taxonID	type	description	language	source
A814E639FFB0FFB81FBFAD066F28A2C1.taxon	discussion	Notes. To the best of our knowledge, Thargalia met the conditions outlined in ICZN Article 23.9.1.1 to be considered a nomen oblitum, as it has not been used as a valid name since 1899, having been synonymized with Castianeira by Keyserling (1887). Concurrently, we propose the continued use of the younger name Mazax as valid for this taxon, in accordance with ICZN Article 23.9.1.2, which supports its recognition as a nomen protectum (a name used in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years; ICNZ 1999). Mazax was cited at least 32 times in the past 50 years by at least 54 authors in a maximum span of eight years between two given publications (Reiskind 1977; Cokendolpher 1978; Roth 1982; Brignoli 1983; Platnick 1989, 1993, 1997; Deeleman-Reinhold 1993; Nentwig 1993; Foelix 1996; Cushing 1997; Ubick & Richman 2005; Freire-Jr & Motta 2011; De los Santos & Alayón 2012; Desales-Lara 2014; Nieto-Castañeda et al. 2014; Rubio & Danişman 2014; Perger & Perger 2017; Bao et al. 2018; Chamé-Vázquez et al. 2020; Orozco-Gil & Desales-Lara 2021; Perger & Duperré 2021; Pett 2021; Pékar et al. 2022; Pett et al. 2022; Perger & Pett 2022; Murcia-Moreno & Dumas Gálvez 2024; Orozco-Gil et al. 2024; Silva-Junior et al. 2024; Mercado 2025; Silva-Junior et al. 2025; Xavier et al. 2025).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB0FFBE1FBFAA036FDFA324.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB0FFBE1FBFAA036FDFA324.taxon	discussion	Notes. Reiskind (1969) indicated that the female holotype of Corinna memnonia C. L. Koch, 1841, one of the five species originally included in Corinna by C. L. Koch (1841) (Figs 1 A, B), subsequently transferred to Castianeira by Simon (1897), was lost. He suggested that Castianeira memnonia would be the closest known relative of C. rubicunda, presumably relying on previous identifications of this species by Banks (1929) and Chickering (1937) based on material from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. It was unexpected to find that the type material is, in fact, available. Upon examination of the female holotype (photographs by Stephany Arizala Coboby, ZMB, Figs 1 C – G), it was further surprising to discover that this species belongs to Mazax and that, consequently, the Canal Zone specimens of C. rubicunda had been misidentified as C. memnonia. To the best of our knowledge, not a single record of this species after its original description actually refers to this taxon (Fig. 3 C – H). The preservation of the female holotype of Mazax memnonia comb. nov. is poor, since the specimen was initially pinned and stored dry. This condition prevents, for example, accessing the incidence of a thoracic groove, as the specimen was pinned through the center of the cephalothorax (Fig. 1 C). Notwithstanding, the available evidence supports the present synonymy with M. mokana Silva-Junior et al., 2024 syn. nov, which is based on the absence of feathery hairs on the carapace (white dots in the body of the holotype of M. memnonia comb. nov. appear to be artifacts of preservation); the absence of a pair of tuberculate spines on the abdomen (Fig. 1 C; Silva-Junior et al. 2024: fig. 14 B); the tibia I ventral spination 4 – 4 (Fig. 1 E, F); and the CO positioned laterally to the spermathecae (Fig. 1 G; Silva-Junior et al. 2024: fig. 14 G). Only one other species of Mazax is known to possess tibia I ventral spination 4 – 4, M. chickeringi Reiskind, 1969, which also shares with M. memnonia comb. nov. the absence of the modified AS II (Silva-Junior et al. 2014: fig. 14 B). However, this species appears to be endemic to Jamaica, and the CO is nearly superimposed over the spermathecae (Reiskind 1969: figs 222, 223). The contiguous distribution of the known records (see below) may also support this decision.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB0FFBE1FBFAA036FDFA324.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and description. See Silva-Junior et al. (2024) under Mazax mokana. Additional documentation (holotype of Mazax memnonia comb. nov.) is given in Fig. 1.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB0FFBE1FBFAA036FDFA324.