taxonID	type	description	language	source
B22787A0BF21FFBBFF47FA92FD04FB16.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 3 Type species: Capua flavopicta Walsingham, 1907.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF21FFBBFF47FA92FD04FB16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In Hawaiʻi, the male genitalia of Iliahia (Fig. 2) can be distinguished from those of Spheterista based on the broad uncus, absence of socii, and the presence of a flap- or thorn-like process projecting dorso-apically from the sacculus. Iliahia can be distinguished from other Hawaiian Tortricidae by the following combination of characters: forewing ground color yellow, orange, red, mahogany-brown, or rarely entirely brown; strongly sexually dimorphic; antennal sensillae minute or obsolete; labial palpi short, barely extending beyond scales on frons; and the aforementioned characters of the male genitalia. To our knowledge, Iliahia does not closely resemble any other genus of Archipini outside of Hawaiʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF21FFBBFF47FA92FD04FB16.taxon	description	Description Head. Frons, vertex rough scaled, ventral half of frons with short, appressed scales, often obscured by longer scaling on dorsal half; ocellus present, small, separated from compound eye by ca. 1 – 2 × diameter of ocellus; chaetosemata present; labial palpus relatively short, scarcely extending beyond scaling on frons, ca. 1.5 × diameter of compound eye; porrect or slightly upcurved, scaling slightly dorsally expanded on second segment; haustellum present, moderatelyto well-developed, naked at base; antenna ca. 0.6 × length of costa; antennal sensillae minute to obsolete in both sexes; flagellum filiform, but expanded apical scaling giving the appearance of minute serrations. Thorax. Dorsum smooth-scaled, metathoracic scale tuft absent; legs unmodified; FWL: 4.3 – 7.8 mm; FAR: 2.5 – 2.8; male FW costal fold present, well-developed, to ca. 0.3 × costa; costa gently arched at base, parallel to inner margin beyond; termen straight, oblique; FW with Sc to ca. 0.5 × costa; R 1 originating at ca. midpoint of discal cell; R 2 nearer to R 3 than to R 1; R 3 nearly connate with R 4 + 5; R 4 + 5 stalked at half, R 4 terminating on costal margin, R 5 terminating on termen; M 2 and M 3 nearly connate; M 3 and CuA 1 separate; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.5 × discal cell; A 2 + 3 stalked ca. 0.2 ×; chorda absent, M-stem typically absent, occasionally vestigial. HW with cubital pecten present; HW costal fold absent; female frenulum with three bristles; Sc + R 1 to ca. 0.8 ×; Rs and M 1 stalked to ca. 0.2 ×; Rs terminating at apex; M 2, M 3 and CuA 1 all nearly connate; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.7 × discal cell; M-stem variably developed; frenulum with one bristle in male, two or three in female. Abdomen. Dorsum unmodified. Male genitalia with uncus extremely broad, nearly as wide as tegumen, parallel-sided and apically rounded or subtriangular, with or without minute apical notch; socii obsolete; arms of gnathos apically fused, terminal plate thin, rounded; tegumen moderate, unmodified; transtilla complete, labides often minutely spined; valva membranous, ovoid or subtriangular, somewhat rounded, with raised dorsal flap- or thorn-like process along sacculus (this structure flattened and obscured in some slide-mounted specimens); disc of valva with long hair-like setae; sacculus well-developed, to ca. 0.7 × valva; juxta plate-like, with large, U- or V-shaped dorsomedial notch; phallus somewhat irregular, ventrally bent, with moderate caulis; cornuti not observed. Female genitalia with papillae anales elliptical, strongly roughened on ventral surface, not fused anteriorly; apophyses posteriores ca. 0.5 × S 7; apophyses anteriores ca. 0.67 × S 7; sterigma simple, broad, well-sclerotized; ostium narrow, colliculum present as two small lateral sclerotizations; ductus bursae even in width throughout entire length, straight; corpus bursae elliptical, without signum; ductus seminalis originating near ostium; bulla seminalis well-developed, elliptical, similar in size and shape to corpus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF21FFBBFF47FA92FD04FB16.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name refers to the Hawaiian name for sandalwood (Santalum), ʻiliahi, the host plant for all species in this genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF21FFBBFF47FA92FD04FB16.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. All species whose biology is known are leaf-rollers on Santalum spp.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF21FFBBFF47FA92FD04FB16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Species of Iliahia are known from Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Lānaʻi, Haleakalā (east Maui), and Hawaiʻi island. Though not known from Molokaʻi and Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui), species may be expected there in the vicinity of remnant Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense. A species could have historically occurred on Kahoʻolawe when S. ellipticum was still extant on that island.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF26FFB8FF47FB76FB1CF854.taxon	description	Figs 1 A – D, N – P; 2 A, 3 A	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF26FFB8FF47FB76FB1CF854.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Iliahia flavopicta is most similar to I. santalata (Swezey), but can be typically distinguished based its larger size (FWL 5.2 – 7.3 mm in males of I. flavopicta, 4.7 – 5.6 mm in males of I. santalata; 7.0 – 8.3 in females of I. flavopicta, 5.0 – 5.8 mm in females of I. santalata), male FW with a single large triangular subapical blotch (divided in I. santalata), and female FW with a broader brownish-purple band in the apical third compared to I. santalata. Male genitalia can be distinguished from that of I. santalata by the more evenly rounded uncus (parallel-sided and shovel-shaped in I. santalata). Female genitalia are indistinguishable to that of other species of Iliahia.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF26FFB8FF47FB76FB1CF854.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Capua flavopicta Walsingham, 1907. Holotype, ♀. Kauaʻi: M [oun] t [ain] s; 3000 – 4000 ft [914 – 1219 m]; v 1894; Perkins (NHMUK) [examined]. BM slide 1971 [examined]. Capua picta Walsingham, 1907. Holotype, ♂. Kauaʻi: M [oun] t [ain] s; 3000 – 4000 ft [914 – 1219 m]; v 1894; Perkins (NHMUK) [examined]. BM slide 1961 [examined]. Paratypes (3 ♂♂). Kauaʻi: 1 ♂, same as holotype (BPBM). 1 ♂, same as holotype except vi 1894 (NHMUK) [examined]. 1 ♂, Kahōluamanu; 4000 ft [1219 m]; iv 1895 (NHMUK) [examined]. Additional material examined (85 ♂♂, 61 ♀♀, 2 pupae). Kauaʻi: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Swamp Trail, near trail head, 04 Q 0435484 2448139 [22.1371, - 159.6256], 18 v [20 05, D. Rubinoff et al. / KAA diss. # 0314 (♂) (UHIM). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona For [est] Res [erve], Alakaʻi Swamp Tr [ail], 1237 m, WGS 84 4 Q 436358, 2449215 [22.1469, - 159.6172], UV light trap, 8 – 9 viii 2007, W. Haines, D. Rubinoff / KAA diss # 0307 (UHIM). 2 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Flume nr. Ditch Trail, 04 Q- 0434895 - 2447551 [22.1318, - 159.6313], 3400 ft [1036 m], 17 v 2005, D. Rubinoff et al. / KAA diss. # 0306 (UHIM). 2 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Mohihi Rd., near Ditch Trail, 18 v [20] 05, D. Rubinoff et al. (UHIM). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Mohihi Rd. [at] Waiakōali Stream, 3400 ft [1036 m], 17 v [20] 05, D. Rubinoff et al. (UHIM). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Kalalau Lookout, UV light trap, 17 viii [20] 06, D. Rubinoff, J. Eiben / KAA diss. # 0313 (UHIM). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona For [est] Res [erve], Alakaʻi Wild [erness] Pres [erve], forest b [e] tw [ee] n Waiakōali Bogs 1 & 2; 22.1288, - 159.5774; 1260 m; 9 – 10 ii 2022; K. A. Austin; LED bucket trap DNA extraction KA 0435 / KAA diss. # 0692 (UHIM). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona For [est] Res [erve], Alakaʻi Wild [erness] Pres [erve], forest nr. Waiakōali Bog 2; 22.1272, - 159.5763; 1270 m; 8 – 9 ii 2022; K. A. Austin; LED bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0436 / KAA diss. # 0693 (UHIM). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona For [est] Res [erve], Alakaʻi Wild [erness] Pres [erve], edge of Waiakōali Bog 2; 22.1281, - 159.5774; 1260 m; 8 – 9 ii 2022; K. A. Austin; LED bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0437 / KAA diss. # 0694 (UHIM). 3 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona For [est] Res [erve], S Camp; 3900 ft [1189 m]; 3 – 7 xi 2009; S. L. Montgomery (UHIM). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Alakaʻi Swamp Trail; 3800 ft [1158 m]; 25 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, same as previous except 26 vii 1982 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mohihi Road; 3700 ft [1128 m]; 27 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Pihea Trail; 4200 ft [1280 m]; 10 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona FR, Miloliʻi Ridge; 3000 ft [914 m]; 26 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Mohihi Rd. [at] Border Kōkeʻe S [tate] P [ark] and Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], 22 vii 2006, D. Rubinoff (UHIM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Awaʻawapuhi Trail; 22.1430, - 159.6570; 1180 m; 21 – 22 iii 2022; K. A. Austin; LED bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0480 / KAA diss. # 0725 (♀) (UHIM). 3 ♂♂, same as previous except 22.1468, - 159.6605; 1110 m / DNA extraction KA 0479 / KAA diss. # 0724 (UHIM). 2 ♂♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Nuʻalolo Trail; 22.1312, - 159.6606; 1165 m; 22 – 23 iii 2022; K. A. Austin; LED bucket trap (UHIM). 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Nuʻalolo Trail; 3800 ft [1158 m]; 30 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 2 ♀♀, same as previous except 4 x 1973 (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe; 3800 ft [1158 m], 9 vii 2018; S. L. Montgomery (UHIM). 1 ♂, Hāʻupu; 1900 ft [579 m]; 7 v 2009; S. L. Montgomery (UHIM). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe; 12 viii 1987; J. C. E. Riotte (BPBM). 1 ♂, same as previous except 15 vi 1982 (BPBM). 3 ♂♂, Kōkeʻe; 13 ix 1989; S. L. Montgomery (BPBM). 3 ♂♂, Kōkeʻe; 20 viii 1959; J. W. Beardsley; at light (BPBM). 1 ♂, Kōkeʻe, 22 vii [19] 37; E. C. Zimmerman; at light (BPBM). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe; 1060 m; 23 vi 1979; J. C. E. Riotte (BPBM). 1 ♂, Kōkeʻe; 6 vii [19] 37; J. W. Beardsley; at light (BPBM). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe; iii [19] 19; J. A. Kusche (BPBM). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe; 1140 m (BPBM). 3 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe; 10 vii 1937; E. C. Zimmerman (NHMUK). 1 ♀, same as previous except 6 vii 1937 (NHMUK). 1 ♀, same as previous except 8 vii 1937 (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe St [ate] P [ar] k; 18 viii 1987; J. C. E. Riotte (BPBM). 1 ♀, same as previous except 19 vi 1981 (BPBM). 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Awaʻawapuhi Trail; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 10 ix 1973 K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, same as previous except 17 vi 1973 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, same as previous except 23 viii 1973 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as previous except 29 viii 1973 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Halemanu; 3400 ft [1036 m]; 23 viii 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, same as previous except 3 x 1973 (NHMUK). 6 ♂♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Honopu Trail; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 12 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, same as previous except 13 x 1973 (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, same as previous except 22 viii 1973 (NHMUK). 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, same as previous except 28 viii 1973 (NHMUK). 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, same as previous except 8 ix 1973 (NHMUK). 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe, Honopu; 3600 ft [1097 m]; 22 xi 1978; S. L. Montgomery (BPBM). 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kumuwela Ridge; 3700 ft [1128 m]; 25 viii 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kumuwela Ridge, Waininiu Trail; 3800 ft [1158 m]; 24 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 pupae, Kumuwela, 13 viii [19] 25, O. H. Swezey, ex. Santalum (HDOA). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kahuamaʻa Flat; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 13 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kaluapuhi Trail; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 5 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kauaikinanā (Mohihi Road); 3500 ft [1067 m]; 25 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 2 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kaunuohoa Ridge; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 2 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 3 ♂♂, same as previous except 30 viii 1973 (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, same as previous except 6 ix 1973 (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Waimea Canyon State Park, Puʻu Hinahina; 3600 ft [1097 m]; 14 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Waimea Canyon State Park, Puʻu Hinahina area; 3400 ft [1036 m]; 26 viii 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, 3679 ft [1121 m], N 22.13085, W 159.65881, UV light trap, 22 – 23 vii 2013, R. Caesar / DNA extraction KA 0112 / KAA diss. # 0389 (UHIM). 3 ♂♂, Kahōluamanu, 19 iv [19] 20, J. A. Kusche, coll. of W. M. Giffard (HDOA). 2 ♂♂, same as previous except 8 v [19] 20, 4500 ft [1372 m] (HDOA). 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Kahōluamanu; iv 1920; J. A. Kusche (BPBM). 1 ♂, Kōkeʻe, 13 ix [19] 65, at light, J. W. Beardsley (UHIM). 4 ♂♂, trail to Mt. Waiʻaleʻale; 4000 – 5000 ft [1219 – 1524 m]; J. A. Kusche coll.; 1920; collector W. M. Giffard (HDOA). 1 ♂, same as previous (UHIM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF26FFB8FF47FB76FB1CF854.taxon	discussion	Comments. Females of Iliahia flavopicta are somewhat variable; the most common form has FW with the ground color yellow, but some individuals are predominantly orange or red-orange; males are much more uniform.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF26FFB8FF47FB76FB1CF854.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Iliahia flavopicta has been recorded feeding on leaves of Santalum (Swezey 1943). A single larva was collected by KAA on leaves of S. pyrularium in the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve (Fig. 1 N), but it was parasitized by an unidentified ichneumonoid wasp.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF26FFB8FF47FB76FB1CF854.taxon	distribution	Distribution. With the exception of a single lower elevation specimen from Hāʻupu from 2009, S. flavopicta has only been recorded at higher elevations on Kauaʻi (> 900 m), especially in and around Kōkeʻe State Park and Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF26FFB8FF47FB76FB1CF854.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Likely secure. Iliahia flavopicta appears to be relatively common wherever Santalum occurs at high elevations on Kauaʻi. It is the most frequently collected member of the genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2AFFB6FF47FB53FEC1F90A.taxon	description	Figs 1 E, F; 2 B, 3 B	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2AFFB6FF47FB53FEC1F90A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Iliahia santalata is most similar to I. pahulu, but can be distinguished by the paler HW (dark gray in I. pahulu) and semicircular flap-like process on the disc of the valva in males (slender and thorn-like in I. pahulu).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2AFFB6FF47FB53FEC1F90A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Capua santalata Swezey, 1913. Lectotype [here designated], ♂. O‘ahu: Diamond H [ea] d; O. H. S.; 30 vi [19] 11; ex. sandalwood (BPBM). Paralectotypes [here designated] (8 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀). O‘ahu: 1 ♀, same as lectotype (BPBM). 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, same as lectotype (HDOA). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as lectotype (USNM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as lectotype except 20 v [19] 11 (BPBM). 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, same as previous (HDOA). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as lectotype except 25 v [19] 11 (USNM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as lectotype except 28 v [19] 11; ex. Santalum (USNM). 1 ♂, Pālolo; O. H. S.; 21 i [19] 12; ex. Santalum (HDOA). Note. Types were not designated by Swezey (1913) nor did he indicate where syntypes would be deposited; therefore, a lectotype designation is necessary. Zimmerman (1978) figured one male and one female which he called the “ holotype ” and “ allotype ” respectively. However, this does not constitute a valid lectotype designation under Article 74.5 of ICZN (1999). We therefore designate here the illustrated male to be the lectotype and the illustrated female to be a paralectotype. Both are pinned to the same cork mount in BPBM with a red “ type ” label. The remaining 23 syntypes are also designated paralectotypes. The type series is inconsistently labeled; several specimens lack host plant labels despite them clearly being from the same reared series. We were unable to locate five of the paralectotypes from Diamond Head. Additional material examined (40 ♂♂, 44 ♀♀). O‘ahu: 15 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀, NW Koʻolau Range; vii 1901; Perkins (NHMUK). 2 ♀♀, Pūpūkea; 15 iv [19] 23; Swezey (HDOA). 2 ♂♂, Ko‘olau Mtns., Hau’ula Forest Res [erve]; 228 m; NAD 83 04 Q 0611225 2389114 [21.6016, - 157.9255]; UV light trap; 22 – 23 v 2007; W. Haines, J. Eiben / KAA diss. # 0312 (UHIM). 8 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Pia N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], slope E of Hawaiʻi Loa Ridge Trail; 21.3152, - 157.7427; 450 m; 3 – 4 ix 2022; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda; LED bucket trap / DNA extractions KA 0645, KA 0646, KA 0647 / KAA diss. # 0884 (♂), # 0885 (♀), # 0886 (♀) (UHIM). 1 ♀, Hawaiʻi Loa Ridge Tr [ail]; 455 m; UV light trap; 14 vi 2006; W. Haines / KAA diss. # 0311 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Waikakalaua; 12 xi [19] 24; Swezey coll.; ex. Santalum (UHIM). 2 ♀♀, same as previous (HDOA). 1 ♂, same as previous (BPBM). 1 ♀, Niu, 22 viii [19] 09, pupa in Sapindus leaf (HDOA). 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, ‘ Ōpae‘ula, 30 iii [19] 13 (HDOA). 1 ♀, Pālolo, 26 xii [19] 15, Swezey (BPBM). 1 ♂, Pālolo, O. H. S.; 2 [?] i [19] 12 [day obscured by pin]; ex. Santalum (HDOA). 1 ♀, Palolo; O. H. S.; 9 ii [19] 13; ex. Santalum (UHIM). 1 ♀, Peʻahināiʻa R [i] dg [e]; 13 iv [19] 30; O. H. S.; ex. Santalum (HDOA). 1 ♂, ‘ Ewa Forest Reserve, ‘ Aiea Ridge Trail; 21.4082, - 157.8769; 475 m; 4 – 5 iii 2022; K. A. Austin, M. Staab; LED bucket trap (UHIM). 6 ♂♂, same as previous except 21.4080, - 157.8776; 485 m / DNA extraction KA 0460, KA 0461, KA 0462, KA 0463 / KAA diss. # 0715, # 0716 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Kaunala, Drum Dr [ive]; 1400 ft [427 m]; 22 vii 2002; S. L. Montgomery (UHIM). 