taxonID	type	description	language	source
5F7661D7F33B5F68BBA590F6226590FD.taxon	description	Figs 5, 6, 7, 8	en	Xiao, Bei, Zhu, Leqiang, Wang, Lu, Li, Hui, Maimaiti, Ayinuer, Li, Shize, Zhang, Guoai, Liu, Wuzhou, Fei, Dongbo, Liao, Changle, Tang, Xiaoquan, Shi, Shengchao, Mo, Xiaoyang (2026): A new species of the genus Boulenophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from Nanshan National Park, Hunan Province, China. Zoosystematics and Evolution 102 (1): 53-70, DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.175092
5F7661D7F33B5F68BBA590F6226590FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet youran is a noun in apposition derived from the Chinese word “ 悠然 ” (yōu rán), meaning tranquil or composed. It references the verse “ 采菊东篱下, 悠然见南山 ” from the classical poem Drinking Wine No. 5 by Tao Yuanming (365 – 427 CE), which depicts a state of serene harmony with nature. The name thus alludes to the species type locality, Nanshan (南山), and evokes the pristine, undisturbed montane streams it inhabits. The English vernacular name “ Youran Horned Toad ” is here proposed, with the corresponding Chinese name “ 悠然角蟾 ” (Yōu Rán Jiǎo Chán).	en	Xiao, Bei, Zhu, Leqiang, Wang, Lu, Li, Hui, Maimaiti, Ayinuer, Li, Shize, Zhang, Guoai, Liu, Wuzhou, Fei, Dongbo, Liao, Changle, Tang, Xiaoquan, Shi, Shengchao, Mo, Xiaoyang (2026): A new species of the genus Boulenophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from Nanshan National Park, Hunan Province, China. Zoosystematics and Evolution 102 (1): 53-70, DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.175092
5F7661D7F33B5F68BBA590F6226590FD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) Body size relatively large, SVL 45.3 – 51.1 mm in nine adult males, 55.6 – 58.2 mm in two adult females; (2) head wider than long, males HDL / HDW 0.69 – 0.83; (3) margin of tongue feebly notched posteriorly; (4) subarticular tubercles present on fingers I, relative finger lengths II <I <IV <III; (5) relative toe lengths: I <V <II <III <IV; (6) vomerine ridges present, vomerine teeth absent; (7) hindlimbs slender, heels overlapping when hindlimbs folded; (8) tibiotarsal articulation exceeding snout tip when leg stretched forward; (9) toes with weak webbing, formula: I 1 ⅓ - 2 II 1 ⅓ - 2 ½ III 2 - 3 ½ IV 3 ½ - 2 V, lateral fringes on toes wide; (10) dense moderate black conical nuptial spines on inner two fingers in breeding adult males.	en	Xiao, Bei, Zhu, Leqiang, Wang, Lu, Li, Hui, Maimaiti, Ayinuer, Li, Shize, Zhang, Guoai, Liu, Wuzhou, Fei, Dongbo, Liao, Changle, Tang, Xiaoquan, Shi, Shengchao, Mo, Xiaoyang (2026): A new species of the genus Boulenophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from Nanshan National Park, Hunan Province, China. Zoosystematics and Evolution 102 (1): 53-70, DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.175092
5F7661D7F33B5F68BBA590F6226590FD.taxon	description	Description of holotype. HUNL XB 25061601, adult male with relatively large body size, SVL 51.1 mm; head wider than long, HL / HW 0.80; snout pointed in dorsal view, projecting and obliquely sloping in profile, distinctly protruding beyond the lower jaw; top of head flat; eyes moderate in size, ED / HDL 0.34, pupil vertically diamond-shaped; nostril lateral, closer to snout than to eye, loreal region concave, canthus rostralis distinct; internasal distance slightly larger than interorbital distance; tympanum moderate in size with an distinct margin, TD / ED 0.62; supratympanic fold prominent, gradually enlarged posteriorly; choanae large, ovoid, located at base of the maxilla; vomerine ridge present and vomerine teeth absent, maxillary teeth present; tongue notched posteriorly; a large single internal subgular vocal sac present with slit like openings on mandible at corner of mouth. Forelimbs short and robust; forearm length shorter than hand length, lower arm and hand length 0.41 of SVL; relative finger lengths: III> IV> II> I; fingertips slightly dilated and rounded, without lateral fringes, subarticular tubercles only on fingers I, absent on fingers II – IV, replaced by low callous dermal ridges; inner metacarpal tubercle prominently enlarged, outer metacarpal tubercle smaller and flattened. Dense moderate black conical nuptial spines present on inner two fingers. Hindlimbs slender, length approximately 1.7 times of SVL, tibia length 0.56 of SVL, thigh length shorter than tibia length, but greater than foot length; heels overlapping when flexed hindlimbs are held at right angles to the body axis; tibiotarsal articulation exceeding snout tip when leg stretched forward; relative toes length: I <V <II <III <IV; toe tips rounded and slightly expanded; subarticular tubercles indistinct, toes bear approximately one-third webbing and possess wide lateral fringes; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, outer one absent. Dorsal skin rough, bearing numerous granules tipped with black spines; several large warts scattered on flanks; small horn-like tubercle at the edge of each upper eyelid; dense, tiny black spines present on the skin of upper lip, upper eyelid, tympanum, loreal and temporal regions; weakly V-shaped skin ridge and two discontinuous dorsolateral parallel ridges along the mid-dorsum; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs with small black spines, and distinct transverse bands; ventral skin smooth, large pectoral glands located close to the axilla; numerous white granules on the shanks and thighs; femoral glands small and slightly raised, positioned near cloaca on the posterior surface of each thigh.	en	Xiao, Bei, Zhu, Leqiang, Wang, Lu, Li, Hui, Maimaiti, Ayinuer, Li, Shize, Zhang, Guoai, Liu, Wuzhou, Fei, Dongbo, Liao, Changle, Tang, Xiaoquan, Shi, Shengchao, Mo, Xiaoyang (2026): A new species of the genus Boulenophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from Nanshan National Park, Hunan Province, China. Zoosystematics and Evolution 102 (1): 53-70, DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.175092
5F7661D7F33B5F68BBA590F6226590FD.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habits. Boulenophrys youran sp. nov. is currently known from Chengbu Miao Autonomous County and Xinning County, Hunan Province, China (1 040 – 1 750 m a. s. l.). The new species inhabits flowing montane streams and nearby forest floors within subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. It was frequently encountered near streams (Fig. 11), in sympatry with B. shunhuangensis. Females with mature eggs and calling males were found from April to June. Notably, nuptial pads of males collected in September without distinct nuptial spines, suggesting a period of reproductive inactivity during that time.	en	Xiao, Bei, Zhu, Leqiang, Wang, Lu, Li, Hui, Maimaiti, Ayinuer, Li, Shize, Zhang, Guoai, Liu, Wuzhou, Fei, Dongbo, Liao, Changle, Tang, Xiaoquan, Shi, Shengchao, Mo, Xiaoyang (2026): A new species of the genus Boulenophrys (Anura, Megophryidae) from Nanshan National Park, Hunan Province, China. Zoosystematics and Evolution 102 (1): 53-70, DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.175092