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The type locality of Mazax memnonia comb. nov. is reported in the original description simply as “ Colombia, ” which, as noted by Reiskind (1969), included Panama at that time. Silva-Junior et al. (2024) described M. mokana based on material from the departments of Norte de Santander, Sucre, and Atlántico in Colombia, as well as from Miranda State, Venezuela (Fig. 2). Most likely, the collector of the holotype of M. memnonia comb. nov. was the German botanist Johann Wilhelm Karl Moritz (J. Dunlop, pers. comm.), who lived and worked in Colonia Tovar, Aragua, Venezuela (the type locality of several spiders described by Simon), located nearly 30 kilometers west of Carrizal, a locality representing the only modern Venezuelan record of M. memnonia comb. nov. (Silva-Junior et al. 2024, under M. mokana). Papavero (1973) suggested that the “ Colombian ” localities attributed to Karl Moritz might actually be in Venezuela, stating: “ Probably this is another confusion between Venezuela and Colombia, parts of the former having once belonged to the ancient vicekingdom of Nueva Granada. ” Another possible explanation for the labelling of Moritz’s specimen is that it refers to the extinct Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia), which existed from 1821 to 1831 and also included Venezuela (S. A. Coboby, pers. comm; J. Dunlop, pers. comm.). According to Papavero (1973), Moritz arrived in Venezuela in June 1835, explored the northern coast, the States of Merida and Trujillo, and the Rivers Apure and Orinoco (Fig. 2), and returned to Germany in 1837. Given the date of the original description of M. memnonia comb. nov. (1841), he must have obtained the holotype during this short period, as he only returned to Venezuela to definitively settle in Colonia Tovar in 1840. While it is not possible to rule out with certainty that the type specimen originated from what is now the modern Colombian territory, it seems reasonable that trips to Colombia (or even acquisition of collections from third parties), if they occurred, took place during his much longer second stay, after the type specimen had been sent to Berlin.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of Castianeira sensu stricto can be easily identified by the following combination of characters: the presence of a retrolateral process on the male palpal patellae (Figs 8 C, 9 B, D, 10 C, D) (absent in all other Castianeirines); the tegulum with a prolateral tegular apophysis (Figs 8 E, 9 C, 17 G) (tegular projections are present in some species of Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894, but they differ from Castianeira sensu stricto by the recurved posterior row of eyes, broad cephalic region, and cylindrical embolus); a short, ribbon-shaped embolus (Figs 8 F, 9 F, 10 B) (usually long and screw-shaped in other Castianeirines); and the absence of a cymbial tip ventral groove (Figs 8 B, 9 A, 11 C) (present in all other Castianeirines). Females can be recognized by the slit-shaped copulatory openings, placed posterolaterally, leading to long, nearly longitudinal copulatory ducts and by the large secondary spermathecae fused along their inner mesal margins (Figs 12, 15 I – J) (a combination not found in other Castianeirines).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB7FFBC1FBFAFB2698DA470.taxon	description	Description. Medium- to large-sized spiders (5.62 8.38 mm in length); carapace orange to black; surface smooth, covered with fine feathery hairs (Figs 5 A, C, E, 16 A – B, 17 A); elongate (a little less in the Venezuelan variation of C. rubicunda), without dorsal or lateral depressions distinguishing cephalic and thoracic regions (Figs 5 A, C, E); anterior margin of cephalic region slightly curved, cephalic region narrower than the thoracic region, fovea present; thoracic region same height as cephalic region. AER straight, almost equidistant, AME about three times ALE diameter, PER gently procurved, same width as AER, PME closer to PLE than to each other (Fig. 5 B, D, F). Chilum single. Cheliceral promargin with two or three teeth; retromargin with two teeth, with several long erect setae on anterior surface of paturon, plumose setae on interior margin of the paturon; maxillae rectangular, longer than wide, with dense maxillary hair tuft on mesal margins; labium