1 ♀, Waipahu, O‘ahu Sugar field 20; 300 ft [91 m]; 29 – 30 i 2000; S. L. Montgomery (UHIM). 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Honolulu; [19] 08; P [erkins] (NHMUK). 3 ♀♀, [no locality given]; Koebele (HDOA). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, [no locality given]; 1900; Perkins (NHMUK). Other material examined (5 ♂♂). Kauaʻi: 1 ♂, Kōloa, 2 viii [19] 08 / KAA diss. # 0393 (HDOA). Hawaiʻi: 1 ♂, Kealakekua, 1500 m; 11 xi 1989; at UV light; J. Strazanac & C. Fritzler (UHIM). 2 ♂♂, Hualālai, Keauhou 2, Pu‘u Lehua; 5200 ft [1585 m]; 14 xii [20] 00; J. Giffin (UHIM). 1 ♂, Kīlauea, Haw [aiʻi Volcanoes] Nat [iona] l Park; 1200 m; 26 iii 1961; S. Quate (BPBM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2AFFB6FF47FB53FEC1F90A.taxon	discussion	Comments. We remove Iliahia santalata from synonymy with I. flavocincta and raise it to species status based on consistent differences in forewing pattern as well as subtle differences in the male genitalia (see Diagnosis of I. flavocincta). Female genitalia, like with other species of Iliahia, are indistinguishable.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2AFFB6FF47FB53FEC1F90A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Iliahia santalata has been reared from leaves of Santalum. The specific record of Santalum freycinetianum in Zimmerman (1978) could not be verified, but we have no reason to doubt its accuracy, as Swezey (1954) mentioned that this species occurs on “ webbed leaves of nearly all species of Santalum on O‘ahu. ” Lēʻahi (Diamond Head), the type locality of I. santalata, historically would have had Santalum ellipticum present, but currently the only species of Santalum there is the non-native S. album, which has become naturalized in the crater and the surrounding area. Elsewhere on Oʻahu, specimens have been collected in bucket traps placed beneath or in the immediate vicinity of large S. freycinetianum trees on ‘ Aiea Ridge, Hawaiʻiloa Ridge, and Hauʻula Ridge, where populations of S. freycinetianum still occur. The pupa is formed in a folded-over leaf edge. It may wander to pupate, as a single pupa has been found on a Sapindus (Sapindaceae) leaf on O‘ahu but without evidence of feeding. Adults appear to occur year-round.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2AFFB6FF47FB53FEC1F90A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iliahia santalata appears to be primarily a low- to mid-elevation species on Oʻahu, as the highest elevation it has been recorded is ca. 500 meters. This roughly corresponds to the elevational distribution of the two native species of Santalum on Oʻahu, with no species occurring above ca. 800 m (Harbaugh et al. 2010). Five specimens of what appears to be this species are known from Kauaʻi (n = 1) and Hawaiʻi island (n = 4); additional surveys, ideally paired with DNA analysis, are needed to confirm the presence of I. santalata on these islands.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2AFFB6FF47FB53FEC1F90A.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Likely secure. Iliahia santalata has been found on multiple ridges in the Koʻolau Mountains in recent years, suggesting the presence of several discrete populations, occurring in moderate numbers wherever Santalum freycinetianum occurs. It should be noted that I. santalata appears to have disappeared from now urban areas of Honolulu, despite the presence of an introduced Santalum, and it may be dependent on native species in the genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2BFFB5FF47F88AFB49F80E.taxon	description	Figs 1 G, H; 2 C, 3 C	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2BFFB5FF47F88AFB49F80E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Iliahia pahulu is most similar to I. santalata (Swezey), but can be distinguished by the darker HW (white or pale gray in I. santalata) and slender and thorn-like process from the disc of the valvae in males (semicircular and flap-like in I. santalata).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2BFFB5FF47F88AFB49F80E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, ♂. Lānaʻi: Munro Trail; 20.8126, - 156.8731; 1025 m; 8 – 9 i 2025; K. A. Austin, S. L. Pote, C. Doorenweerd; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 1431 / KAA diss. # 1377 (UHIM). Paratype (1 ♀). Lānaʻi: 1 ♀, Munro Trail; 2 x 1976 / K. & E. Sattler / KAA diss. # 1400 (NHMUK).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2BFFB5FF47F88AFB49F80E.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 1). Head. Frons clothed in long, porrect pale yellow scales, a thin row of red-orange scales laterally; vertex with long, pale yellow scales, pale brown and pale red-orange scales laterally and around scape; lateral surface of labial palpus with first and second segment with intermixed brown and red-orange scales, a few yellow scales at apex of second segment; third segment with scaling predominantly pale yellow; medial surface pale yellow. Scape with scales on dorsal half red-orange and brown, pale yellow ventrally; dorsal scales of flagellum with basal 0.25 × alternating rows of pale yellow and red-orange (entirely pale yellow on ventral half), alternating rows of brown and pale yellow scales beyond. Thorax. Scales on pronotum mostly missing, but some pale yellow scales present at anterolateral and extreme posterior margin, a small patch of brown scales anteriad of the latter; tegulae red-orange at base, pale yellow at apex. Foreleg entirely brown except for red-orange coxa. Midleg pale grey, tarsus pale yellow. Hindleg pale yellow, nearly white. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 5.2 mm; Fig. 1 G) with ground color pale yellow, overlaid with a network of brown-red strigulae, especially apparent along basal half of FW; FW costal fold slender, brown-red and red-orange, interrupted medially by a pale yellow spot; subapical blotch divided into three similarsized spots, the costal pair triangular and pale yellow, the spot at the end of cell white; basal fascia pale yellow at base, brownish-red beyond; median fascia brownish-red, suffused with gray scales (possibly iridescent when fresh), fused with tornal blotch and through subapical blotch, extending to fringe; fringe pale yellow. Dorsal surface of HW dark gray. Ventral surface of FW entirely dark gray except for two pale yellow spots on costa at subapical blotch. Ventral surface of HW similar to dorsal surface but slightly paler. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen dark gray, ventral scaling pale brownish-yellow. Genitalia (Fig. 2 C) with uncus shovel-shaped, triangular, slightly thickened on lateral margin, apically acute, nearly confluent with tegumen; socii obsolete; tegumen high, arched; gnathos moderate, arms laterally compressed, fused beyond 0.75 × to form plate, apically acute; transtilla with labides inflated laterally, not spined, joined medially by thin membrane; valvae short, irregular, slightly ovoid, apically rounded; sacculus well-developed, to 0.75 × valva, relatively broad, with a distinct, short, thorn-like process projecting into disc of valve from end of sacculus; juxta well-sclerotized, deeply inset, with a shallow ventral trough; phallus moderate, nearly straight except for shallow cavity near ventral base, apically acute, without observed cornuti nor sockets. Description. Female (n = 1). Head. Similar to male, but sensillae shorter and more extensive yellow scaling on vertex and base of scape. Thorax. Scaling on pronotum similar to male but with diamond-shaped patch of brown scales occupying much of the dorsal surface. FW larger (FWL: 6.2 mm; Fig. 1 H), with much more extensive yellow scaling over much of the FW, only faintly overlaid with red-orange scales, subapical patch not subdivided, without white patch at end of cell; median fascia much thinner than in male, tornal blotch slightly thinner than in male. Ventral surface of FW largely brown, but with much larger patches of yellow scales in basal third and at subapical blotch. HW similar to male. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen similar to male. Genitalia (Fig. 3 C) with papillae anales moderate, semicircular, parallel-sided, roughened on ventral surface; apophyses posteriores ca. 0.5 × S 7, straight, thickened distally; apophyses anteriores ca. 0.8 × S 7, slightly curved, distally flattened; sterigma moderate, broadly V-shaped, well-sclerotized; ostium ring-like; colliculum faint, scarcely observable; ductus bursae ca. 2.5 × S 7, straight, of uniform width throughout; ductus seminalis arising near base of ductus bursae; corpus bursae globose, membranous, signum absent.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2BFFB5FF47F88AFB49F80E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of the Hawaiian goddess Pahulu, the leading akua (spirit) of Lānaʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2BFFB5FF47F88AFB49F80E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Unknown, but larvae are presumed to be leaf-rollers on Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense (Santalaceae), the only species of Santalum known from Lānaihale.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2BFFB5FF47F88AFB49F80E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iliahia pahulu is only known from two specimens collected along the Munro Trail near the summit of Lānaihale, Lānaʻi. It is possible that this species also exists (or existed) in similar habitat on Molokaʻi and Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui) in the vicinity of Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense on those islands. Conservation status. Likely critically endangered. Only ca. 30 trees of Santalum haleakalae var. lanaiense are known to still remain on Lānaʻi (USFWS 2023). Surveys on Molokaʻi and Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui) are badly needed to see if Iliahia pahulu occurs there in the event it or its presumed host go extinct on Lānaʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8599135 E- 4830 - 4716 - A 1 B 0 - 04 B 6 E 8192063 Figs 1 I, 2 D	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Iliahia lilinoe is most similar to I. flavocincta (Swezey) and I. xanthogona (Walsingham), but can be distinguished on the basis of the distinctive brick red scaling across the male FW (Fig. 1 I). The FW of I. flavocincta and I. xanthogona is primarily brownish-red and dark brown, respectively. The thorn-like saccular process in male genitalia will serve to separate I. lilinoe from all other species of Iliahia except for I. pahulu, with which it differs significantly in FW pattern and color.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, ♂. Maui: Haleakalā Road, 7500 ft [2286 m], 25 iv [19] 45, E. C. Zimmerman / ex. Santalum (BPBM). Paratypes (2 ♂♂). Maui: same data as holotype / KAA diss. # 0416 (BPBM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 3). Head. Ventral half of frons with short, appressed dark brown scales, dorsal half with long, porrect or shaggy brick red and red-orange scales, occasionally with intermixed dark brown scales laterally; vertex predominately pale brown, a few pale red or orange scales occasionally present anteriorly; lateral scales on labial palpus brown to pale brown, occasionally with a few intermixed red-orange scales; scaling on medial surface scaling on scape pale golden brown. Scape with scaling brown to dark brown; dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of dark brown and pale golden yellow, scaling on second row slightly expanded. Thorax. Scales on pronotum dark gray to black, occasionally with brick red scales present anteriorly; tegulae brick red to orange-yellow, strongly contrasting with pronotum. Legs silvery-brown, tarsus of hindleg pale shining yellow. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL 5.5 – 6.0 mm; Fig. 1 I) with ground color brick red; costal fold bordered and / or covered with yellow-orange scaling, concolorous with tegula; two conspicuous yellow-orange fasciae present, both heavily suffused with metallic gray scaling: one originating from midpoint of inner margin, terminating near costa at 0.33 × and one from ca. 0.67 × costa and terminating near end of discal cell; small patches of metallic gray scaling scattered across much of the FW, these patches especially apparent in distal third of FW; fringe dark brown. Dorsal surface of HW and ventral surface of both wings entirely dark brown, fringe concolorous. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen entirely dark brown without modification. Male genitalia (Fig. 2 D) with uncus with base confluent with tegumen, nearly triangular except for truncate apex; socii absent; tegumen unmodified; gnathos with arms moderate, fused at apex; transtilla without observed spines or significant modifications, nearly complete, united medially by thin membrane; valvae somewhat elongate, acute at apex; sacculus well-developed, nearly to apex, with conspicuous medially directed thorn-like process from distal end; juxta plate-like with distinct dorsal notch; phallus slender, slightly curved, without observed cornuti.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the Hawaiian goddess Līlīnoe, younger sister of Poliʻahu, and the goddess associated with gentle mists, especially those that frequently settle over the slopes of Haleakalā.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	discussion	Comments. The female of Iliahia lilinoe is unknown at present. Like with other species of Iliahia, it is likely to be sexually dimorphic and quite different in forewing pattern compared to the male.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Iliahia lilinoe has been reared from Santalum, presumably from leaves. The only Santalum to be expected above 1,900 meters on Maui is Santalum haleakalae var. haleakalae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iliahia lilinoe is known from a single collecting event on the upper slopes of Haleakalā at an elevation of 7500 feet (2286 m). This area is primarily open subalpine shrubland, with the most dominant native components being ‘ a‘ali‘i (Dodonaea viscosa), pūkiawe (Leptecophylla tameiameiae), and māmane (Sophora chrysophylla).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF29FFB4FF47FF13FCC2F89E.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Likely critically endangered or extinct. Iliahia lilinoe is known from three specimens collected in 1945. Its presumed host plant, Santalum haleakalae var. haleakalae, was estimated to have a population of 700 individual plants in 2010 (Harbaugh et al. 2010). We have not found any larvae or adults, despite multiple hours of hand searching and several ultraviolet light traps immediately placed around mature Santalum haleakalae var. haleakalae in subalpine shrubland on the slopes of Haleakalā.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB2FF47FBD7FD95FF62.taxon	description	Figs 1 K, L	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB2FF47FBD7FD95FF62.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. I. flavocincta is most similar to I. santalata (Swezey), but can be easily distinguished based on the much more extensive brownish-red scaling in the FW of both sexes, especially in the basal third. The uncus in male genitalia of I. flavocincta appears to be narrower and more apically acute than that of I. santalata, but with so few specimens of I. flavocincta known, it is difficult to know how variable this character is.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB2FF47FBD7FD95FF62.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Capua flavocincta Walsingham, 1907. Holotype, ♀. Hawaiʻi: Kona; 4000 ft [1219 m]; ix 1892; Perkins [examined]. BM slide 1960 [examined] (NHMUK). Capua trigonifer Walsingham, 1907. Holotype, ♂. Hawaiʻi: Kona; 4000 ft [1219 m]; ix 1892; Perkins [examined]. BM slide 1970 [examined] (NHMUK). Additional material examined (1 ♂). Hawaiʻi: 1 ♂, Kīlauea, O. H. S.; 11 v [19] 11; ex. Santalum / KAA diss. # 0417 (HDOA).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB2FF47FBD7FD95FF62.taxon	discussion	Comments. One male specimen examined from Kīlauea (Fig. 1 M) closely resembles the holotype of Capua trigonifer, but there are slight differences in the FW pattern and valva shape. We decline from describing it as a new species for the time being.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB2FF47FBD7FD95FF62.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Iliahia flavocincta has been recorded feeding on webbed leaves of Santalum spp. on Hawaiʻi island. It is only known to occur at elevations around 1200 m.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB2FF47FBD7FD95FF62.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iliahia flavocincta is endemic to Hawaiʻi island, where it is known from ca. 1200 meters elevation, above Kona. One questionable specimen is known from near Kīlauea (Fig. 1 M).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB2FF47FBD7FD95FF62.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Presumed extinct (Austin & Rubinoff 2023 a). Iliahia flavocincta has not been collected since 1911, despite larger and healthier populations of Santalum on Hawaiʻi island than any other island. It should be sought near healthy wild populations of Santalum paniculatum. The invasive tortricid Amorbia emigratella has been observed by us commonly feeding on S. paniculatum on Hawaiʻi island, where it may be occupying a niche formerly occupied by I. flavocincta.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB3FF47FF13FE79FBB5.taxon	description	Fig. 1 J	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB3FF47FF13FE79FBB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. I. xanthogona is most similar to I. lilinoe and I. flavocincta (Walsingham), but can be readily separated by the ground color of the FW: dark brown in I. xanthogona, but brick red in I. lilinoe and brownish-red in I. flavocincta. Male genitalia of I. xanthogona are unknown. Female genitalia of I. xanthogona are exceedingly similar to other species of Iliahia and we have been unable to discern any diagnostic features.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB3FF47FF13FE79FBB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Epagoge xanthogona Walsingham, 1907. Holotype, ♀. Hawaiʻi: Kona; 5000 ft [1524 m]; 4 vii 1892; Perkins / BM slide 1916 (NHMUK) [examined]. Paratype, ♀. Hawaiʻi: Kona, 4000 ft [1219 m]; vii 1892; Perkins / BM slide 14313 (NHMUK) [examined]. Additional material examined (1 ♀). Hawaiʻi: 1 ♀, [illegible]; 14 i [19] 17; F. Muir (HDOA).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB3FF47FF13FE79FBB5.taxon	discussion	Comments. Epagoge xanthogona Walsingham, 1907 is provisionally transferred to Iliahia based wing pattern, size, and genitalia, especially in females possessing a well-developed, inset ostium (ostium small, ring-like, and scarcely differentiated from sterigma in Spheterista). Males are unknown at present; only two female specimens are known. One additional questionable female is present in the HDOA; unfortunately, its data label is illegible.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB3FF47FF13FE79FBB5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The host (s) of I. xanthogona is unknown, but we hypothesize it is a leaf-roller on Santalum, like other members of Iliahia.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB3FF47FF13FE79FBB5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iliahia xanthogona is endemic to the leeward side of Hawaii island, where it is known from ca. 1200 – 1500 m elevation, above Kona.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2EFFB3FF47FF13FE79FBB5.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Iliahia xanthogona is presumed extinct (Austin & Rubinoff 2023 a). It has not been collected in over a century.