06606; 20–25 June 2013; UAM:Ento:433068 . • 1 ♂; Same collection data as previous; 64.82337, -166.00773; UAM:Ento:508000 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Boreus timaryi can be differentiated from all other Boreus species by the presence of one short bristle on each side of the posterior edge of the pronotum, adjacent to the forewings and the lack of bristles on the anterior edge of the pronotum, and the presence of tergal apophyses on the 3 rd and 4 th abdominal segments in males.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Head. Head dark, metallic blue-bronze from top of head to just below eyes, fading to pale reddish-brown at tip of rostrum. Head length measured from top of head to distal tip of labrum 1.37–1.82 mm (female mean = 1.82, male mean = 1.56). Eyes reddish to purplish-gray. Diameter of eye measured parallel to direction of head 0.44–0.62 mm (female mean = 0.56, male mean = 0.51). Lateral ocelli nearly touching compound eyes. Median ocellus present between base of antennae. Antennae with 19–21 antennomeres (female mode = 19, male mode = 21). Antennae brown, paler basally, darker distally. Fine white pubescence covering entire head, sparse and short except on frontal region and along median edge of rostrum where hairs are noticeably denser and longer. Maxillolabial complex to rostrum length ratio 0.80–0.93 (female mean = 0.85, male mean = 0.86).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum metallic brown to blue-bronze, with two indistinct transverse furrows. Anterior edge of pronotum without bristles. Posterior edge of pronotum usually with one lateral bristle on each side, adjacent to attachment point of median margin of forewings. Meso- and metanotum reddish-brown, less metallic than pronotum, without bristles.</p><p>Legs. Leg segments orangish-brown, darkened adjacent to joints. Coxae covered in long, white pilosity. All other leg segments covered in short, fine, dark hairs. Femur with stout black apical-femoral spine, without additional spines. Tibia with two orange apical spurs. Tibia and tarsi with two rows of dark spines on ventral surface. Tibia with 2–5 short black spines on dorsal surface. Tarsi without spines on dorsal surface.</p><p>Female wings. Forewings orange, translucent, covered in short, sparse, fine, dark hairs; reduced to small ovals 0.52–0.6 mm (mean = 0.57) in length, covering entire hindwing.</p><p>Male wings. Forewings orangish-brown, similar in color to legs. Forewing length 1.42–1.84 mm (mean length = 1.68). Outer margin of forewing narrows noticeably near mid length when viewed dorsally. Margins of forewings bear 29–42 (mode = 33) inner spines and 5–16 (mode = 9) outer spines. Terminal spine of forewings large, brown to black. Hindwings similar in length to forewings, ending in flattened, curled tips. Midlength of hindwings with 6–16 (mode = 13) spines.</p><p>Female abdomen. Terga metallic blue-green-bronze. Sterna similar in color to terga, but less metallic. Terga and sterna covered in short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Intersegmental membrane varies in color from yellow to pink. Ovipositor (segments 9–11) orange, darker distally, 1.70–1.90 mm (mean = 1.80) in length. Ovipositor to rostrum length ratio 1.40–1.65 (mean = 1.53). Tergum 8 with fine wrinkles and short, fine, sparse, near-translucent hairs. Tergum 9 0.30–0.37 mm (mean = 0.343) in length, with short, fine, sparse, and near-translucent hairs. Tergum 10 1.12–1.20 mm (mean = 1.16) in length, without hairs. Segment 11 and cerci fused, 0.33–0.45 mm (mean = 0.41) in length, with sparse, short translucent hairs. Ventral ovipositor valves (valvulae) 1.40–1.70 mm (mean = 1.50) in length, usually noticeably shorter than ovipositor. Valvulae with fine, translucent hairs on the basal half of the ventral surface and short, peg-like spines on the distal third.</p><p>Male abdomen. Terga and sterna 1–8 colored as in female. Terga 3 and 4 with raised tergal apophyses along dorso-posterior margin, most noticeable on tergum 3. Tergum 8 and sternum 8 almost entirely fused. Tergum 9 and sternum 9 not fused. Tergum 9 with low hood, clefted by median septum. Tergal pockets covered in dense, long white hairs, with short spines on lateral edges. Sternum 9 (hypandrium) entire, without cleft, reaches base of dististyles. Dististyles brown, darkening to black distally. Basal lobe of dististyle square-tipped, separated from base of dististyle by slim cleft. Dististylar claw long and pointed. Dististyle with few, elongated, thin denticles along outer margin between claw and basal lobe. Tergum 10 and sternum 10 reduced, small oval sclerites, covered in short, fine hairs, rarely visible.</p><p>Body length. Females: preserved in ethanol 5.40–7.49 mm (mean = 6.51). Males: preserved in ethanol 2.84–5.33 mm (mean = 4.02).</p><p>Variation. As in B. westwoodii and B. hyemalis, the tergal apophyses are highly variable in B. timaryi . The apophysis on tergum 3 is present in all individuals, but varies in shape from anvil-like to square. The apophysis on tergum 4 is reduced and nearly absent in some individuals. No consistent differences in morphology were noted between specimens collected in June versus those of July.</p><p>DNA. We obtained six COI sequences for B. timaryi from three localities. There were six variable sites within the sequences. BIN: BOLD: ACW 5335. Holotype sequence: UAMIC 4039-21.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is named for Timary Stenek of Shishmaref, who, at age 13, collected a specimen of this species when participating in a Bering Land Bridge National Preserve Bioblitz event in 2016. This species is named for Timary’s contribution to science, in celebration of the role of citizen science in the documentation of biodiversity, and the past and continuing role of Alaska Native communities in stewarding wildlife and biodiversity.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Boreus timaryi has been collected from two areas on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska (Fig. 10 B). Specimens were collected from two sites outside of Nome, Alaska (Blume Creek, Feather River), and from a third site approximately 125 km northeast of Nome in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve.</p><p>Ecology.</p><p>Boreus timaryi has been collected in subarctic tundra regions. The two B. timaryi specimens that were hand collected in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve were found under rocks in a mossy area bordering a small snowfield (Fig. 10 C). The remaining specimens were collected in pitfall traps placed near plover nests in an area dominated by willow, alder, and dwarf birch with groundcover consisting of mosses, grasses, and lichens. Boreus timaryi has only been collected in June and July and is the second Nearctic Boreus species to be documented as summer active, the first being B. borealis (Banks 1923) .</p><p>The sex ratios of B. timaryi are approximately equal, with a total of seven ♂♂ and six ♀♀ collected. All female specimens were collected in July, while four male specimens were collected in June and three were collected in July. However, this pattern may be an artifact of the small sample size and further sampling efforts are needed to understand the phenology of this species.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This is the first documented Nearctic species that has tergal apophyses, which had previously been assumed to be present only in European species, including notably B. hyemalis and B. westwoodii . Unlike B. hyemalis and B. westwoodii, B. timaryi has tergal apophyses on the third and fourth abdominal segments, as opposed to the second and third abdominal segments. The presence of this character differentiates B. timaryi from all other Boreus species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9EB93EFDCA7E535D8CB0085CAED2F58A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kane, Taylor L.;Sikes, Derek S.;Schiff, Nathan	Kane, Taylor L., Sikes, Derek S., Schiff, Nathan (2026): A taxonomic review of Boreus (Mecoptera, Boreidae) with descriptions of two new Alaskan species. ZooKeys 1267: 119-178, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1267.170946