slightly trapezoid, wider than long (Figs 17 C, 18 C). Sternum longer than wide (Figs 17 C, F, 18 C, F) (nearly as long as wide, shield-shaped in Venezuelan variation of C. rubicunda and females of C. castor sp. nov.); precoxal triangles present, intercoxal sclerites present between all coxae pairs. Leg formula 4123; legs with short-sized spines, tibia I ventral spination 2 - 2 - 2 in all documented species. Metatarsi and tarsi with dense scopulae (tenent setae) (Fig. 7 A, B), trichobothria with distal ridge continuous in a closed alveolus (Fig. 7 C, D). Abdomen elongate, males with slight latero-dorsal constriction (absent in Venezuelan variation of C. rubicunda and in C. leda sp. nov.; Fig. 6 A, E), present in females of C. rubicunda and in C. pollux sp. nov. (Figs 14 A, 15 A, C, 16 A, C) short pedicel collar (Fig. 6 A, C, E) two pairs of very thin, small, unmodified anterior abdominal setae (Fig. 6 B, D, F), dorsal scute covering almost entire dorsal surface and fused antero-laterally with epigastric scute in males (Fig. 16 C), reduced and not fused in females (Fig. 6 E), with feathery hairs and long surface setae forming white patterns (Fig. 4); ventral scute present in males, absent in females (Figs 15 C, F, 17 C, F, 18 C, F); tracheal scute large in both sexes. Male palpal patella with retrolateral projection, well developed and with modified setae in C. pollux sp. nov. and C. castor sp. nov. (Figs 8 C, 9 C, D, 10 C, D); tibia broad, usually with tuft of prolateral hairs (Figs 9 B, 10 A), one ventral projection in C. pollux sp. nov. and C. castor sp. nov. (Figs 10 C, 18 H), RTA present, triangular; proximal area of tegulum large; sperm duct with three folds visible ventrally, tegulum with prolateral tegular apophysis, embolus short and ribbon-shaped (Figs 16 D, 17 G, H, 18 G, H); cymbial tip ventral groove absent; cymbium with retrolateral invagination and tip projected proximally (inconspicuous in C. leda sp. nov. and C. castor sp. nov.) (Figs 8 B, 9 A). Female epigynum with two slit-shaped copulatory openings, ST II globose, fused together, ST I smaller than ST II, undifferentiated from neck; copulatory ducts inserted posteriorly (anteriorly in C. rubicunda) on secondary spermathecae or neck (Figs 12, 15 I, J, 18 I, J). Composition. All species currently in Castianeira, other than those recognized below as Castianeira sensu stricto, are treated as Castianeira sensu lato. Therefore, the genus diagnosis and description here provided refers exclusively to C. rubicunda, C. leda sp. nov., C. castor sp. nov., and C. pollux sp. nov. The correct placement of the remaining 121 species currently assigned to Castianeira remains unresolved (see discussion).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	description	Figs 3, 5 A – B, 6 E – F, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 19	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	discussion	Notes. Here we provide the first redescription of C astianeira rubicunda based on material from northeastern Colombia, Venezuela and Panama. As in the case of the type of Mazax memnonia comb. nov., the holotype of C. rubicunda also lacks a precise type locality, referred to in the original description as Nueva Granada, encompassing Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and even portions of Peru and Brazil. According to Levi (1964), the reference to this locality indicates that the material studied by Keyserling must have been collected over sixty years prior to his first publication. The examination of the holotype of C. rubicunda indicated no consistent differences in the male palpal elements in relation to the specimens from our samples, including Panamanian specimens previously identified as C. memnonia by Banks (1929), Chickering (1937) and Reiskind, (1969). Colombian and Venezuelan specimens also do not differ in either palpal morphology or epigynal conformation. Additionally, we consider the proposed female of C. rubicunda, described by Schmidt (1997), as a misidentification, since females of C. rubicunda were found associated with males in Panama by Banks (1929) and Reiskind (1969) (under C. memnonia), and are reported here as well in vials from Venezuela and Colombia. The Venezuelan specimens are smaller than those from Central America (compare Figs 15 A – F