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4156 FE 70 - E 1 D 2 - 43 AE-B 476 - 14891036989 D Figs 4 A – J, 5 A – C, 6 A – C	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Epagoge infaustana Walsingham, 1907	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In Hawaiʻi, Nomewaimea is most similar to Spheterista Meyrick in which its species were formerly placed. It can be separated from Spheterista based on the following combination of characters: antennal sensillae short, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere; FW costal fold always absent; HW with Rs and M 1 fused at base; uncus with conspicuous slender apical extension, never bifid; socii longer than gnathos, slender, crescentic; arms of gnathos slender, fused. Female genitalia can be distinguished based on the extremely simplified sterigma and very short corpus bursae. Outside of Hawaiʻi, Nomewaimea is most similar to south Pacific Dichelopa, especially those from the Marquesas Islands and Rapa Iti. However, these species of Dichelopa generally have shorter or obsolete socii in males and a much longer ductus bursae in females.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	description	Description Head. Frons, vertex rough scaled; ocellus present, separated from compound eye by ca. width of ocellus; chaetosemata present; labial palpus porrect or slightly upswept, ca. 1.5 × diameter of compound eye; scales on second segment dorsally expanded, third segment partially obscured by scaling on second segment; haustellum moderately developed, naked at base; antenna ca. 0.4 – 0.5 × costa; sensillae in male short, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere; sensillae in female shorter, scarcely noticeable; flagellum slightly thicker in male, filiform in both sexes, but apical rows of scaling expanded, giving the appearance of minute serrations. Thorax. Dorsum smooth-scaled; metathoracic scale tuft absent; FWL: 4.2 – 6.6 mm; FAR: 2.6 – 3.1; FW costal fold absent; costa gently arched from base to apex in males, more straight, parallel with inner margin in females beyond base; FW with Sc to ca. 0.4 × costa; R 1 originating at ca. 0.4 × discal cell; R 2 ca. equidistant from R 1 and R 3; R 4 + 5 fused at base for ca. 0.35 × R 4 + 5; M 2, M 3, and Cu 1 all separate; Cu 2 originating at ca. 0.75 × discal cell; A 1 + 2 stalked ca. 0.25 ×; chorda, M-stem absent. HW with cubital pecten present; HW costal fold absent; Sc + R 1 ca. 0.9 ×; Rs and M 1 fused at base; discal cell open distally; M 3, Cu 1 confluent at base, M 2 separate; Cu 2 originating at ca. 0.6 × discal cell; frenulum with 2 – 3 bristles in female (asymmetrical in some specimens). Abdomen. Dorsum unmodified. Male genitalia with uncus slender, finger-like, with distinct, thin, apical projection; socii large, crescentic, densely setose, extending past terminal plate of gnathos (distorted and often flattened in slide-mounted specimens), separate; arms of gnathos slender, apically fused to form narrow, apically rounded plate (often entire gnathos concealed behind socii, only terminal plate scarcely visible between); tegumen high, broad, arching, slender (often distorted in slide-mounted specimens to appear dorsally even broader and more quadrate as a result of large socii), unmodified; labides narrow, triangular, densely spined, separate but joined medially by thin membrane; valvae membranous, short, triangular, slightly produced apically; inner disc of valva covered in long, thin, hair-like setae, without distinct plications; sacculus indistinct, broad, to ca. 0.4 – 0.5 × valva; juxta low, plate-like, with shallow medial notch; phallus slender, straight or nearly so, irregular, apically acute, without observed cornuti nor sockets. Female genitalia with papillae anales long, slender, evenly roughened, apically approximate but separate; apophyses posteriores and anteriores long, both ca. 0.7 – 0.8 × S 7; sterigma, highly simplified, narrow, nearly linear, occasionally bowl-like, scarcely wider than ostium, often barely discernable; ostium simple, elliptical; colliculum present, open on ventral face, longer than wide; ductus bursae short, 0.3 – 0.5 × S 7, widening to large, membranous, elongated, elliptical corpus bursae, scarcely differentiated from ductus bursae; signum absent; ductus seminalis arising at end of ductus bursae; bulla seminalis membranous, globose.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Hawaiian “ nome, ” meaning “ to slowly munch along ” and “ waimea, ” a Kauaʻi name for māmaki (Pipturus spp.), one of the host plants of this genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	discussion	Comments. Despite observed differences in preliminary molecular data, species from Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi island are morphologically indistinguishable from N. infaustana and N. urerana. We refrain from describing them as new until more robust molecular evidence is available. The specimen mentioned by Walsingham (1907) and illustrated by Zimmerman (1978) from Hawaiʻi island as being “ closely allied ” to Spheterista pernitida is, in fact, an undescribed species of Nomewaimea based on the genitalia.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Nomewaimea urerana has been reared from stems, shoots, and leaves of ōpuhe (Touchardia oahuensis) and māmaki (Pipturus albidus) (both Urticaceae). Nomewaimea infaustana has been reared from an unidentified species of Pipturus. We have reared an undescribed species (not treated here) from shoots of P. albidus on Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui). Other species likely feed on Urticaceae as well; we have collected large numbers of this genus by trapping in areas with Pipturus in the immediate vicinity. However, we have occasionally collected specimens of Nomewaimea a great distance away from the nearest Urticaceae (especially the higher elevation Kauaʻi specimens), raising the possibility that some species of Nomewaimea may be more polyphagous than currently understood.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2FFFB1FF47FEA3FB70F8FA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Species of Nomewaimea are known from Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi island. Though most common in intact wet forests and mesic gulches where their host plants grow, they can be occasionally encountered in more mesic and lowland forests, even in moderately disturbed sites.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2DFFADFF47F900FE27FD32.taxon	description	Figs 4 A, B; 5 A, 6 A	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2DFFADFF47F900FE27FD32.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nomewaimea infaustana is most similar to Nomewaimea urerana (Swezey). At present, we can find no consistent morphological characters to separate them from each other (but see Comments below). The terminal plate of N. infaustana may be slightly larger and the valvae less apically extended than in N. urerana, but these characters may be somewhat variable.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2DFFADFF47F900FE27FD32.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Epagoge infaustana Walsingham, 1907. Lectotype [here designated], ♂. Kauaʻi: M [oun] t [ain] s; 3000 – 4000 ft [914 – 1219 m]; vi 1894; Perkins / BM genitalia slide 1914 (NHMUK) [examined]. Paralectotypes [here designated] (7 ♂♂, 19 ♀♀). Kauaʻi: 2 ♀♀, 3000 – 4000 ft [914 – 1219 m]; v 1894; Perkins (BPBM). 4 ♀♀, same as previous / BM slide 1915 (NHMUK). 2 ♀♀, 3000 – 4000 ft [914 – 1219 m]; vi 1894; Perkins (BPBM). 2 ♀♀, same as previous / BM slide 14314 (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kahōluamanu; 4000 ft [1219 m]; iv 1895; Perkins (BPBM). 1 ♀, same as previous (NHMUK). Molokai: 1 ♂, above 3000 ft [914 m]; 24 vi 1893; Perkins (NHMUK). Maui: 1 ♀, Haleakalā; 5000 ft [1524 m]; v 1896; Perkins (NHMUK). Hawaiʻi: 1 ♀, Mt. Kīlauea; vii 1895; Perkins (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Mt. Kīlauea; viii 1896 (BPBM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as previous (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Kona, above 2000 ft [610 m]; ix 1892 (BPBM). 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, same as previous (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Olaʻa; 2000 ft [610 m]; xi 1896 / genitalia slide 112 (BPBM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as previous (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Olaʻa; vii 1895; genitalia slide 111 (BPBM) [all examined]. Additional material examined (37 ♂♂, 40 ♀♀). Kauaʻi: 4 ♀♀, Kahōluamanu; iv 1920; J. A. Kusche (BPBM). 1 ♀, same as previous (HDOA). 8 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe; 10 vii 1937; E. C. Zimmerman (NHMUK). 2 ♀♀, same as previous except 8 vii 1937 (NHMUK). 5 ♂♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kahuamaʻa Flat; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 21 viii 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, same as previous except 24 viii 1973 (NHMUK). 1 ♀, same as previous except 9 ix 1973 (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, same as previous except 17 vii 1937 (NHMUK). 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe; 20 viii 1959; J. W. Beardsley; at light (BPBM). 1 ♂, same as previous except 24 viii 1959; light trap (BPBM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kumuwela; 9 vii [19] 32; O. H. Swezey / ex. Pipturus (HDOA). 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve, NE of Wai [a] kōali Bog 1; 1260 m; 22.1300, - 159.5774; 12 – 13 vii 2023; K. A. Austin; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0863 / KAA diss. # 1088 (♀) (UHIM). 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve, Wai [a] kōali Bog 1; 22.1297, - 159.5780; 1265 m; 13 – 14 vii 2023; K. A. Austin; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0864 / KAA diss. # 1089 (♂) (UHIM). 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve, N of Wai [a] kōali Bog 1; 22.1300, - 159.5780; 1265 m; 12 – 13 vii 2023; K. A. Austin; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0858 / KAA diss. # 1083 (♂) (UHIM). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve, S of Wai [a] kōali Bog 1; 22.1292, - 159.5782; 1260 m; 12 – 14 vii 2023; K. A. Austin et al.; UVLED light sheet / DNA extraction KA 0857 / KAA diss. # 1082 (UHIM). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona For [est] Res [erve], Alakaʻi Wild [erness] Pres [erve], edge of Waiakōali Bog 1; 22.1294, - 159.5775; 1260 m; 8 – 10 ii 2022; K. A. Austin; UVLED light sheet / DNA extraction KA 0442 / KAA diss. # 0699 (UHIM). 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Awaʻawapuhi Trail; 22.1428, - 159.6538; 1235 m; 11 vii 2023; K. A. Austin; UVLED light sheet (UHIM). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Awaʻawapuhi Trail; 22.1468, - 159.6605; 1110 m; 21 – 22 iii 2022; K. A. Austin; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0546 / KAA diss. # 0780 (UHIM). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve; Halepaʻakai Camp; 22.0796, - 159.5476; 1310 m; 11 – 14 vi 2024; J. Ueda; hand collecting adult at night / DNA extraction KA 1263 / KAA diss. # 1282 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona For [est] Res [erve], Alakaʻi Swamp Tr [ail]; 1234 m; WGS 84 4 Q 436358 2449215 [22.146890, - 159.617191]; 8 – 9 viii 2007; W. Haines, D. Rubinoff; UV light trap (UHIM). 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Mohihi R [oa] d, field of Carex / Sugi pines; 3600 ft [1097 m]; 17 v [20] 05; D. Rubinoff et al. / DNA extractions KA 00037, 00038 / KAA diss. # 0316 (♂), # 0317 (♀) (UHIM). 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Kōkeʻe S [tate] P [ark], Mohihi R [oa] d, Kauaikinanā St [ream]; 2 vi [20] 04; W. Haines; UV light trap (UHIM). 1 ♂, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Flume nr. Ditch Trail; 04 Q- 0434895 - 2447551 [22.131803, - 159.631311]; 3400 ft [1036 m]; 17 v [20] 05; D. Rubinoff et al. (UHIM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Mohihi R [oa] d [at] Waiakōali Stream; 3400 ft [1036 m]; 17 v [20] 05; D. Rubinoff et al. / KAA diss. # 0283 (♀), # 0284 (♂) (UHIM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2DFFADFF47F900FE27FD32.taxon	discussion	Comments. One male syntype in NHMUK bears a violet “ lectotype ” label (this specimen figured in Zimmerman 1978; Figs 238, 248 as the “ allotype ”). The remaining 17 syntypes in NHMUK each bear a light blue “ paralectotype ” label (including one female illustrated by Zimmerman 1978; Fig. 257 as the “ holotype ”). We can find no published record of this lectotype designation and therefore presently designate the male labeled as “ lectotype ” as the lectotype and the remaining 17 specimens in NHMUK and 9 specimens from the type series as paralectotypes. Zimmerman’s designation of a “ holotype ” is not sufficient to meet Article 74.5 of ICZN (1999). The type series of Nomewaimea infaustana examined by Walsingham (1907) includes multiple species of Nomewaimea. Only those from Kauaʻi represent Nomewaimea infaustana. The remaining paralectotypes represent undescribed species of Nomewaimea. In addition to the material examined above, we examined ca. 60 additional specimens of N. infaustana in NHMUK collected by Klaus and Edith Sattler on Kauaʻi in 1973 and 1982, but were unable to record all these data during a brief visit to NHMUK in 2023. Though we were unable to observe consistent morphological differences between N. infaustana and N. urerana, we choose to maintain them as distinct species based on a 5.3 % minimum interspecific genetic divergence of a 1,494 bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene (Austin & Rubinoff, unpublished data).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2DFFADFF47F900FE27FD32.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Nomewaimea infaustana has only been reared from an unidentified species of Pipturus. Its true host breadth is likely much wider, as we have frequently encountered N. infaustana in localities with no Pipturus nearby. It may be able to utilize other species of native Urticaceae, similar to that of its Oʻahu relative, N. urerana (Swezey).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2DFFADFF47F900FE27FD32.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nomewaimea infaustana is endemic to Kauaʻi, where it has been collected from elevations between ca. 1000 – 1300 m. It is likely to also occur at lower elevations, especially in mesic and wet valleys where Pipturus spp. grow. Very few recent entomological surveys have targeted such habitat due to the rugged and remote terrain of Kauaʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF2DFFADFF47F900FE27FD32.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Nomewaimea infaustana can likely be considered secure. It has been recorded in many different locations across Kauaʻi in recent years and can be locally common in some places. Determining its full host range will help to better understand the threats N. infaustana faces and may be important in understanding the evolution of the group.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF30FFACFF47FD53FCC2F92E.taxon	description	Fig. 4 C, D, I	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF30FFACFF47FD53FCC2F92E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nomewaimea urerana is most similar to Nomewaimea infaustana (Walsingham). At present, we can find no consistent characters to separate them from each other (but see Comments below). The terminal plate of N. urerana may be slightly more slender and the valvae more apically extended than in N. infaustana, but these characters may be somewhat variable.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF30FFACFF47FD53FCC2F92E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Epagoge urerana Swezey, 1915. Lectotype [designated by Zimmerman, 1978], ♂. Oʻahu: Tantalus, O. H. S.; 5 iv [19] 14 / ex. stem of Urera / genitalia on slide Z-I- 26 - 67 (BPBM) [examined]. Paralectotypes [designated by Zimmerman, 1978] (3 ♂♂). Oʻahu: 1 ♂, same as lectotype (BPBM) [not examined]. 2 ♂♂, same as lectotype (USNM) [examined]. Additional material examined (44 ♂♂, 47 ♀♀). Oʻahu: 11 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Round Top For [est] Res [erve], Mānoa Cliff Restoration Area; 21.3379, - 157.8108; 555 m; 26 – 27 xi 2021; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extractions KA 0420, KA 0422 / KAA diss. # 0683 (♂), # 0685 (♀) (UHIM). 12 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀, same as previous except 21.3376, - 157.8108; 565 m / DNA extractions KA 0419, KA 0421 / KAA diss. # 0682 (♂), # 0684 (♀) (UHIM). 1 ♂, same as previous except 21.3381, - 157.8110; 560 m; UVLED light sheet (UHIM). 1 ♂, Round Top For [est] Res [erve], Mānoa Cliff Restoration Area; 21.3381, - 157.8110; 560 m; larva coll. 26 xi 2021, adult ecl. 8 xii 2021; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda / HOST: Pipturus albidus (Urticaceae), feeding in young terminal shoots (UHIM). 2 ♂♂, Honolulu Watershed F [orest] R [eserve]; Mānoa Cliff Restoration Area; 21.3375, - 157.8109; 570 m; 15 iii 2023; K. A. Austin, C. Doorenweerd; UVLED light sheet (UHIM). 1 ♀, M [oun] t Tantalus; 7 ii [19] 45 / in light trap / R. E. Doty coll. (UHIM). 2 ♀♀, Pacific H [eigh] ts; O. H. S. / 17 iii [19] 12 / Pipturus (UHIM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Pacific H [eigh] ts; 17 iii [19] 12; O. H. S. / ex. Pipturus (USNM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kaluanui N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], Castle Trail; 21.5709, - 157.9217; 660 m; 26 – 27 vii 2023; K. A. Austin; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0929 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Koʻolau Range, Kahuku F [orest] R [eserve], Kaunala Ridge; 1500 ft [457 m]; 23 ix 1976 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, same as previous except 21.5707, - 157.9201; 620 m / DNA extraction KA 0930 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Mokulēʻia F [orest] R [eserve], in gulch n [ea] r Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], 21.5439, - 158.1883; 460 m; 19 – 20 ii 2023; K. A. Austin; UV bucket trap (UHIM). 1 ♂, Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], Mokulēʻia Trail; 21.5348, - 158.1814; 670 m; 30 ix – 1 x 2022; K. A. Austin, S. Schachat, T. Lendt, T. Smith; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0664 (UHIM). 1 ♂, Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], in gulch; 21.5410, - 158.1922; 585 m; 18 – 19 xii 2021; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda, H. Szczygieł; [UV] light trap (UHIM). 1 ♀, Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], n [ea] r summit ridge; 21.5417, - 158.1935; 600 m; 19 – 20 ii 2023; K. A. Austin; UV bucket trap (UHIM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Kaʻala N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], bog boardwalk; 21.5070, - 158.1440; 1210 m; 21 – 22 i 2022; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda, T. Chapin; [UV] bucket trap (UHIM). 1 ♀, Waiʻanae Kai For [est] Res [erve], M [oun] t Kaʻala, near south end of bog boardwalk; 1200 m; 21.5033, - 158.1478; 10 – 11 iv 2021; K. A. Austin, M. San Jose, K. Faccenda; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0157 / KAA diss. # 0455 (UHIM). 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, Waiʻanae Kai For [est] Res [erve], Kaala Trail; 21.5027, - 158.1495; 1140 m; 4 – 5 ix 2021; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extractions KA 0315, KA 0316, KA 0317 / KAA diss. # 0607 (♂), # 0608 (♀), # 0609 (♀) (UHIM). 1 ♀, same as previous except 21.5027, - 158.1505; 1050 m (UHIM). 1 ♀, Mākua Keaʻau F [orest] R [eserve], ʻŌhikilolo, through gate; 21.5134, - 158.1932; 890 m; 30 iv – 1 v 2022; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda; [UV] bucket trap (UHIM). 2 ♂♂, Honouliuli F [orest] R [eserve], Puʻu Hāpapa, north of snail jail; 21.4670, - 158.1029; 810 m; 14 – 15 iii 2022; K. A. Austin; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0553 / KAA diss. # 0785 (UHIM). 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Honouliuli F [orest] R [eserve], Puʻu Hāpapa, behind weatherport; 21.4667, - 158.1028; 810 m; 14 – 15 iii 2022; K. A. Austin; UVLED light sheet (UHIM). 2 ♀♀, Honouliuli F [orest] R [eserve], ʻĒkahanui Gulch; 21.4389, - 158.0939; 675 m; 24 – 25 v 2023; K. A. Austin et al.; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0827 / KAA diss. # 1057 (UHIM). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as previous except 21.4390, - 158.0935; 655 m (UHIM). 1 ♀, Nānākuli Forest Reserve, Palikea Ridge; 21.4129, - 158. 0999; 846 m; M. San Jose, J. B. Reil, K. A. Austin; 11 – 12 ii 2021; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0119 / KAA diss. # 0431 (UHIM). 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, Makaleha, M [oun] t Kaʻala; 8 i 1922; Swezey / ex. Pipturus (BPBM). 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, same as previous (HDOA). 1 ♂, Halona Val [ley], Waianae M [oun] t [ain] s; 12 iii [19] 33; O. H. Swezey (HDOA).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF30FFACFF47FD53FCC2F92E.taxon	discussion	Comments. Zimmerman (1978) wrote, “ This species was described from four specimens reared from larvae. There were two male examples on the cork mount marked ‘ Type’, and evidently Dr. Swezey considered them to be male and female. As my illustrations demonstrate, however, they are both males. I have designated the specimen nearest the pin as the lectotype male and have removed the other specimen from the mount and designated it as a paralectotype. The specimens are in Bishop Museum. I have not studied a female. ” We have been unable to locate this paralectotype in BPBM. Though we were unable to observe consistent morphological differences between N. urereana and N. infaustana, we choose to maintain them as distinct species (see explanation under the Comments section of N. infaustana above).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF30FFACFF47FD53FCC2F92E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Apart from the type series from “ Urera sandwicensis ” (= Touchardia oahuensis, ōpuhe), all other reared specimens have been found feeding on the shoots, stems, and leaves of māmaki (Pipturus albidus; Fig. 4 I). Touchardia oahuensis is now a somewhat rare species on Oʻahu, whereas māmaki is still relatively common. It is possible that N. urerana can utilize other native Urticaceae, such as Boehmeria grandis and Touchardia latifolia, but we have not encountered these plants frequently enough to confirm this. See Swezey (1915) for a brief description of the larva, pupa, and feeding habits.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF30FFACFF47FD53FCC2F92E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nomewaimea urerana has been collected throughout much of the Koʻolau and Waiʻanae Ranges between elevations of ca. 500 – 1200 m. It is most common in wet forest and gulches, but can be occasionally found in more shaded, mesic areas wherever native Urticaceae grow.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF30FFACFF47FD53FCC2F92E.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Austin & Rubinoff (2023 a) presumed N. urerana extinct and offered two competing hypotheses to explain its disappearance: “ This species may be a synonym of ‘ S. ’ infaustana (Walsingham), described from Kauaʻi. Alternatively, the type series could be an unusual color form of a widespread extant species on Oʻahu closely related to ‘ S. ’ infaustana but provisionally considered undescribed by KAA. It is still common on parts of Tantalus where Pipturus and Urera grow. ” Austin & Rubinoff (2024 b) reported N. urerana as rediscovered, but did not elaborate. The second hypothesis of Austin & Rubinoff (2023 a) is partially correct: the type series of N. urerana, specifically the lectotype, is indeed unusual in its pale banding. However, we recognize now that there is just a single species of Nomewaimea on Oʻahu, N. urerana. Nomewaimea urerana is still widespread and relatively common. Although it can likely be considered secure for now, invasive ramie moths (Arcte coerula (Guenée); Noctuidae) pose a potentially significant threat to Nomewaimea urerana and other native insects that depend on native Urticaceae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 04 BF 691 - AB 01 - 4745 - 8143 - 93 F 3429 AFCB 6 Figs 4 G, H; 6 B	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nomewaimea kupenuia is unlikely to be confused with any other species of Tortricidae in Hawaiʻi. Its distinctive bicolored FW, with golden yellow basal third and mahogany red distal two-thirds should serve to easily identify it.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♀. Kauaʻi: Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve, NE of Wai [a] koali Bog 1; 1260 m; 22.1300, - 159.5774; 12 – 13 vii 2023; K. A. Austin; LED bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0859 / KAA diss. # 1084 (UHIM). Paratypes (15 ♀♀). Kauaʻi: 1 ♀, same as holotype / KAA diss. # 1405 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona F [orest] R [eserve], Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve, Wai [a] koali Bog 1; 1265 m; 22.1297, - 159.5780; 13 – 14 vii 2023; K. A. Austin; LED bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0860 / KAA diss. # 1085 (UHIM). 2 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Alakaʻi Swamp Trail; 3800 ft [1158 m]; 26 vii 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Pihea Trail; 4200 ft [1280 m]; 14 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 5 ♀♀, Waiʻalae Valley (Waiʻalae Cabin); 3600 ft [1097 m]; 7 x 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, same as previous except 6 x 1973 (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Awaʻawapuhi Valley; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 15 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Honopu Trail; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 22 viii 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Halemanu; 3400 ft [1036 m]; 23 viii 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kauaikinanā (Mohihi Road); 3500 ft [1067 m]; 25 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	description	Description. Female (n = 16). Head. Scaling on ventral half of frons short, tightly appressed, pale yellow; scaling on dorsal half long, shaggy, golden brown; scaling on vertex pale golden brown; scaling on lateral surface of labial palpus glossy brown, paler dorsally; scaling on medial surface pale yellow; scape brown or golden brown, rarely straw yellow; dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of dark brown and golden yellow or golden brown scales. Thorax. Scales on pronotum golden yellow, a small patch of black or gray scales present along posterior margin, rarely with mahogany red scales intermixed; tegulae golden yellow. Foreleg with lateral scaling brown or dark brown; midleg with femur, tibia pale brown, tarsi brown or dark brown, segments ringed with pale yellow scales; hindlegs pale yellow or gray, tarsi gray, segments ringed with pale yellow scales. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 5.2 – 5.7 mm; FAR: ca. 2.6 – 2.8, Figs 4 G, H) with base of costa pale mahogany red, small black costal strigulae present, basal third of FW pale yellow or golden brown, with scattered gray scales below cell; an oblique line running from ca. 0.3 × costa to ca. 0.5 × inner margin, becoming faint, directed to tornus below cell; distal two-thirds of FW with ground color dark gray or black, heavily overlaid with mahogany red scales, faint golden yellow strigulae often apparent along costa; fringe pale reddish-orange, with longer pale yellow and dark gray scales at tornus. Dorsal surface of HW gray, paler basally; fringe gray. Ventral surface of FW dark gray, iridescent purple when viewed obliquely under magnification, pale golden yellow strigulae present along costa. Ventral surface of HW similar to dorsal surface, gray, with faint iridescent purple scales similar to ventral surface of FW. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen with scaling silver or gray, paler ventrally. Genitalia (Fig. 6 B) with papillae anales slender, apically acute, approximate, but separate, evenly roughened on ventral surface; apophyses anteriores and posteriores both ca. 0.7 × S 7, straight, flattened distally; sterigma thin, simple, shallow; ostium narrow, simple; colliculum present, ring-like, weakly developed, open on ventral face, broader than long; ductus bursae ca. 0.6 × S 7, straight, slender; corpus burse small, elliptical, entirely membranous; signum absent; ductus seminalis arising near base of ductus bursae, similar in length and width; bulla seminalis equal in size and shape to corpus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	discussion	Comments. Surprisingly, no males are known of N. kupenuia. A moth similar to N. kupenuia has been photographed by Julien Ueda on Kauaʻi and uploaded to iNaturalist [link]. It may be the male of N. kupenuia, but would require a voucher specimen in order to confirm.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Hawaiian “ kūpenu ʻia, ” meaning “ dipped in dye, ” referring to the distinctive forewing pattern of this species, which looks like it has been partially dipped in dye.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The biology of N. kupenuia is unknown. We hypothesize that it feeds on the stems and shoots of native Urticaceae, like some other species of Nomewaimea. However, we have collected it in one locality without any observed Urticaceae, so other host plants may be possible.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nomewaimea kupenuia is known from several high elevation (ca. 1000 – 1300 m) locations on Kauaʻi in both mesic and wet forest.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF31FFABFF47F96FFC2EF8FA.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. The conservation status of N. kupenuia is unknown. Determining its host plant (s) would greatly advance its conservation prospects. Klaus and Edith Sattler were the first to collect this species, suggesting that it was rare even at the time of Perkins’ and Kusche’s collecting.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 9 D 76 DE 8 - A 66 A- 4078 - BB 85 - CCB 9 BEE 07 FA 6 Figs 4 E, F; 5 C; 6 C	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nomewaimea alaea is unlikely to be confused with any other species of Tortricidae in Hawaiʻi. Its small size, coupled with its dark orange-red FW with distinct banding, should render it immediately recognizable in the Hawaiian fauna.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂. Kauaʻi: Kōkeʻe State Park, Honopu Trail; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 28 viii 1973 / K. & E. Sattler / KAA diss. # 1155 (NHMUK). Paratypes (2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀). Kauaʻi: 1 ♀, same as holotype (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kauaikinanā (Mohihi Road); 3500 ft [1067 m]; 26 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 4 ♀♀, Nā Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Pihea Trail; 4200 ft [1280 m]; 11 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, same as previous except 14 ix 1973 (NHMUK). 1 ♀, Alakaʻi Swamp, Kelekua Hut; 4520 ft [1378 m]; 22 ix 1973 / K. & E. Sattler / KAA diss. # 1156 (NHMUK).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 3). Head. Scaling on ventral half of frons short, tightly appressed, dark reddish-brown; scaling on dorsal half longer, porrect to slightly shaggy, golden brown; scaling on vertex brownish-yellow; scaling on lateral surface of labial palpus light brown, scales on apical portion of second segment occasionally light reddish-orange; scaling on medial surface of labial palpus pale yellow; scape with scaling on ventral half light golden brown, dorsal half brown; dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of brown and golden yellow or brownish-yellow scales. Thorax. Scales on pronotum brown to dark brown, often with scattered reddish-orange scales, especially posteriorly; a small patch of black scales present at posterior margin; tegulae with scaling often tricolored: pale brown, reddish-orange, and white or light yellow. Foreleg with lateral scaling on femur, tibia brown; tarsi dark brown, ringed with lighter brown at joints. Midleg with lateral scaling light brown, occasionally gray, tarsi brown, ringed with pale yellow or silver. Hindleg with lateral scaling light yellow or light gray, tarsi gray. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 4.2 – 4.6 mm; FAR: 2.8 – 3.0; Fig. 4 E) with ground color dark orange-red, basal fascia with intermixed black and brownish-pink scales; antemedian interfascia straw yellow, but almost completely obscured by brownish-pink scaling, bent ca. 90 ° medially; postmedian interfascia similarly overlaid with brownish-pink scales, not as strongly bent; two nearly straight brownish-pink bands in distal third of FW, arising at either side of tornus; a variably expressed black streak of scales through cell; costal strigulae well-expressed, pale yellow, with black scaling between; fringe variable, most commonly with pale yellow or light red-orange scales towards apex, darker red-orange and gray scales towards tornus. Dorsal surface of HW gray, without apparent strigulae. Ventral surface of FW brown, costal strigulae apparent, especially along distal half of costa. Ventral surface of HW gray, with strigulae faintly apparent. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen with dorsal scaling gray, scales around terminal segment pale yellow. Genitalia (Fig. 5 C) with uncus slender, slightly swollen at base, tapering to thin, slightly extended apex; socii large, densely setose, extending to labides in slide-mounted specimen, approximate at apex; arms of gnathos slender, scarcely visible behind labides, apically fused to form slightly extended plate; tegumen high, arching, thin; labides small, arching, densely minutely spined; valvae membranous, circular, with apical extension, densely setose on inner disc; sacculus short, weakly developed, to ca. 0.4 × valva; juxta plate-like, without noticeable dorsal notch; phallus slender, straight, slightly downcurved at base; without observed cornuti nor sockets. Description. Female (n = 6). Head. Similar to male, but sensillae shorter. Thorax. Similar to male, but FW (Fig. 4 F) larger (FWL: 4.9 – 5.9 mm), slightly wider (FAR: 2.9 – 3.1), with less extensive brownish-pink and black scaling. Abdomen. Similar to male, but without pale yellow scaling around terminal segment. Genitalia (Fig. 6 C) with papillae anales slender, parallel-sided, apically acute, separate, relatively smooth on ventral surface, only minutely roughened, but larger tubercules present laterally; apophyses anteriores both ca. 0.7 × S 7, straight, flattened, widened distally; sterigma, ostium heavily damaged, obscured; ductus bursae, corpus bursae similarly damaged, torn, and partly missing but similar to other species of Nomewaimea; signum absent.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Hawaiian “ ʻalaea, ” referring to an iron oxide rich volcanic clay commonly used to color salt, for medicine, for dye, and in certain formal ceremonies. Much of Waimea Canyon, not far from the type locality of this species, is composed of ʻalaea and looks similar to the FW color of this beautiful species.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	discussion	Comments. A single male from Kaʻala, Oʻahu in HDOA looks similar to this species (KAA diss. # 0861). It may represent an extinct, undescribed species similar to N. alaea.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The biology of N. alaea is unknown. We hypothesize that it feeds on the stems and shoots of native Urticaceae, like some other species of Nomewaimea.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nomewaimea alaea is known from several high elevation (ca. 1000 – 1400 m) locations on Kauaʻi, primarily in wet forests.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF37FFA9FF47FF13FB38FE1A.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Possibly threatened. Determining the host plant of N. alaea would greatly advance its conservation prospects. Klaus and Edith Sattler were the only people to have ever collected this species, suggesting that it was rare even at the time of Perkins’ and Kusche’s collecting. We have not encountered it in any of our collecting on Kauaʻi, despite us collecting in similar habitat to that of the Sattlers in 1973.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF34FFA8FF47FE75FDCDFEF6.taxon	description	Figs 4 K, L; 5 D; 6 D Type species: Capua cassia Swezey, 1912	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF34FFA8FF47FE75FDCDFEF6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Within Hawaiʻi, Kumakena is superficially similar to smaller species of Spheterista and the non-native Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). From the former it can be distinguished by the spatulate uncus in males and broader, funnel-like sterigma in females. From the latter it can be separated by its small size (FWL: 4.2 – 5.5 mm), the absence of a costal fold in males, and absence of a signum in females. Outside of Hawaiʻi, species of Epiphyas, Merophyas, and the smicrotes - species group of Clepsis are similar. However, males can be separated from these genera primarily based on the shape of the valvae, which tend to be proportionally smaller, narrower, and more elongate in Kumakena, as opposed to generally triangular or nearly circular in the aforementioned taxa. Females can be separated by the absence of a cestum, signum, or coiled ductus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF34FFA8FF47FE75FDCDFEF6.taxon	description	Description Head. Frons rough scaled, with scaling on ventral half short, somewhat appressed or slightly erect, dorsally directed, dorsal half longer, shaggy or loosely porrect, vertex rough scaled; ocellus present, separated from compound eye by ca. diameter of ocellus; chaetosemata present; labial palpus porrect, slightly upswept, scales on second segment widely expanded apically, ca. 1.5 × diameter of compound eye; proboscis well-developed, naked at base; antenna ca. 0.6 × costa, filiform; sensillae in both sexes nearly obsolete. Thorax. Dorsum smooth-scaled; metathoracic scale tuft absent; FWL: 4.2 – 5.5 mm; FAR: 2.7 – 2.9; FW costal fold absent; Sc to ca. 0.6 × costa; R 1 originating at ca. 0.5 × discal cell; R 2 ca. equidistant from R 1 and R 3; R 4 + 5 fused to ca. 0.3 ×, terminating on opposite sides of apex; M 2 and M 3 connate or nearly so, CuA 1 separate; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.5 × discal cell; A 2 + 3 stalked to ca. 0.2 ×; A 1 vestigial; M-stem not observed in male, vestigial in female; chorda absent. HW with cubital pecten present; HW costal fold absent; Sc + R 1 ca. 0.9 × costa; Rs, M 1 fused to ca. 0.8 ×; M 3, CuA 1 connate or fused to ca. 0.1 ×; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.7 × discal cell; frenulum with 2 – 3 bristles in female. Abdomen. Dorsum unmodified. Male genitalia (Fig. 5 D) with uncus spatulate, terminally rounded; socii obsolete; tegumen moderate, arched, unmodified; arms of gnathos thin, fused apically into an extremely sharp terminal plate; labides lateral, sparsely spined; valvae subtriangular, somewhat elongate, with apex produced; disc of valve with well-sclerotized ridge-like process from base to ca. 0.7 × valva; disc of valva with long, hair-like setae; juxta semicircular with deep dorsomedial notch; phallus thin, gently curved, with well-developed caulis; cornuti nor sockets observed. Female genitalia (Fig. 6 D) with papillae anales broad, elliptical, evenly roughened on ventral surface, separate; apophyses posteriores short, ca. 0.3 × S 7; apophyses anteriores ca. 0.5 × S 7; sterigma funnel-shaped, well-sclerotized; colliculum present, longer than wide, open on ventral face; ductus bursae short, not extending beyond S 7, straight; corpus bursae globose, weakly differentiated from ductus bursae; signum absent; ductus seminalis not observed.