with Figs 14 A, B, E), with a relatively shorter carapace and abdomen. However, no significant differences were observed in the genitalic morphology, except for the position of the tegulum relative to the cymbium (Figs 13 D – F, 14 C, D, 15 G, H), due to haematodochae expansion following death. Although the exact information on the type locality of C. rubicunda is not available, if the Andean range played a role in the somatic differences between these populations, this locality is likely situated west of the Andes, since the holotype and the Colombian specimens here recorded as C. rubicunda resemble Central American forms more than those from Venezuela.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of C. rubicunda resemble those of C. leda sp. nov. by the smaller RPP (Figs 15 H, 16 E) but differ by the long, curved and ventrally oriented PTP (very small in C. leda sp. nov.). Additionally, they differ from all other species by a small triangular projection on the prolateral tegular margin (Fig. 15 G, H). Females differ from all other Castianeira sensu stricto by the epigynum with a transverse ridge, the two small projections on the CO, and the CD inserted anteriorly in ST II (Fig. 15 I, J).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	description	Description. Male (AMNH — Cesar, Sierra de Perijá). Total length 5.62. Carapace 2.50 long, 1.56 wide. Sternum 1.09 long, 0.85 wide. Abdomen 2.96 long, 1.26 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.16, ALE 0.06, PME 0.09, PLE 0.09. Eye inter-distances: AME – AME 0.08. AME – ALE 0.01, ALE – PLE 0.06, PME – PME 0.14, PME – PLE 0.05, AME – PME 0.11. Carapace dark brown. Maxillae and labium dark brown, inner margin pale yellow (Fig. 15 A – C). Chelicerae brown, with two promarginal teeth of unequal sizes (distal larger than proximal) and two equal retromarginal teeth. Sternum light brown, shield-shaped (Fig. 15 C). Abdomen with dark brown dorsal scute, light brown rectangular-shaped ventral scute, light brown tracheal scute (Fig. 15 A – C), slightly constricted dorsally. All coxae pale yellow. Trochanters following pattern of coxae, femora I and II brown and pale yellow distally, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi pale yellow. Legs III and IV with femora light brown, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi light brown and tarsi yellow. Leg measurements: I — 1.65 / 0.58 / 1.56 / 1.33 / 1.19; II — 1.58 / 0.47 / 1.36 / 1.32 / 1.01; III — 1.45 / 0.57 / 1.22 / 2.44 / 0.73; IV — 2.07 / 0.79 / 1.87 / 2.35 / 1.18. Spination: I — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, tibia ve 2 - 2 - 1; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / II — femur do 1 - 1 - 0; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / III — femur do 1 - 1 - 1; pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1, ve 0 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 / IV — femur do 1 - 0 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 0 - 1, ve p 1 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2. Palp with small RPP, tibia with rectangular RTA, oriented distally. Subtegulum with denticulate surface (Fig. 8 D). Tegulum with short neck, embolus inserted ventrally, tip oriented retrolaterally, proximal in relation to PTP (Fig. 15 G, H). Female (AMNH — Cesar, Sierra de Perijá). Total length 7.29. Carapace 2.98 long, 1.77 wide. Sternum 1.34 long, 1.04 wide. Abdomen 4.08 long, 2.58 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.11, ALE 0.06, PME 0.09, PLE 0.10. Eye inter-distances: AME – AME 0.09. AME – ALE 0.03, ALE – PLE 0.07, PME – PME 0.16, PME – PLE 0.07, AME – PME 0.16. Carapace, maxillae, labium and chelicerae as in male (Figs 15 D – F). Sternum brown, shield-shaped, covered in sparse feathery hairs (Fig. 15 F). Abdomen with dorsal scute reduced to small plate, feathers hairs covering as in male (Fig. 15 D). Leg coloration as in male. Leg measurements: I — 2.06 / 0.74 / 1.91 / 1.69 / 0.97; II — 1.97 / 0.68 / 1.70 / 1.48 / 0.95; III — 1.80 / 0.60 / 1.43 / 1.76 / 0.75; IV — 2.62 / 0.72 / 2.36 / 2.99 / 1.05. Spination I — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / II — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / III — femur do 1 - 1 - 1; pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1, ve 0 