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF34FFA8FF47FE75FDCDFEF6.taxon	discussion	Comments. Both Swezey (1912) and Zimmerman (1978) noted the presence of a costal fold in males. We can find no semblance of a costal fold in any specimen examined. We could not locate the wing slide in BPBM that Zimmerman (1978) used to illustrate the wing venation and costal fold of K. cassia.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF34FFA8FF47FE75FDCDFEF6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name is derived from Hawaiian “ kūmākena ” meaning “ to lament for the dead, ” “ to grieve, ” or “ to be in distress for the loss of a relative or friend. ” This refers to the presumed extinction of the only known species in the genus, which was last collected over a century ago, despite it once being a seemingly common species.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF34FFA8FF47FE75FDCDFEF6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The only recorded host for Kumakena is the indigenous Senna gaudichaudii (Fabaceae; Hawaiian name: kolomona), in which the larvae construct leaf shelters. A full description of the biology was given by Swezey (1912).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF34FFA8FF47FE75FDCDFEF6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Kumakena is known from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui. It has been collected in native coastal strand and dry forests where its host plant grows.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA8FF47FE16FB9FFAD9.taxon	description	Figs 4 K, L; 5 D; 6 D	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA8FF47FE16FB9FFAD9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Kumakena cassia can be distinguished from other Hawaiian Tortricidae by the features listed above in the diagnosis of the genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA8FF47FE16FB9FFAD9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Capua cassia Swezey, 1912. Lectotype [here designated], ♂. Oʻahu: Kaʻena P [oin] t; 19 ii [19] 10 / ex. Cassia [= Senna] gaudichaudii (BPBM). Paralectotypes [here designated] (12 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀). Oʻahu: 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, same as lectotype (BPBM). 8 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, same as lectotype (HDOA). 1 ♀, same as lectotype (UHIM). 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, Niu; 16 v [19] 09 (HDOA). 1 ♀, Niu; 22 viii [19] 09 (HDOA). 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Niu; 22 viii [19] 09; O. H. S. / ex. Cassia [= Senna] (USNM). 1 ♀, Niu V [alley]; 22 viii [19] 09; D. T. Fullaway / ex. Cassia [= Senna] (HDOA). Note. Swezey (1912) did not designate a holotype nor indicate where the types would be deposited, thus a lectotype designation is necessary. We designate here the specimen in BPBM bearing a red “ type ” label as the lectotype and the remaining syntypes as paralectotypes. We were unable to locate eight paralectotypes from Kaʻena Point. Additional material examined (16 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀). Kauaʻi: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Līhuʻe; 29 iii [19] 12 / ex. Cassia [= Senna] (HDOA). 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same as previous except 31 iii [19] 12 (HDOA). Oʻahu: 7 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Hauʻula; 9 viii [19] 13; Swezey / ex. Cassia [= Senna] (HDOA). 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, same as previous (BPBM). 1 ♂, Hauʻula; 7 v [19] 16 / ex. Cassia [= Senna] (HDOA). 3 ♀♀, Wailupe; 23 i [19] 15 / ex. Cassia [= Senna] gaudichaudii (HDOA). 1 ♂, Niu V [alley]; 29 vi [19] 09; D. T. Fullaway / ex. Cassia [= Senna] (HDOA). Maui: 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Lāhainā; 6 vii [19] 20; O. H. Swezey / ex. Cassia [= Senna] (HDOA).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA8FF47FE16FB9FFAD9.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. As described for genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA8FF47FE16FB9FFAD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. As described for genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA8FF47FE16FB9FFAD9.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Presumed extinct (Austin & Rubinoff 2023 a). If still extant, predation from ants and wasps as well as competition from the introduced butterfly Eurema nicippe likely constitute serious threats. Its host plant is now uncommon to rare on all of the Hawaiian Islands (KAA, pers. obs.).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA6FF47FA44FD2EFC12.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 58 D 68 E 53 - 90 BA- 42 D 0 - 9709 - 7 F 8761 FD 47 F 1 Figs 7, 9 A – C, 10 A – C	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA6FF47FA44FD2EFC12.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Archips lichenoides Walsingham, 1907	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA6FF47FA44FD2EFC12.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of Limua were formerly placed in Pararrhaptica Walsingham, but are very distinct, both in forewing pattern and genitalia. Externally, Limua can be separated from Pararrhaptica based on the presence of distinct green or iridescent blue-green scales on the forewing of both sexes and the strongly arched base of costa with rough scaling in females. In this latter respect, it closely resembles Aipoola (described below), but can be separated based on the more sclerotized valvae without a distinct longitudinal fold in males (membranous with a longitudinal fold in Aipoola) and the simple, shallow sterigma and long colliculum (broad, deep, well-sclerotized sterigma and short colliculum in Aipoola). In addition, the extremely large, elongate corpus bursae of Limua females will easily separate it from all other Tortricidae in Hawaiʻi. To our knowledge, Limua does not closely resemble any other genus of Archipini outside of Hawaiʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA6FF47FA44FD2EFC12.taxon	description	Description Head. Frons, vertex rough scaled; ocellus present, separated from compound eye by ca. width of ocellus; chaetosemata present; labial palpus thin, elongate, slightly upswept, ca. 1.5 × (males) to 2.5 × (females) diameter of compound eye; scales on second segment hardly expanded, third segment well-developed; haustellum well-developed, naked at base; antenna ca. 0.6 × costa; antennal sensillae in male ca. width of flagellomere, porrect; antennal sensillae in female shorter, no more than 0.5 × width of flagellomere; flagellum filiform basally, minutely serrate distally in males; entirely filiform in females. Thorax. Dorsum smooth-scaled; metathoracic scale tuft variably developed, often flattened in pinned specimens; FWL: 8.5 – 15.5 mm; FAR: 2.1 – 2.5; male FW costal fold present, narrow, to ca. 0.2 – 0.3 × costa; costa gently arched throughout, female with base of costa strongly arched, with short, rough, anteriorly directed scaling; termen gently curved, oblique; FW with Sc to ca. 0.5 × costa; R 1 originating at ca. midpoint of discal cell; R 2 nearer to R 3 than to R 1; R 5 terminating at termen just below apex; M 2, M 3, and CuA 1 all separate or M 3 and CuA 1 nearly connate; CuA 2 originating at ca. 0.7 × discal cell; A 1 + 2 stalked for ca. 0.2 ×; chorda, M-stem vestigial. HW with cubital pecten present; HW costal fold absent; Sc + R 1 ca. 0.9 ×; Rs and M 1 separate; M 2, M 3 and Cu 1 separate; Cu 2 originating at ca. 0.67 × discal cell; frenulum with three bristles in female. Abdomen. Dorsum unmodified. Male genitalia with uncus elongate, quadrate, parallel-sided, slightly widened at apex; socii obsolete; arms of gnathos fused at apex, terminal plate smoothly rounded, somewhat broad; tegumen moderate, unmodified; transtilla weakly joined medially, composed of two well-developed, spined labides; valvae broad at base, subquadrate or trapezoidal, not twisted or coiled, with distinct plication towards dorsal margin; juxta plate-like with variably developed dorsal notch; phallus relatively short, straight, stout, dorsoventrally flattened distally, without any observed cornuti. Female genitalia with papillae anales broad, elliptical, evenly roughened on ventral surface, separate; apophyses posteriores short, ca. 0.3 – 0.5 × S 7; apophyses anteriores ca. 0.7 × S 7; sterigma wide, shallow, well-sclerotized; colliculum present, long; ductus bursae thin, straight, short, ca. 0.5 – 0.8 × S 7; corpus bursae very large, broad, elongate, 2 – 4 × length of S 7, well-differentiated from ductus bursae; signum absent; ductus seminalis short, thin, arising near base of corpus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA6FF47FA44FD2EFC12.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name is derived from Hawaiian “ limua, ” meaning “ moss-covered ”. It refers to the unique mossy green scales present on the forewing of all species in the genus. Perkins (1913) was likely referring to species in this genus or perhaps Nuritamburia Koçak & Kemal when he wrote of finding, “ some of the prettily coloured green-marked species at rest amongst moss on the tree-trunks in wet forests. ”	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA6FF47FA44FD2EFC12.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Two host records exist for Limua: Psychotria (= Straussia) (Rubiaceae; Hawaiian name: kōpiko) for L. lichenoides from Hawaiʻi island and Notelaea sandwicensis (Oleaceae; Hawaiian name: olopua) for L. pahole from Oʻahu. Circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that L. fuscoviridis and an undescribed species on Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui) feeds on Notelaea sandwicensis and an undescribed species feeds on Psychotria mariniana on Haleakalā (east Maui).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF35FFA6FF47FA44FD2EFC12.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Species of Limua are described from Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, and Hawaiʻi island. Two possibly undescribed species are known from Maui, but the material available to us at present is in too poor condition to describe. No species are known from Kauaʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 FCBBFB 3 - FEF 2 - 48 D 5 - AEAD- 2 F 6 F 28 C 58 ADB Figs. 7 A, B, J – L; 9 A, 10 A	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Limua pahole can be most easily separated from other species of Limua by the iridescent blue-green scaling of the FW of both sexes (iridescent green or iridescent dark green in other Limua). However, this character is easily lost in damaged or faded specimens. Male genitalia are unique among Limua in possessing a shallow basal concavity on the ventral margin of the valva (Fig. 9 A). Female genitalia of L. pahole are largely indistinguishable from other species of Limua, but with so few females of Limua known, it is difficult to draw such conclusions about the range of variation.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♂. Oʻahu: Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], n [ea] r Pisonia Flats; 21.5409, - 158.1928; 595 m; larva coll. 16 iv 2023, pup. 17 v 2023, adult ecl. 2 vi 2023; K. A. Austin / HOST: Nestegis [= Notelaea] sandwicensis (Oleaceae), initial instars feeding inside frass-lined tube, later becoming leaf-tier / DNA extraction KA 0820 / KAA diss. # 1108 (UHIM). Paratypes (5 ♂♂, 1 ♀). Oʻahu: 1 ♂, Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], in gulch; 21.5415, - 158.1923; 580 m; 19 – 20 ii 2023; K. A. Austin; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0741 / KAA diss. # 0973 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], in gulch; 21.5401, - 158.1920; 610 m; 18 – 19 xii 2021; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda, H. Szczygieł; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0431 / KAA diss. # 0687 (UHIM). 1 ♂, Waiʻanae Mountains, Mokulēʻia F [orest] R [eserve], 0.5 mi N of Puʻu Pane; 1800 ft [549 m]; 25 ix 1976 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, Waiʻanae Range, above Mākua Valley; 2200 ft [671 m]; 11 ix 1976 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Waimano; 5 i [19] 13; ex. Olea [= Notelaea?] / KAA diss. # 0411 (HDOA).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 6). Head. Frons clothed in dark brown scales, slightly paler on lateral margins; vertex similarly colored but with some pale green scales present medially; labial palpus ca. 1.5 × diameter of compound eye, porrect or slightly ascending, lateral surface clothed in dark brown scales, medial surface straw yellow; scaling on scape glossy brown, occasionally with faded brown-green scales; sensillae porrect, ca. 1 × width of flagellomere; dorsal scales of flagellum dark brown, nearly black, occasionally with scattered brownish-green scales on first few segments, ventral half of flagellum naked, serrate towards apex. Thorax. Scales on pronotum dark gray to brown, heavily intermixed with iridescent pale green scales, especially on anterior and posterior margins; tegulae concolorous with scaling on pronotum, iridescent green scaling restricted to medial margin. Forelegs and midlegs dark brown dorsolaterally, these dark brown scales iridescent purple under light, straw yellow on medial faces; hindlegs shining straw yellow. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 8.5 – 10.0 mm; FAR: 2.3; Fig. 7 A) with ground color dark brown to black, heavily overlaid with iridescent blue-green to pale green scales between veins; banding only apparent along costa; FW costal fold present, to ca. 0.25 × costa, narrow, distinct; fringe black at veins, white between. Dorsal surface of HW dark gray, strigulae broad, apparent towards apex; fringe dark gray. Ventral surface of FW similar to dorsal surface but without iridescent green scales; costa with banding broad, distinct, iridescent purple under light. Ventral surface of HW similar to dorsal surface except paler, strigulae more distinct. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen entirely dark brown to shining gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 9 A) with uncus elongate, broad, quadrate, slightly flared apically, with shallowly concave on apical margin; socii obsolete, reduced to small setose mounds, scarcely differentiated from tegumen; arms of gnathos moderate, fused at apex to form broad, apically rounded plate; tegumen robust, arching; labides large, inflated, subquadrate, with short, robust, anteriorly directed spines on dorsal surface, separate, but joined medially by thin membrane; valvae broad, concave on ventral margin at base, trapezoidal, with distal margin wide, parallel to basal margin, not broadly rounded, with distinct plication on dorsal margin; juxta plate-like, with V-shaped apicoventral notch and small lateral patches of setae; phallus short, stout, without any observed cornuti nor sockets. Description. Female (n = 1). Head. Similar to male but scaling on vertex slightly paler than in male; flagellum thinner, without ventral serrations; sensillae shorter, sparse. Thorax. Similar to male except larger (FWL: 13.8 mm; FAR: 2.4; Fig. 7 B); costal fold absent; with porrect, rough scaling at base of costa; iridescent green scaling on dorsal surface of FW distinctly yellow-green (as opposed to blue-green in males), largely restricted to base of FW, along costa, and as incomplete fasciae across FW; thin black medial streak from base of FW to 0.2 × FW; dorsal surface of HW paler, with more strongly contrasting strigulae. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen similar to male. Female genitalia (Fig. 10 A) with papillae anales broad, elliptical, separate, evenly roughened on ventral surface; apophyses posteriores ca. 0.4 × S 7; apophyses anteriores ca. 0.7 ×; sterigma wide, slender, bowl-shaped, thickened medially near ostium; ostium small, ring-like; colliculum long, faint, parallel-sided, opened on ventral margin; ductus bursae thin, straight, ca. 0.7 × S 7; corpus bursae large, elongate, membranous, ca. 3 × length of S 7; signum absent; ductus seminalis arising near base of corpus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the type locality of this species, Pahole Natural Area Reserve.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Limua pahole has been reared from leaves of olopua (Notelaea sandwicensis; Oleaceae). Early instars construct a conspicuous frass-lined feeding tunnel on the abaxial surface of leaves where they proceed to skeletonize a small patch from the safety of their feeding shelter. Later instars leave this feeding shelter and proceed to tie two leaves together with silk and continue feeding inside. Pupation takes place inside this second feeding shelter.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. With the exception of a single male collected in Waimano in the Koʻolau Mountains over a century ago, Limua pahole is known exclusively from the northern Waiʻanae Mountains, in and around Pahole Natural Area Reserve at elevations between ca. 550 – 670 m. This area contains some of the most intact remaining mesic forest and perhaps the largest wild population of olopua anywhere on Oʻahu.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3BFFA3FF47FC73FBB6FD7A.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Limua pahole is likely critically endangered. Despite many surveys across Oʻahu in suitable habitat, larval feeding damage has only been observed by us in a small area of Pahole Natural Area Reserve. This is the only location where adults have been collected in recent years and even there they appear to be very rare. Larval feeding damage of Limua is conspicuous (Fig. 7 I), and this may be used as a survey tool for L. pahole on olopua elsewhere on Oʻahu in the hopes of discovering additional populations.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA3FF47FC9BFF63F966.taxon	description	Fig. 7 C, D	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA3FF47FC9BFF63F966.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Limua trochilidanus is immediately recognizable by the dark brown hindwings; all other species of Limua have paler, variably mottled hindwings.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA3FF47FC9BFF63F966.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Archips trochilidanus Walsingham, 1907. Lectotype [here designated], ♂. Molokaʻi: 4000 ft [1219 m]; vi 1893; Perkins / BM slide 1912 (NHMUK) [examined]. Paralectotypes [here designated] (1 ♂, 1 ♀). Molokaʻi: 1 ♀, 3500 ft [1067 m]; 17 v 1893; Perkins (NHMUK) [examined]. BM slide 1913 [examined]. 1 ♂, 3000 ft [914 m]; vi 1893; Perkins / genitalia slide 159 (BPBM) [could not locate slide].	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA3FF47FC9BFF63F966.taxon	discussion	Comments. Limua trochilidanus was described from three specimens: a male and female both considered “ types ” by Walsingham (1907) in NHMUK and an additional male in BPBM. The male in NHMUK bears a red “ type ” and a second red “ holotype ” label. The female bears a red “ type ” and a yellow “ paratype ” label. We can find no published record of the latter designations (these specimens would be lectotype and paralectotype respectively, not holotype and paratype). We therefore designate here the male in BPBM as the lectotype and the remaining two specimens to be paralectotypes. We were unable to locate the genitalia slide of the paratype deposited in BPBM.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA3FF47FC9BFF63F966.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The host plant (s) of L. trochilidanus is unknown, but we hypothesize it feeds on the leaves of olopua (Notelaea sandwicensis) in a similar manner to that of L. pahole and L. fuscoviridis.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA3FF47FC9BFF63F966.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Limua trochilidanus is endemic to Molokaʻi, where it is known from ca. 900 – 1200 m elevation.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA3FF47FC9BFF63F966.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Limua trochilidanus is presumed extinct (Austin & Rubinoff 2023 a). It is known only from the small type series, all collected in 1893. Feeding damage on olopua (Notelaea sandwicensis) has not been observed by us on any plants on Molokaʻi, though collections have occurred in places where host plants still occur.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA1FF47F8A7FE3EFBCA.taxon	description	Figs 7 E, F; 9 B, 10 B	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA1FF47F8A7FE3EFBCA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The extremely fine strigulae in the HW of both sexes of L. fuscoviridis should serve to separate it from other species of Limua. However, this character may be difficult to see in damaged or faded specimens. Male genitalia differ from other species of Limua by the more slender, apically rounded valvae without a distinct angle on the ventral margin. Female genitalia are similar to other species of Limua, but may have a proportionally smaller corpus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA1FF47F8A7FE3EFBCA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Archips fuscoviridis Walsingham, 1907. Holotype, ♂. Lānaʻi: 2000 ft. [610 m], ii 1894; Perkins / BM slide 1910 (NHMUK) [examined]. Paratype, ♀. O‘ahu: NW Koʻolau Range; vii 1901; Perkins / BM slide 1911 (NHMUK) [examined]. [see comments below regarding paratype]. Additional material examined (7 ♂♂, 1 ♀). Lānaʻi: 3 ♂♂, Kaiholena, 760 m, 21 v 1981, S. L. Montgomery, W. C. Gagné (BPBM). 2 ♂♂, Lānaihale, E [ast] Hauola, 3300 ft [1006 m], 10 vi [19] 76, S. L. Montgomery (BPBM). 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Munro Trail; 20.8155, - 156.8757; 995 m; 8 – 9 i 2025; K. A. Austin, S. L. Pote, C. Doorenweerd; UV bucket trap / DNA extractions KA 1421, KA 1422, KA 1423 / KAA diss. # 1367 (♀), # 1368 (♂), # 1369 (♂) (UHIM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA1FF47F8A7FE3EFBCA.taxon	discussion	Comments. Walsingham (1907) reversed the sexes of the types. The holotype from Lānaʻi is a male, while the paratype from O‘ahu is a female; Zimmerman (1978) was the first to correct this. Zimmerman (1978) doubted that the two specimens were conspecific and we agree, as the corpus bursae of the female possesses a minute, mound-like signum and large, semicircular papillae anales, characters lacking in all other known Hawaiian Tortricidae. We have dissected a male from the Wai‘anae Mountains on O‘ahu from what appears to be the same species as the female paratype and recognize it as an undescribed species of Pararrhaptica.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA1FF47F8A7FE3EFBCA.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Larval damage similar to that of L. pahole was observed on an olopua (Notelaea sandwicensis) along the Munro Trail on Lānaʻi, but no larvae were found. An ultraviolet bucket trap placed immediately next to this olopua produced three adult moths, strongly suggesting that this species feeds on olopua in a similar manner to L. pahole.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA1FF47F8A7FE3EFBCA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Limua fuscoviridis is endemic to Lānaʻi. Though its presumed host plant is not rare on Lānaʻi, L. fuscoviridis appears to be restricted to the higher, wetter habitats around Lānaihale. It has never been collected at the lower elevation Kānepuʻu Preserve, despite olopua being one of the most common native trees there.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3EFFA1FF47F8A7FE3EFBCA.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Unknown. Limua fuscoviridis is known from four collecting events separated by decades. Larval feeding damage of Limua is conspicuous (Fig. 7 I), and this may be used as a survey tool for L. fuscoviridis on olopua on Lānaʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3CFFA0FF47FB4BFF5DFEAA.taxon	description	Figs 7 G, H; 9 C, 10 C	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3CFFA0FF47FB4BFF5DFEAA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Limua lichenoides (Walsingham) can be separated from other species of Limua by the more extensive dark brown and black scaling across the FW. Male genitalia are most similar to L. fuscoviridis (Walsingham) and L. trochilidanus (Walsingham), but can be distinguished by the oblique angle of the apex of the valva, not rounded as in the aforementioned two species. Female genitalia are similar to other species of Limua, but the corpus bursae is larger (ca. 3.5 × length of S 7).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3CFFA0FF47FB4BFF5DFEAA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Archips lichenoides Walsingham, 1907. Holotype, ♀. Hawaiʻi: Mt. Kīlauea; viii 1896; Perkins / BM slide 1907 (NHMUK) [examined]. Additional material examined (9 ♂♂, 1 ♀). Hawaiʻi: 1 ♂, Kīlauea, Kīpukapuaulu, 12 xi [19] 44, C. J. Davis, ex. Straussia [= Psychotria] (HDOA) / KAA diss. # 0413. 4 ♂♂, Manukā N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], Nature Trail; 2200 ft. [671 m]; 22 iii [20] 01; [J. Giffin] / KAA diss. # 0847 (UHIM). 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Kaʻū District, Trail above Manukā State Park; 2000 ft [610 m]; 23 vii 1976 / K. & E. Sattler / KAA diss. # 1401 (♀) (NHMUK).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3CFFA0FF47FB4BFF5DFEAA.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Limua lichenoides has been reared from Psychotria (= Straussia) (Rubiaceae). It is unclear if it can also utilize Notelaea sandwicensis (Oleaceae) like other species of Limua.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3CFFA0FF47FB4BFF5DFEAA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Limua lichenoides is endemic to Hawaiʻi island, where it is known from two locations: Kīlauea and Manukā State Wayside at elevations of ca. 600 – 1300 m.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3CFFA0FF47FB4BFF5DFEAA.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Unknown. Additional surveys in mesic forest are badly needed on Hawaiʻi island to determine if additional populations of Limua lichenoides exist. It has not been collected from Kīlauea in over 80 years, despite this area being one of the most heavily surveyed locations for insects in Hawaiʻi, including by us. Its host plant, Psychotria spp., is still relatively common understory components of native mesic forest across Hawaiʻi island.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3DFF9FFF47FEEAFA3CFEAA.taxon	description	Figs 8, 9 D, 10 D Type species: Panaphelix asteliana Swezey, 1932.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3DFF9FFF47FEEAFA3CFEAA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The large size (FWL: 12.6 – 24.8 mm) of Paalua and the combination of strongly bipectinate antennae in males with paired dorsal pits on A 2 – A 7 in both sexes make this genus immediately recognizable. In Hawaiʻi, only Paraphasis Walsingham and Panaphelix Walsingham have similarly bipectinate antennae, but lack paired dorsal pits. Amorbia emigratella Busck, an introduced species, possesses similar dorsal pits but only has them on segments A 2 – A 6 and does not have bipectinate antennae in males. A handful of other genera of Tortricidae have similar dorsal pits (e. g., Tremophora, Coelostathma, Cuproxena) or bipectinate antennae (e. g., Borboniella, Chrysoxena, Philedone), but never both. Strangely, live adults of Paalua rest with their antennae porrect and pointing forward (Fig. 8 L), a habit we have never observed before in any other Tortricidae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3DFF9FFF47FEEAFA3CFEAA.taxon	description	Description Head. Frons, vertex rough scaled; ocellus present, separated from compound eye by ca. width of ocellus; chaetosemata present; labial palpus porrect or upswept, ca. 1.5 – 2.5 × diameter of compound eye; scaling on second segment not significantly expanded; haustellum variably developed, naked at base; antenna ca. 0.5 – 0.6 × costa; antennae thickened basally, tapered apically; male antennae distinctly bipectinate; primary pectinations long, thick, ca. 4 – 8 × width of flagellomere at base, shorter apically; secondary pectinations shorter, thin, 0.5 – 1 × width of flagellomere; female antennae with sensillae ca. 0.5 × width of flagellomere; dorsal scaling of flagellum tightly appressed as to obscure rows basally and for the scales to appear to be somewhat scattered; naked ventrally. Thorax. Dorsum smooth-scaled, metathoracic scale tuft absent; FWL: 10.1 – 24.8 mm; FAR: 2.4 – 3.0; male FW costal fold absent; costa gently arched, tapering more in females towards costa to appear more straight; termen straight, oblique, sometimes strongly so; FW with Sc to ca. 0.65 × costa; R 1 originating at ca. midpoint of discal cell; R 2 equidistant between R 3 and R 1; R 5 terminating on termen just below apex; M 2, M 3, and CuA 1 all separate or M 3 and CuA 1 nearly connate; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.7 × discal cell; A 1 + 2 stalked ca. 0.2 ×; M-stem, chorda present. HW with cubital pecten present; HW costal fold absent; Sc + R 1 ca. 0.9 × costa; Rs and M 1 connate or nearly so; M 3 and CuA 1 fused for ca. 0.1 ×; M 2 separate; CuA 2 originating at ca. 0.75 × discal cell; frenulum with two or three bristles in female. Abdomen. Dorsum with paired dorsal pits on T 2 – S 7 (Fig. 8 J), most conspicuous on T 2. Male genitalia with uncus robust, finger-like, apicoventral setae absent or greatly reduced; socii slender, pendant, roughened, setose; tegumen robust, well-sclerotized, with distinct dorsomedial tooth projecting ventrad; arms of gnathos moderate, fused apically into a very large, broad, evenly rounded terminal plate; a conspicuous plate-like structure attached dorsad of terminal plate; transtilla complete, slender, unadorned; valvae broad, rounded apically, parallel-sided, without any distinct plications; sacculus weakly-developed, with a distinct obtuse angle on saccular margin; juxta plate-like with dorsomedial notch; phallus slightly curved, apex thin, evenly rounded or truncate; cornuti not observed. Female genitalia with papillae anales large, broad, slightly swollen apically, evenly roughened on ventral surface, separate; apophyses posteriores and anteriores ca. 0.5 × S 7; sterigma very thin, well-sclerotized, bowl-shaped; ostium very broad; colliculum absent or present as a broad, weakly sclerotized ring; ductus bursae variable in width, short, less than 1 × length of S 7; corpus bursae variably differentiated from ductus bursae; signum absent or present as an elongate scobinate patch; ductus seminalis arising near base of corpus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3DFF9FFF47FEEAFA3CFEAA.taxon	discussion	Comments. Females of at least one species, Paalua leleole, appears to be brachypterous and flightless. Very few specimens of Paalua have ever been collected using typical Lepidoptera collection methods and it is possible that some species may even be diurnal or at least only weakly attracted to light.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3DFF9FFF47FEEAFA3CFEAA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name is from the Hawaiian word “ paʻa, ” meaning “ paired, ” and “ lua ” meaning “ pit. ”	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3DFF9FFF47FEEAFA3CFEAA.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The only known host plant for Paalua is Astelia menziesiana (Asteliaceae; Hawaiian name: paʻiniu) for P. asteliana on O‘ahu.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF3DFF9FFF47FEEAFA3CFEAA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Species of Paalua are known from Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Haleakalā (east Maui), and Hawaiʻi island.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9FFF47FEEAFEADFAD9.taxon	description	Figs 8 A – D, K	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9FFF47FEEAFEADFAD9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paalua asteliana (Swezey) is most similar to P. leleole, but can be distinguished by the strongly contrasting white or pale yellow scales along the veins of the FW of both sexes. In P. leleole, only females have such pale scaling.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9FFF47FEEAFEADFAD9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Panaphelix asteliana Swezey, 1932. Holotype, ♂. Oʻahu: M [oun] t. Kaʻala; 14 ix [19] 30 / F. X. Williams collector [examined] (BPBM). Paratypes (3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀). Oʻahu: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, M [oun] t. Kaʻala; 23 i [19] 29 / ex. Astelia [menziesiana] / O. H. Swezey collector [examined] (BPBM). 1 ♀, M [oun] t Kaʻala; 9 ii [19] 30 / ex. Astelia [menziesiana] / genitalia slide 149 [examined] (BPBM). 1 ♂, Puʻu Kalena; 19 iv [19] 31 / O. H. Swezey / ex. Astelia [menziesiana] / genitalia slide 148 [examined] (BPBM). 1 ♂, same as previous [examined] (HDOA). Additional material examined (1 ♀, 1 pupa). Oʻahu: 1 ♀, M [oun] t. Kaʻala, Waiʻanae; 1 iii [19] 25; Swezey / ex. Astelia [menziesiana] (HDOA). 1 pupa, M [oun] t. Kaʻala; 21 vii [19] 29; D. T. Fullaway / on Astelia [menziesiana] (HDOA).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9FFF47FEEAFEADFAD9.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Swezey (1932) described the feeding habits of Paalua asteliana as well as brief descriptions of the larvae and pupae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9FFF47FEEAFEADFAD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panaphelix asteliana is endemic to Oahu, where it is known from two locations, both in the Waiʻanae Mountains: near Kaʻala at an elevation of ca. 975 m and at the summit of Puʻu Kalena at an elevation of ca. 1060 m.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9FFF47FEEAFEADFAD9.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Paalua asteliana is likely critically endangered or extinct. The record of this species in Austin & Rubinoff (2023 a) from 2007 was for a Kauaʻi specimen (Fig. 8 F) which may represent an undescribed species similar to P. asteliana. Paalua asteliana is known from only two localities on Oʻahu and has not been collected since 1931. Targeted searching for larvae on and placing light traps near Astelia menziesiana in and around the summit bog of Kaʻala has not resulted in any specimens to date. Though the bog is fenced to prevent feral pigs from damaging the area, occasional pig ingress has occurred and resulted in heavy damage to Astelia plants (KAA, pers. obs.).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 A 03300 C- 9 C 61 - 4500 - 88 C 3 - 5 FBE 03 D 76 CAF Figs 8 I, 10 E	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The extremely large size (FWL: 24.0 – 24.8 mm) and cream-colored forewings with flecks of light brown will serve to easily separate P. maunaloa from all other tortricids in Hawaiʻi. Superficially, its size and pattern more closely resemble the largest species of Thyrocopa (Xyloryctidae) such as T. gigas and T. kea, but P. maunaloa is even larger than these species and lacks the long, slender, upcurved labial palpi of Thyrocopa.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♀. Hawaiʻi: S. Hilo Distr [ict], Waiākea F [orest] R [eserve], Stainback Highway; 1300 ft [396 m]; 28 vi 1976 / K. & E. Sattler / BM genitalia slide 26435 (NHMUK). Paratype (1 ♀). Hawaiʻi: 1 ♀, Puna District, Olaʻa Forest Res [erve], Olaʻa Back Road; 2800 ft [853 m]; 15 vi 1976 / K. & E. Sattler / KAA diss. # 1404 (NHMUK).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	description	Description. Female (n = 2). Head. Scales on frons short, light brown, tightly appressed; scales on vertex cream; labial palpus ca. 1.5 × diameter of compound eye, upswept; first segment straw yellow or dirty white, scaling expanded; second segment straw yellow or dirty white on basal half, light brown at apex; third segment light brown; medial surface white. Ocellus small, separated from compound eye by ca. width of ocellus. Scaling on dorsal half of scape cream with scattered light brown scales, ventral half unscaled; sensillae well-developed, erect, especially apparent beyond first few flagellomeres, ca. width of flagellomere; dorsal scales of flagellum cream, scaling thickened basally, becoming more sparse apically. Thorax. Dorsum with scales dirty white or cream, with scattered light brown scales; tegulae concolorous. Lateral surface of foreleg, midleg with femur, tibia dirty white with scattered light brown scales, tarsus similar, but with more dense brown scaling. Hindleg predominantly dirty white or cream, with only occasional light brown scales throughout. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 24.0 – 24.8 mm; FAR: 2.8; Fig. 8 I) with ground color dirty white or cream, densely overlaid with light brown speckling throughout, end of cell with brown spot and veins along termen and apical half of costa with small brown dots; fringe white. Ventral surface of FW with scaling light brown, scaling along veins darker brown. Dorsal surface of HW light brown, fringe white. Ventral surface of HW paler than dorsal surface, light brown, nearly white. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen light brown dorsally, slightly paler ventrally, dorsal pits present as described for genus. Genitalia (Fig. 10 E) with papillae anales large, elliptical, separate, evenly roughened on ventral surface; apophyses posteriores thin, straight, ca. 0.5 × S 7; apophyses anteriores thin, straight, ca. 0.7 × S 7; sterigma thin, deep, bowl-shaped; ostium deep, funnel-shaped, scarcely distinguishable from sterigma; colliculum present as two weakly sclerotized, broad, bars, open on ventral face; ductus bursae slender, short, ca. 0.5 × length of S 7; corpus bursae large, ca. 1.0 – 1.5 × length of S 7; signum present as a partly bifid, wedge-shaped scobinate patch; ductus seminalis arising near base of corpus bursae.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after Maunaloa, the world’s largest active volcano, the slopes from which this species is exclusively known. It is only fitting that the largest active volcano on Earth is home to possibly the largest tortricid on Earth.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	discussion	Comments. Paalua maunaloa is the largest Hawaiian tortricid and likely the largest tortricid in the Western Hemisphere. Only Cerace Walker has species that rival P. maunaloa in size (Brown 1990). While not ideal to describe a species based solely on two female specimens, this remarkable species is probably extinct and additional specimens may never be available.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The biology of P. maunaloa is unknown. We hypothesize it feeds on leaves of paʻiniu (Astelia menziesiana, Asteliaceae) in a similar manner to P. asteliana (see above).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paalua maunaloa is known only from two specimens collected on the windward slopes of Maunaloa at elevations of 1300 ft (396 m) and 2800 ft (853 m).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF02FF9EFF47FA3BFED9FB5E.