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 / IV — femur do 1 - 0 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 0 - 1, ve p 1 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2. Epigynum with transversal ridge, CO hidden, with sclerotized marginal projections. ST II larger than ST I, kidney-shaped. CD larger than ST II, inserted antero-laterally in ST II, located ventrally in relation to ST II. ST I tube-shaped (Fig. 15 I, J). Variation. The Venezuelan specimens are smaller than the Panamanian forms (Fig. 15 A – F), with differences in the abdominal constriction (strong in Panamanian forms, Fig. 14 A, B) and carapace length, which is wider (posterior area slightly narrower in Panamanian forms; Fig. 14 A, B, E).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA: Cesar: Finca San Jose 8 km, SE of Socorpa Mission, Sierra de Perijá, 1450 – 1500 m [9 ° 59 ' 58.5 " N, 73 ° 00 ' 00.9 " W], 1 ♂, 1 – 14. VII. 1968, leg. B. Malkin (AMNH); same data, but 1350 – 1400 m, 1 ♀, 1 – 14. VIII. 1968 (AMNH); same data, but 1 ♀, 27 – 31. VII. 1968 (AMNH). PANAMA: Canal Zone, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MCZ, examined from photographs). VENEZUELA: Miranda, 28 km Altagracia, Guatopo Nat., Pk. 700 m, El Lucero [9 ° 41 ' 43.7 " N, 64 ° 03 ' 04.8 " W], 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 31. V – 7. VI. 1987, leg. S. & J. Peck (AMNH); same data, but 5 ♂ 2 ♀, 7 – 14. VI. 1987 (AMNH); same data, but 400 m, Agua Blanca, 1 ♂, 7 – 14. VI. 1987 (AMNH); same data, but 700 m, 3 ♂ ♀, 14. VI – 5. VIII. 1987 (AMNH); same data, but 1 ♂ (AMNH); Monagas, Caripe, Cueva Guacharo, 700 m [10 ° 10 ' 58.2 " N, 63 ° 30 ' 19.3 " W], 1 ♂, 20 – 30. VII. 1987, leg. S. & J. Peck (AMNH); Tachira, Pregonero, Camp Siberia, La Idea, 1200 m [8 ° 00 ' 51.8 " N, 71 ° 45 ' 45.9 " W], 4 ♂, 10 – 31. VII. 1989, leg. S. & J. Peck (AMNH).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFB4FFB21FBFAD8F6F4DA220.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (Fig. 19).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	description	Figs 4, 5 C – D, 6 A – B, 11, 16, 19	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ♂ holotype, BRAZIL: Pará: Novo Progresso, Serra do Cachimbo, Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso, 9 º 16 ' 49 " S, 54 º 56 ' 32 " W, 15. IX. 2003, leg. A. Bonaldo (MPEG (ARA) 003159). Paratypes: COLOMBIA: Amazon, 18 km N of Leticia [4 ° 09 ' 10.8 " S, 69 ° 56 ' 24.7 " W], 1 ♂, 24 – 28. II. 1974, leg. S. & J. Peck (AMNH). PERU: Madre de Dios, Zona Reservada Tambopata, 30 km SW Puerto Maldonado, 12 º 50 ' S, 69 º 17 " W, 1 ♂, 28. II. 1984, leg. T. L. Erwin (USNM).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Inspired by the etymology of Castianeira provided by Cameron (2005); the specific name is a Latin noun in apposition after Leda, the mother of Castor and Pollux in Greco-Roman mythology.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of C. leda sp. nov. resemble those of C. rubicunda by the small RPP (Figs 15 H, 16 D) but differ by the very small PTP and by the bifid embolus, projected prolaterally (Figs 11 A, B, 16 D). Additionally, they can be recognized by the yellow general coloration (Figs 4, 16 A – C).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	description	Description. Male (MPEG-ARA- 003159). Total length 6.63. Carapace 2.26 long, 1.69 wide. Sternum 1.35 long, 0.94 wide. Abdomen 3.52 long, 1.44 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.14, ALE 0.07, PME 0.09, PLE 0.08. Eye inter-distances: AME – AME 0.07, AME – ALE 0.01, ALE – PLE 0.17, PME – PME 0.14, PME – PLE 0.06, AME – PME 0.13. Carapace pale yellow, covered with feathery hairs (Fig. 16 A, B). Maxillae and labium yellow, inner margin white (Fig. 16 C). Chelicerae pale yellow, with two promarginal teeth of unequal sizes (distal larger than proximal), two equal retromarginal teeth. Sternum yellow, elongate, covered with sparse long hairs (Fig. 16 C). Abdomen not constricted, dorsal scute pale yellow-orange, covered by feathery hairs forming two white lines in anterior area and two black lines in posterior area, proximal black line interrupted medially, ventral scute pale yellow, rectangular-shaped, tracheal scute pale yellow (Figs 6 A, 16 C). All coxae pale yellow. Trochanters pale yellow-orange, femora