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Paalua maunaloa is likely critically endangered or extinct. Both of the only known localities have since been overtaken with invasive species, especially strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum). Further surveys are needed to try and locate other areas of suitable habitat with populations of Astelia menziesiana on Hawaiʻi island.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4308 FD 76 - 2528 - 4 F 37 - 979 E-BA 672 FD 96 BEF Figs 8 G, H, J, L; 9 D; 10 D	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Paalua leleole is most similar to P. asteliana. Males of P. leleole lack the strongly contrasting white or pale yellow scales along the veins of the FW found in P. asteliana.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♂. Maui: T [he] N [ature] C [onservancy] Waikamoi Preserve, boardwalk platform; 20.7803, - 156.2274; 1845 m; 21 iii 2025; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda, Z. Pezzillo; UVLED light sheet / DNA extraction KA 1467 / KAA diss. # 1411 (UHIM). Paratypes (18 ♂♂, 1 ♀). Maui: Haleakalā National Park, upper Kīpahulu Valley, Mauka Camp; 1950 m; 22 ii – 5 iii 1984; B. H. Gagné; malaise trap / KAA diss. # 0418 (BPBM). 4 ♂♂, same as previous except 2000 m; 10 – 16 vii 1983; F. G. Howarth, B. H. Gagné (BPBM). 2 ♂♂, Haleakalā National Park, upper Kīpahulu Valley, West Camp; 1920 m; 7 – 15 vii 1983; F. G. Howarth; malaise trap (BPBM). 1 ♂, Kīpahulu Val [ley]; 1950 m; 18 vii 1983 / ex lantern light / S. L. Montgomery (BPBM). 1 ♀, Koʻolau For [est] Res [erve], Waikamoi Flume Tr [ail]; 1300 m; 24 viii [19] 77 / F. G. Howarth, G. K. Uchida / Panaphelix sp. nr. asteliana Sw [ezey]. Flightless! / KAA diss. # 0419 (BPBM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 19). Head. Scales on ventral half of frons short, appressed, dark brown, nearly black; scales on dorsal half shaggy, long, dark brown; scales on vertex straw yellow, pale yellow anteriorly; labial palpus porrect, ca. 1.5 × diameter of compound eye, dark brown, slightly paler at apex of third segment, iridescent purple when viewed at an oblique angle under magnification; medial surface pale brown or pale brown-yellow. Scaling on scape golden brown or yellow, with intermixed brown scales; flagellum strongly bipectinate; ramus ca. 4 – 6 × width of flagellomere, unscaled; sensillae short, less than 0.1 × length of ramus; dorsal scales of flagellum large, overlapping and not arranged neatly into rows, cream or pale yellow-brown; ventral surface of flagellum naked. Thorax. Scaling on dorsum with intermixed light brown and dark brown scales, arranged loosely into longitudinal rows; tegulae similarly colored, but scaling less orderly; collar light brown. Lateral surface of forelegs and midlegs dark brown, iridescent purple when viewed at an oblique angle under magnification, tarsal segments ringed with golden brown or yellow; hindlegs similarly colored, but paler. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 14.4 – 14.8 mm; FAR: 2.4; Fig. 8 G) with ground color entirely mousy brown, except for slightly darker scaling at base of costa and small patch of black scales at end of cell; fringe pale brown. Ventral surface of FW entirely dark brown, iridescent purple when viewed at an oblique angle under magnification. Dorsal surface of HW pale brown, faint iridescent purple when viewed at an oblique angle under magnification, without strigulae; fringe concolorous. Ventral surface of HW similar to dorsal surface, slightly paler. Abdomen. Vestiture with dorsal scaling pale brown, slightly paler ventrally; dorsal pits present as described for genus. Genitalia (Fig. 9 D) with uncus slender, finger-like, apically rounded, confluent with tegumen; socii slender, pendant, elongate, roughened, densely setose; tegumen robust, well-sclerotized, with tooth-like dorsomedial projection; arms of gnathos broad, laterally flattened, fused apically into large, evenly rounded terminal plate with dorsal flattened plate-like process; transtilla complete, slender, without spines or other modification; valvae broad, membranous, semicircular at apex, parallel-sided, angled at sacculus; sacculus weakly-developed, not distinctly more sclerotized than disc of valva; juxta plate-like, with deep V-shaped dorsomedial notch; phallus moderate, slightly downcurved, laterally expanded and slightly dorsoventrally flattened near apex; neither cornuti nor sockets observed. Description. Female (n = 1). Head. Scales on ventral half of frons mostly missing, only a few small scattered pale yellow or white scales remaining, scales on dorsal half loose, long, pale brown or cream; labial palpus porrect, ca. 2 × diameter of compound eye, with long, loose scaling near apex of second segment, entirely pale brown, faintly iridescent purple when view obliquely under magnification, third segment yellow at apex; medial surface with scaling pale yellow or white. Scaling on scape cream; sensillae prominent, stiff, sharp, ca. width of flagellomere; dorsal scales of flagellum cream, densely overlaid, thinning apically. Thorax. Dorsum with intermixed brown and straw yellow scales, tegulae concolorous; legs similar to male, but slightly paler. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 12.6 mm; Fig. 8 H); slender (FAR: 3.0), apically acute, with ground color pale brown, but much of the scaling heavily faded, the only brown scales apparent mostly at base of costa and between veins towards termen; fringe badly damaged, pale. Dorsal surface of HW white, gray at apex. Ventral surface of FW and HW similar to male, paler, with similar iridescent purple scaling when viewed at an oblique angle under magnification. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen similar to male, but dorsal scaling paler. Genitalia (Fig. 10 D) with papillae anales large, elliptical, evenly roughened, setose; apophyses posteriores and anteriores both ca. 0.5 × S 7, straight; sterigma slender, well-sclerotized, bowl-shaped; ostium large, funnel-shaped; colliculum absent; ductus bursae short, straight, ca. 0.5 × length of S 7; corpus bursae weakly differentiated from ductus bursae, shriveled, ca. 1 × length of S 7 (likely much larger after mating); signum absent; ductus seminalis not observed.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Hawaiian “ lele, ” meaning “ flight, ” and “ ʻole ”, meaning “ without, ” referring to the apparently flightless nature of females of this species.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	discussion	Comments. Frank Howarth collected “ a long series from Astelia axils near Mauka Camp in Kīpahulu Valley at 1950 – 2000 m ” of this species. He noted that “ all adults were resting in the axils and could not be coaxed to fly ” (F. Howarth, pers. comm. 2025). We have not been able to locate these specimens, which are supposedly deposited in BPBM. The lone female known to us has oddly shaped wings, distinctly narrower, shorter, and more acute than other species of Paalua, supporting the notion that females of Paalua leleole may be partly brachypterous and presumably flightless. Males appear to be fully flighted, as many of the paratypes were collected in a malaise trap and the holotype came to an elevated light sheet at night.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The host plant of Paalua leleole is unknown, but we hypothesize that it feeds on the leaves of Astelia menziesiana, in a similar fashion to P. asteliana. Adults have been collected resting on Astelia in Kīpahulu Valley (see Comments above).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Paalua leleole is known from two widely separate localities on east Maui: Waikamoi Flume Road and Waikamoi Boardwalk on the northwest slope of Haleakalā between 1300 – 1850 m and Kīpahulu Valley on the southeast slope of Haleakalā at an elevation of 1950 – 2000 m.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF03FF9CFF47FABEFB89FED2.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. The conservation status of Paalua leleole is unknown. It appears to be restricted to intact wet forests on Haleakalā where Astelia menziesiana is a dominant component. Outside of the BPBM surveys of Kīpahulu Valley in the 1970 s and 1980 s, very little of this habitat has been surveyed for moths as it is largely inaccessible except by helicopter. The flightless nature of females of P. leleole means that typical Lepidoptera survey methods (e. g., light traps) may not be effective in locating females of this species and instead visual searching and vegetation beating, especially in and around Astelia menziesiana, may be required.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF01FF9BFF47FE32FED4FAE2.taxon	description	Figs 11 A, B; 12 A, D Type species: Aipoola kaumualii Austin & Rubinoff, sp. nov.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF01FF9BFF47FE32FED4FAE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In Hawaiʻi, Aipoola most closely resembles species of Limua, especially in the strongly arched base of the costa and porrect costal scales in females, but can be distinguished by the complete absence of any blue-green iridescent FW scaling and the fused base of R 4 + 5. Male genitalia can be distinguished from Limua by the membranous valvae with a distinct longitudinal plication (valvae more sclerotized in Limua with no longitudinal plication). Female genitalia are separable from Limua by the short colliculum and broad, deep, well-sclerotized sterigma (colliculum long and sterigma simple, shallow in Limua). Worn specimens might resemble species of Maneapakele, but males are readily separable by the fused, relatively slender arms of the gnathos (very broad and separate in Maneapakele) and females by the broad, deep, well-sclerotized sterigma (simple and shallow in Maneapakele). Outside of Hawaiʻi, we hypothesize that Aipoola might be related to Adoxophyes based on the similar forewing pattern and male genitalia, but the female genitalia of Aipoola lack a signum.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF01FF9BFF47FE32FED4FAE2.taxon	description	Description Head. Frons, vertex rough scaled; ocellus present, moderate, separated from compound eye by ca. width of ocellus; chaetosemata present; labial palpus porrect, ca. 2 × diameter of compound eye, expanded dorsally on second segment; haustellum present, moderately developed, naked at base; antenna ca. 0.65 × costa; antennal sensillae short, no more than 0.5 × flagellomere in males, 0.25 × in females; flagellum filiform basally, weakly serrate distally. Thorax. Dorsum smooth-scaled, metathoracic scale tuft absent; legs unmodified; FWL 9.3 – 12.1 mm; AR ca. 2.2; FW costal fold present, short, to ca. 0.15 × costa; costa gently arched throughout, female with base of costa strongly arched; termen gently curved, oblique; FW with Sc to ca. 0.5 × costa; R 1 originating at ca. 0.4 × discal cell; R 2 equidistant between R 1 and R 3; R 4 + 5 stalked for 0.25 ×, R 4 terminating on costal margin, R 5 terminating on termen; M 2 and M 3 nearly connate; M 3 and CuA 1 well-separated; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.5 × discal cell; A 2 + 3 separate for 0.25 ×, then fused beyond; chorda absent; M-stem vestigial. HW with cubital pecten present, well-developed; HW costal fold absent; female frenulum with three bristles; Sc + R 1 to ca. 0.9 ×; Rs and M 1 connate at base or appearing nearly so; Rs terminating below apex; M 2 separate from M 3 and CuA 1; M 3 and CuA 1 connate; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.7 × discal cell; M-stem vestigial. Abdomen. Dorsum unmodified. Male genitalia with uncus slender, finger-like, slightly constricted at base, widened apically, evenly rounded at apex; socii present but weakly sclerotized, lobe-like, setose; arms of gnathos moderate, terminally fused to form broad, apically rounded plate; tegumen broad, arched, unmodified; labides large, inflated, densely spined, mound-like, nearly fused medially, but separated by thin membrane; valvae semicircular or trapezoidal, straight along sacculus, but rounded or slightly bent along dorsal margin; disc of valva clothed in long, hair-like setae; a strong plication from dorsomedial base to a shallow pocket-like fold dorsal of sacculus; sacculus moderately developed, broad to 0.5 × valva; juxta plate-like, with V-shaped dorsomedial notch; phallus short, broad, stout, pistol-shaped or slightly downcurved, apicoventrally extended, with small caulis; neither cornuti nor sockets observed. Female genitalia with papillae anales broad, elliptical, evenly roughened on ventral surface, not fused anteriorly; apophyses posteriores ca. 0.5 × S 7; apophyses anteriores ca. 0.65 × S 7; sterigma broad, deep, well-sclerotized, with undulating dorsal margin; ostium broad, rounded; colliculum present as a ring-like sclerotization, open on ventral margin; ductus bursae short, no longer than S 7, widening throughout to large, globose or slightly elliptical corpus bursae; signum absent; ductus seminalis originating at ca. 0.3 × ductus bursae; bulla seminalis large, similar in size to corpus bursae, globose or elliptical.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF01FF9BFF47FE32FED4FAE2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name refers to the Hawaiian name for Claoxylon sandwicense, poʻolā, the host plant for the only species in this genus, and “ ʻai, ” meaning “ to eat. ”	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF01FF9BFF47FE32FED4FAE2.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Larvae of Aipoola kaumualii have been reared from silken tunnels under the leaves of Claoxylon sandwicense (Euphorbiaceae).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF01FF9BFF47FE32FED4FAE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Aipoola is exclusively known from Kauaʻi, where it has been only collected in the vicinity of Kōkeʻe State Park.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FD 765 A 78 - FD 5 A- 4148 - 8 E 02 - CC 4 A 8 BED 6 FC 0 Figs. 11 A, B; 12 A, D	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aipoola kaumualii can be distinguished from other Hawaiian Tortricidae by the features listed above in the diagnosis of the genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♂. Kauaʻi: Kōkeʻe State Park, Kōkeʻe Museum Area; 3800 ft [1158 m] / in silken tunnel under leaf of Claoxylon [sandwicensis]; larva coll. 3 vi 1982, [adult] em [erged] 28 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler / KAA diss. # 1159 (♂) (NHMUK). Paratypes (11 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀): Kauaʻi: 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, same as holotype, except [adult] em [erged] 22 – 30 vi 1982 / KAA diss. # 1160 (♀) (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Honopū Trail; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 4 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 2 ♂♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kahuamaʻa Flat; 4000 ft [1219 m]; 13 vi 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, same as previous except 9 vi 1982 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Kauaikinanā (Mohihi Road) 3600 ft [1097 m]; 1 vii 1982 / K. & E. Sattler (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Kōkeʻe State Park; 22.13085, - 159.65881; 3679 ft [1121 m]; 22 – 23 vii 2013; R. Caesar / DNA extraction KA 0085 / KAA diss. # 0363 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe Camp; 3600 ft [1097 m]; D. F. Hardwick / KAA diss. # 0554 (CNC). 1 ♂, Kōkeʻe State Park, Awaʻawapuhi Trail, 22.1430, 159.6670; 1180 m; 21 – 22 iii 2022; K. A. Austin; LED [UV] bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0504 / KAA diss. # 0749 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Kōkeʻe site B; 22.117 ° N, 159.670 ° W [22.1170, - 159.6700]; 1100 m; 15 ix 2021; K. N. Magnacca; at light at night / K 091523 - 08 (BPBM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 12). Head. Scaling on ventral half of frons pale yellow, dorsally directed, scaling on dorsal half long, brown, porrect; scaling on vertex yellowish brown, darker near frons; scaling on lateral surface of labial palpus pale yellowish brown, slightly darker brown scales occasionally present ventrally; scaling on medial surface pale yellow; scape with intermixed brown and yellowish brown scales; dorsal scales of flagellum entirely yellowish brown for first ten segments, then alternating rows of brown and yellowish brown scales beyond. Thorax. Scales on pronotum yellowish brown, with two latitudinal lines of darker brown scales dividing pronotum roughly into equal thirds; tegulae yellowish brown. Fore- and midleg with scaling on femur and tibia pale yellow, scaling on tarsus dark brown, ringed with pale yellow at joints; hindleg with scaling entirely pale yellow, a few scattered grey or brown scales present along lateral face of tarsus. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 9.3 – 9.9 mm; FAR: 2.2; Fig. 11 A) with base of costa with small black scale patch; FW costal fold narrow, scaling yellowish brown, divided by small black scale patch; ground color of FW pale yellow, heavily overlaid with scattered yellowish brown, orange-brown, and black scales as follows: outer margin of basal fascia and inner margin of median fascia bounded by small patches of black and orange-brown scales; similar, smaller, scattered black and orange-brown scales present in distal third of FW; pale brown scales along veins in distal third of FW; six pairs of pale yellow strigulae present along costa, narrowing towards apex; fringe pale yellow. Dorsal surface of HW brown-yellow, with dense dark gray strigulae throughout; fringe light yellow on apical half, gray on anal margin. Ventral surface of FW gray, with scattered darker gray spots between veins, white patches along costa. Ventral surface of HW similar to dorsal surface but lighter ground color, resulting in a more highly contrasting appearance. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen with dorsal surface covered in dark gray scales, terminal 4 – 5 segments with a row of light yellow or yellow-brown scales along distal margin; scaling ventral surface pale yellow. Genitalia (Fig. 12 A) as described for genus. Description. Female (n = 8). Head. Similar to male, but sensillae shorter. Thorax. Similar to male, but without costal fold, porrect costal scales present instead, costa more strongly arched; FW larger (FWL: 11.1 – 12.6 mm; FAR: 2.2; Fig. 11 B), often slightly paler, banding less complete. Abdomen. Similar to male. Genitalia (Fig. 12 D) as described for genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of Kaumualiʻi, the last independent aliʻi nui (supreme chief) of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau before pledging allegiance to Kamehameha I and becoming a vassal within the unified Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1810.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	discussion	Comments. Despite Aipoola being a monotypic genus and only being collected for the first time in 1980, we have no reason to doubt the endemicity of A. kaumualii. Several other highly distinctive endemic genera have only been discovered in recent decades and were missed by early field biologists (e. g., Aumakua [Noctuidae], Kahakuloa [Kahakuloaceae], Melamprosops [Fringillidae]).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. As described for genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. As described for genus.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF06FF9AFF47FA23FEB1F92E.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Unknown. The host of Aipoola kaumualii, poʻolā (Claoxylon sandwicense), is not as prevalent as it once was on Kauaʻi, but it can still be locally common in some locations in and around Kōkeʻe State Park. It is unclear why A. kaumualii has been so rarely collected. It was never collected by early entomologists in Hawaiʻi, including Perkins, Swezey, and Zimmerman. Evidently, Klaus and Edith Sattler were the first to collect A. kaumualii in 1982. Future surveys need to be undertaken to better understand the distribution and biology of A. kaumualii.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF07FF99FF47F967FB54F8F1.taxon	description	Figs 11 C – F; 12 B, C, E, F Type species: Maneapakele hapalua Austin & Rubinoff, sp. nov.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF07FF99FF47F967FB54F8F1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The quadrate FW shape of Maneapakele is entirely distinctive within the Hawaiian tortricid fauna. However, damaged or abraded specimens may look similar to Aipoola or small species of Spheterista. From the former, Maneapakele can be separated based on the very broad and unfused gnathos arms in males of Maneapakele (slender and fused in Aipoola) and simple and shallow sterigma in females of Maneapakele (broad, deep, well-sclerotized in Aipoola). From Spheterista, it can be distinguished by the quadrate uncus and small socii in males of Maneapakele (uncus bifid and socii large, setose in smaller species of Spheterista) and the hook-like extension of the apophyses posteriores on the dorsal surface of the papillae anales in females of Maneapakele (this process absent in Spheterista). To our knowledge, Maneapakele does not closely resemble any other genus of Archipini outside of Hawaiʻi.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF07FF99FF47F967FB54F8F1.taxon	description	Description Head. Frons with scaling rough, short, appressed or loosely porrect, dorsal scales partially obscuring ventral scales; ocellus present, moderate, separated from compound eye by ca. diameter of ocellus; chaetosemata present; labial palpus porrect, 1.5 × (males) or 2 × (females) diameter of compound eye, scaling on second segment expanded dorsally; haustellum moderately developed, naked at base; antenna ca. 0.5 – 0.6 × costa; sensillae short, less than 0.5 × width of flagellomere in male, scarcely noticeable in female; flagellum filiform, but secondary rows of scaling giving the appearance of weak serrations in male. Thorax. Dorsum smooth-scaled, metathoracic scale tuft absent; legs unmodified; FWL 6.0 – 8.8 mm; AR ca. 2.1 – 2.4; FW costal fold present, but variably developed, to ca. 0.3 × costa; costa gently arched throughout; termen forming a near right angle with costa; FW with Sc to ca. 0.6 × costa; R 1 originating at ca. 0.3 × discal cell; R 2 equidistant between R 1 and R 3; R 4 + 5 stalked for ca 0.5 ×, R 4 terminating on costal margin, R 5 terminating on termen; M 2, M 3, and CuA 1 all separate; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.4 × discal cell; A 2 + 3 separate for 0.25 ×, then fused beyond; chorda absent; M-stem vestigial; discal cell open distally or apparently vestigial; HW with cubital pecten present, well-developed; HW costal fold absent; female frenulum with three bristles; Sc + R 1 to ca. 0.9 ×; Rs and M 1 fused to ca. 0.3 ×; Rs terminating at apex, M 1 below apex; M 2 connate with M 3 at base; CuA 1 separate; CuA 2 originating ca. 0.8 × discal cell; M-stem vestigial. Abdomen. Dorsum unmodified. Male genitalia with uncus long, finger-like, quadrate, slightly thickened laterally; socii small to moderate, triangular, lobe-like, without setae; arms of gnathos large, robust, laterally flattened, club-like, united terminally to form a small, broad, terminally rounded plate; tegumen high, arched (appearing quadrate in some slide-mounted specimens), unmodified; labides mound-like, spined; valvae membranous, semicircular or subtrapezoidal; disc of valva clothed in long, hair-like setae; a moderate fold from dorsomedial base to a shallow pocket-like fold dorsal of sacculus; sacculus moderately developed, broad to 0.3 × valva, slender beyond to 0.7 ×; juxta plate-like, with shallow dorsomedial notch; phallus moderate, pistol-shaped, terminally ventrally acute; a single flattened cornutus observed in one specimen, presumably deciduous. Female genitalia with papillae anales broad, semicircular, evenly roughened on ventral surface, separate; hook-like extension of apophyses posteriores on dorsal surface of papillae anales, approximate medially to form M-shaped process; apophyses posteriores ca. 0.5 × S 7 (excluding extension); apophyses anteriores ca. 0.8 × S 7; sterigma broad, shallow, simple; ostium funnel-like, membranous; colliculum absent or only weakly developed; ductus bursae ca. 2 × S 7, of uniform width throughout; corpus bursae globose, entirely membranous; signum absent; ductus seminalis near base; bulla seminalis larger than corpus bursae, globose or elliptical.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF07FF99FF47F967FB54F8F1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name is derived from Hawaiian “ mānea, ” meaning “ claws, ” and “ pakele ” meaning “ to escape, ” or “ to be exempt, ” referring to the remarkable ability of this genus to somehow not get stuck on the extremely sticky fruits (anthocarps) of its host plant, the ‘ bird catcher tree’ (Ceodes spp., Nyctaginaceae; Hawaiian name: pāpala kēpau) after eclosion and during oviposition.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF07FF99FF47F967FB54F8F1.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Larvae of Maneapakele kahaha have been found feeding inside the fruits (anthocarps) of an unidentified species of Ceodes (Nyctaginaceae; Hawaiian name: pāpala kēpau). Adults of Maneapakele hapalua have been collected in the vicinity of Ceodes brunoniana and C. umbellifera, but its host remains unconfirmed.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF07FF99FF47F967FB54F8F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Maneapakele is currently only known from Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui) and the Waiʻanae Range of Oʻahu. It may be expected on other islands, but its host plants generally occur in deep, shaded gullies and drainages which makes collecting difficult. Very little historical collecting has targeted this habitat.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 0 A 1 D 3 BF-FFD 8 - 4463 - 9822 - 16834246 C 914 Figs 11 C, D; 12 B, E	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The distinctly bicolored FW of M. hapalua should serve to readily identify it. In both sexes, the basal 0.4 × of the FW is pale brown with a darker brown distal 0.6 ×, separated by a line perpendicular to the inner margin in males and more obliquely in females. Male genitalia can be separated from M. kahaha by the more slender uncus; female genitalia can be separated by the absence of small lateral thickenings of the sterigma (present in M. kahaha).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♂. Oʻahu: Pahole N [atural] A [rea] R [eserve], Mokulēʻia Trail; 21.5248, - 158.1814; 670 m; 30 ix – 1 x 2022; K. A. Austin, S. Schachat, T. Lendt, T. Smith; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0662 / KAA diss. # 0896 (UHIM). Paratypes (1 ♂, 1 ♀). Oʻahu: 1 ♂, Honouliuli F [orest] R [eserve], ʻĒkahanui Gulch; 21.4389, - 158.0939; 675 m; 24 – 25 v 2023; K. A. Austin et al.; UV bucket trap / DNA extraction KA 0823 / KAA diss. # 1053 (UHIM). 1 ♀, Waiʻanae Range, Gulch NE of Puʻu Kānehoa; 2500 ft [762 m]; 10 x 1976 / K. & E. Sattler / KAA diss. # 1154 (NHMUK).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 2). Head. Scaling on dorsal half of frons straw yellow, long, ventrally directed, scaling on ventral half dark brown, mostly obscured by dorsal scaling; scaling on vertex brown, apices light brown or white; scales on lateral surface of labial palpus with base light brown, apices dark brown, iridescent purple when viewed obliquely under magnification; scaling on medial surface of labial palpus straw yellow, a few dark brown scales apically; scape with scales brown dorsally, straw yellow ventrally; dorsal scales of flagellum with alternating rows of brown and straw yellow. Thorax. Scales on pronotum straw yellow to pale brown, a distinct black patch present on posterior margin; tegulae brown at base, straw yellow to pale yellow apically. Forelegs with scaling dark brown, tarsus ringed with straw yellow or pale yellow at joints; midleg similar but with more intermixed straw yellow scales on tibia and tarsus; hindleg pale yellow. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 5.9 – 6.1 mm; FAR: 2.1 – 2.3; Fig. 11 C) with base of costa brown, costal fold yellow-brown or pale brown, with two small patches of dark brown scales present medially; basal 0.4 × of FW pale brown, with faint brown and scales perpendicular to inner margin, a larger brown and gray scale patch near base of inner margin; distal 0.6 × of FW dark brown, fading to gray distally, with small patches of brown scales near termen; fringe pale brown. Dorsal surface of HW gray, paler basally, without any distinct strigulae; fringe concolorous. Ventral surface of FW brown, slightly paler on basal 0.4 × and along costal strigulae. Ventral surface of HW similar to dorsal surface, but slightly paler. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen with dorsal surface clothed in gray scales, scaling around terminal segment light yellow, ventral surface pale yellow or straw yellow. Genitalia (Fig. 12 B) with uncus long, quadrate at apex, parallel-sided, laterally thickened, with shallow trough medially; socii moderate, triangular, naked; arms of gnathos broad, club-shaped, smooth dorsally, slightly roughened or irregular ventrally, fused medially to form broad, terminally rounded plate with minute medial ridge; tegumen arched, subquadrate, unmodified; labides large, mound-like, dorsally spined, medially separated by thin membrane; valva simple, membranous, semicircular, slightly extended apically; disc of valva with long, hair-like setae on inner face; a latitudinal fold present from dorsomedial margin of valva to ca. 0.5 × sacculus; sacculus moderate, to ca. 0.7 × valva, wider basally, tapering apically; juxta plate-like, semicircular, with minute dorsomedial notch; phallus slender, gently curved, apically acute, with small caulis; one long, slender cornutus observed in one specimen examined. Description. Female (n = 1). Head. Similar to male, scaling on vertex more golden, labial palpi longer, sensillae shorter. Thorax. Similar to male, but FW larger (FWL: 8.8 mm; Fig. 11 D), broader (FAR: 2.4), without distinct gray and brown scaling basally, oblique, slightly irregular line dividing wing from ca. 0.4 × costa to ca. 0.5 × inner margin, slightly paler brown scaling than in male in distal portion of FW. Dorsal surface of HW with scaling brown. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen with scaling brown. Genitalia (Fig. 12 E) with papillae anales broad, parallel-sided, separate, laterally rounded, with hook-like extensions of apophyses posteriores anteriorly cupped; sterigma, simple, broad, shallow; ostium moderate, funnel-like; colliculum weakly present laterally; ductus bursae long, entirely membranous; corpus bursae large, globose, membranous; signum absent; bulla seminalis large, sack-like.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Hawaiian “ hapalua, ” meaning “ half, ” referring to the bicolored FW pattern of this species.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The host plant of Maneapakele hapalua is unknown, but we hypothesize that it feeds in the fruits (anthocarps) of pāpala kēpau (Ceodes spp.), much like M. kahaha.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Maneapakele hapalua is known from three separate locations in the central and northern Waiʻanae Mountains, where it has been found in deep, shaded, native-dominated gulches with Ceodes spp. present.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF05FF97FF47F93BFED5F841.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Possibly threatened. Despite its presumed host plant (pāpala kēpau; Ceodes spp.) being still relatively common in the Waiʻanae Mountains of Oʻahu (and the neighboring Koʻolau Mountains), it is surprising that M. hapalua is known from so few specimens. It is possible that because the habitat that it occurs in is often hard to access and ecologically more degraded than similar, nearby habitats, it has escaped notice until now because very few native Lepidoptera surveys have deliberately targeted pāpala kēpau forest. Even where it has been collected, it seems to be rare. Further surveys are badly needed to better understand the current distribution of M. hapalua on Oʻahu.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	description	Figs 11 E, F; 12 C, F	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The dark HW, incomplete FW banding, and the concolorous scaling on the basal and distal halves of the FW should serve to separate M. kahaha from M. hapalua. For differences in genitalia of the two species, see the diagnosis of M. hapalua.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, ♂. Maui: ʻĪao Valley State Monument; larva coll. 16 xii 2023; adult ecl. 1 i 2024; S. L. Montgomery / HOST: boring in fruits of Ceodes sp. (Nyctaginaceae) / DNA extraction KA 0961 / KAA diss. # 1171 (UHIM). Paratypes (2 ♀♀). Maui: 1 ♀, same as holotype / DNA extraction KA 0960 / KAA diss. # 1170 (UHIM). 1 ♀, same as holotype except adult ecl. 4 i 2024 / DNA extraction KA 0962 / KAA diss. # 1172 (UHIM).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 1). Head. Scaling on frons with intermixed brown and golden brown scales, longer dorsal scaling obscuring shorter, more appressed ventral scaling; scaling on vertex mostly missing, a few brown scales with golden brown scales present laterally; scales on lateral surface of labial palpus with scaling brown, bases of scales straw yellow, apex of second segment and entire third segment with red-orange scales heavily intermixed, iridescent purple when viewed at an oblique angle under magnification; scaling on medial surface of labial palpus straw yellow, a few brown scales present on third segment; scape with scaling brown dorsally, with intermixed brown and golden brown scales ventrally; scaling on dorsal surface of flagellum sparse, straw yellow, with a few scattered brown scales basally. Thorax. Scales on pronotum mostly missing, a few golden brown scales present laterally and black scales present on posterior margin; tegulae dark brown at base, golden brown apically. Foreleg and midleg with scaling dark brown, tarsal segment ringed with pale yellow at joints; hindleg pale yellow, a few pale brown or gray scales scattered laterally. Dorsal surface of FW (FWL: 6.0 mm; FAR: 2.1; Fig. 11 E) with base of costa dark brown, nearly black; costal fold with scaling dark brown at base, paler brown beyond; FW pattern badly abraded, evidently pale brown or golden brown at base, with darker brown, nearly black scales present along basal third of inner margin, distal portion of FW with scattered brown and dark brown scales without a pattern apparent; fringe brown. Dorsal surface of HW dark brown, nearly black; fringe concolorous. Ventral surface of FW and HW dark brown, nearly black; fringe concolorous. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen dark brown, nearly black. Genitalia (Fig. 12 C) with uncus elongate, rectangular, slightly swollen medially, with shallow dorsal excavation; socii small, triangular, naked; arms of gnathos broad, club-shaped, apically swollen, dorsally strongly roughened, irregular, ventrally smooth or only minutely roughened, fused medially to form broad, rounded terminal plate; tegumen high, arched, unmodified; labides large, mound-like, dorsally spined, medially separate; valva simple, membranous, semicircular, slightly produced at apex; disc of valva with long, hair-like setae over entire inner face; a small latitudinal fold or plication from dorsomedial margin of valva to ca. 0.5 × sacculus; sacculus moderate, broad at base, tapering distally, to ca. 0.7 × valva; juxta plate-like, with V-shaped dorsomedial notch; phallus moderate, pistol-shaped, apically acute, with small lateral tooth-like process near apex; caulis small; neither cornuti nor sockets observed. Description. Female (n = 2). Head. Similar to male, scaling on vertex golden brown, darker brown laterally; labial palpi longer, sensillae shorter. Thorax. Similar to male, but scaling on dorsum golden brown, with a distinct patch of black scales on posterior margin; FW larger (FWL: 7.4 – 8.6 mm; FAR: 2.0 – 2.2; Fig. 11 F), with ground color pale brown, with thin, faint dark brown and golden brown bands across most of the FW, a larger, irregular dark brown patch from 0.4 × costa to bottom of discal cell, fainter distally; dorsal surface of HW gray; ventral surface of FW gray, with paler strigulae along costa; ventral surface of HW gray. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen gray or brownish-gray. Genitalia (Fig. 12 F) with papillae anales large, parallel-sided, separate, laterally rounded, with cupped, hook-like extensions of apophyses posteriores; sterigma simple, broad, shallow, with minute lateral sclerites; ostium slender, funnel-like; colliculum absent; ductus bursae long, membranous; corpus bursae presumably membranous, globose (not inflated in either specimen examined); signum absent; bulla seminalis similar to corpus bursae (not inflated in either specimen examined).	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Hawaiian “ kāhāhā, ” an interjection of “ surprise, ” “ wonder, ” or “ astonishment, ” referring to the remarkable larval feeding habits of this species, inside the incredibly sticky fruits (anthocarps) of pāpala kēpau (Ceodes spp.), and the surprise of discovering this remarkable species which evaded any detection until being found only once recently.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	discussion	Comments. The corpus bursae and bulla seminalis in both females examined were not inflated, probably a result of having been reared and unmated at the time they were pinned. As a result, the true size and shape of both structures is unclear.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Maneapakele kahaha has been reared from the fruits (anthocarps) of an unidentified species of pāpala kēpau (Ceodes sp.; Nyctaginaceae). Larvae were accidentally collected while looking for larvae of native Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the fruits (anthocarps) of Ceodes spp. It is possible the two species compete for the same resource, differ somehow in phenology, or even perhaps that the larvae of native Drosophila feed in the vacated chamber left by M. kahaha and feed on the frass left behind. Presumably females will lay eggs on or in the developing fruits (anthocarps) before they develop and become too sticky.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
B22787A0BF0CFF90FF47FF13FD01FD7A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Maneapakele kahaha is known from a single collecting event in ʻĪao Valley, Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui). It should be searched for elsewhere on Maui in similar steep, wet valleys and drainages wherever pāpala kēpau occurs. Conservation status. Unknown. Though Maneapakele kahaha is only known from a single, recent collecting event, it is possibly much more widespread than currently known. Pāpala kēpau (Ceodes spp.) are still relatively common trees on much of Mauna ʻEʻeka (west Maui), but typically grow in hard to reach gulches and drainages which have not been the target of many native Lepidoptera surveys. Further surveys are badly needed to better understand the current distribution of M. kahaha.	en	Austin, Kyhl A., Rubinoff, Daniel (2026): The giant, the flightless, and the iridescent: seven new endemic genera of Hawaiian leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Zootaxa 5757 (3): 201-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5757.3.1