I and II orange, pale yellow distally, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi pale yellow. Legs III and IV with femora orange, with black lines pro- and retrolaterally, patellae pale yellow, tibia III pale yellow with retro- and prolateral margin black, tibia IV dark orange. Leg measurements: I — 2.29 / 0.67 / 2.37 / 2.00 / 1.28; II — 2.14 / 0.65 / 1.82 / 1.86 / 1.06; III — 2.26 / 0.67 / 1.75 / 1.92 / 0.92; IV — 3.28 / 0.74 / 2.72 / 3.53 / 1.37. Spination: I — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / II — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / III — femur do 1 - 1 - 1; pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1, ve 0 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 / IV — femur do 1 - 0 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 0 - 1, ve p 1 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2. RPP small. RTA dorsally projected. Palp with short neck, embolus bilobed, with prominent ventral retrolateral border present (Fig. 16 D, E). Female. Unknown.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Only the type specimens.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBAFFB31FBFABA26F18A7C4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Peru, and Brazil (Fig. 18).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	description	Figs 5 E, F, 6 C, D, 10, 17, 19	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ♂ holotype, VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 20 km N. Upata [8 ° 01 ' 13.2 " N, 62 ° 23 ' 00.8 " W], 21. VI – 12. VII. 1987, leg. S. & J. Peck (AMNH). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 70 km W C Bolívar, Puente Cocuizas, [6 ° 42 ' 51.3 " N, 61 ° 36 ' 47.4 " W], 1 ♀, 19. VI – 3. VIII. 1987, leg. S. & J. Peck (AMNH); Guri, [6 ° 42 ' 50.4 " N, 61 ° 36 ' 44.7 " W], 1 ♂, 17. VI. 1996, leg. H. & A. Howden (AMNH). BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Campina [2 ° 59 ' 45.2 " S, 59 ° 57 ' 55.4 " W], 1 ♂, 18. VII. 1973, leg. L. P. Albuquerque (MCN- 19289).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Inspired by the etymology of Castianeira provided by Cameron (2005); the specific name is a Latin noun in apposition after Castor, one of the twin half-brothers known as the Dioscuri, son of Leda and Tyndareus, the king of Sparta.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of C. castor sp. nov. resemble those of C. pollux sp. nov. by the RPP developed and covered with modified setae (Figs 9 B, D, 10 C, D) and by the presence of one ventral projection on the palpal tibia (Figs 9 C, 17 H), but it differs by the wide PTP insertion on the tegulum and the presence of a pit-shaped depression on the tegulum (long and curved, insertion narrow, and depression absent in C. pollux sp. nov.); embolus wide (short, under a detached ventral border in C. pollux sp. nov.; compare Fig. 17 G, H with Fig. 18 G, H). Females can be recognized by the large CO with elevated borders (Fig. 17 I, J).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	description	Description. Male (AMNH). Total length 7.39. Carapace 3.01 long, 1.63 wide. Sternum 1.38 long, 0.94 wide. Abdomen 3.82 long, 1.45 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12, ALE 0.09, PME 0.09, PLE 0.10. Eye inter-distances: AME – AME 0.07. AME – ALE 0.01, ALE – PLE 0.17, PME – PME 0.13, PME – PLE 0.04, AME – PME 0.09. Carapace brown, covered by spaced feathery hairs, densely distributed in ocular area. Maxillae and labium brown, inner margin pale yellow (Fig. 17 A – C). Chelicerae brown, with two promarginal teeth of unequal size (distal larger than proximal), two equal retromarginal teeth. Sternum elongate and brown (Fig. 17 C). Abdomen with brown dorsal scute, covered by feathery hairs (Fig. 6 E); ventral scute dark brown, rectangular-shaped, tracheal scute brown (Fig. 17 C), slightly constricted in middle. All coxae pale yellow-brown, remaining leg segments brown. Trochanters following pattern of coxae, femora I, II and III light brown, pale yellow distally; patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi pale yellow. Leg IV with femora, patellae, tibia brown, metatarsi dark brown and tarsi pale yellow. Leg measurements: I — 1.80 / 0.52 / 1.68 / 1.59 / 0.91; II — 1.66 / 0.50 / 1.51 / 1.42 / 0.96; III — 1.49 / 0.54 / 1.38 / 1.70 / 0.69; IV — 2.23 / 0.71 / 2.21 / 2.90 / 1.10. Spination: I — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / II — femur do 1 - 1 - 0, pl 0 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 0 - 0 - 1 r; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / III — femur do 1 - 1 - 1; pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1, ve 0 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 / IV — femur do 1 - 0 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 0 - 1, ve p 1 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2. Palp with RPP developed, tibia with RTA rectangular-shaped, pointed and distally oriented. Tegulum with short neck, embolus with tip retrolaterally oriented, above PTP, cymbium without apical projection (Fig. 17 G, H). Female (AMNH). Total length 7.14. Carapace 2.94 long, 1.79 wide. Sternum 1.30 long, 0.95 wide. Abdomen 4.06 long, 2.52 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.11, ALE 0.07, PME 0.09, PLE 0.09. Eye inter-distances: AME – AME 0.11, AME – ALE 0.06, ALE – PLE 0.17, PME – PME 0.18, PME – PLE 0.14, AME – PME 0.17. Carapace, maxillae, labium and chelicerae as in male (Fig. 17 D – F). Sternum brown, elongate, covered with sparse long hairs. Abdomen with dorsal scute reduced to small plate, covered by feathery hairs, as in male. Leg coloration as in male. Leg measurements: I — 2.19 / 0.51 / 2.09 / (broken) / (broken); II — 2.05 / 0.49 / 1.84 / 1.44 / 1.08; III — 1.91 / 0.67 / 1.64 / 1.93 / 0.82; IV — 2.82 / 0.80 / 2.71 / (broken) / (broken). Spination: I — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / II — femur do 1 - 1 - 0, pl 0 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 0 - 0 - 1 r; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / III — femur do 1 - 1 - 1; pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1, ve 0 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 / IV — femur do 1 - 0 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 0 - 1, ve p 1 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2. Epigynum very sclerotized. ST II larger than ST I, ballon-shaped. CD same length as ST II, inserted posteriorly into ST II. ST I bean-shaped (Fig. 17 I, J).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Only the type specimens.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFBBFFAB1FBFA98E6ED4A7C4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Venezuela and Brazil (Fig. 18).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	description	Figs 9, 12, 18, 19	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. ♂ holotype, BRAZIL: Pará: Tucuruí, Rio Tocantins [3 ° 43 ' 33.3 " S, 49 ° 40 ' 14.5 " W], 27. XI – 11. XI. 1989, leg. N. Degallier (MPEG (ARA) - 41726). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Roraima: Rio Jufari [0 ° 56 ' 48.5 " S, 62 ° 15 ' 13.5 " W], 1 ♂, 31. V. 2012, leg. C. A. Rheims & R. P. Indicatti et al. (IBSP- 25201); same data as holotype, but 1 ♀ (MPEG (ARA) - 41726); Pará: Juruti, Acampamento Mutum, 01 º 36 ' 44.7 " S, 56 º 11 ' 39.2 " W, 1 ♀, 6. VIII. 2008, leg. N. C. Bastos (MPEG (ARA) 019939); Curianópolis, 06 º 15 ' 47.1 " S, 49 º 45 ' 20.5 " W, 3 ♂, 5 – 7. VIII. 2017, leg. M. G. T. Tavares (MPEG (ARA) - 41727); Bahia: Gandu [13 ° 46 ' 45.1 " S, 39 ° 29 ' 20.6 " W], 2 ♂ (MNRJ- 3025); Uruçaca [14 ° 30 ' 02.1 " S, 39 ° 06 ' 29.4 " W], 1 ♂, 26. XI. 1977, leg. J. S. Santos (MCN- 17947). FRENCH GUIANA: Mitaraka Mountain, Massif du Mitaraka, Parc Amazonien de Guyane, Remire-Montjoly, 2 º 16 ' 00 " N, 54 º 31 ' 00 " W, 1 ♂, 2016, leg. V. Vedel (IBSP- 213498).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Inspired by the etymology of Castianeira provided by Cameron (2005); the specific name is a Latin noun in apposition after Pollux, one of the twin half-brothers known as the Dioscuri, son of Leda and Zeus, who seduced her disguised as a swan.	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of C. pollux sp. nov. resemble those of C. castor sp. nov. by the RPP developed and with modified setae (Figs 9 B, D, 10 C, D), and by the presence of a ventral projection on the palpal tibia, but differ by the long, curved PTP (approximately three times the length of the embolus) and by the short embolus under a detached ventral border (PTP fused to the tegulum and embolus wide in C. castor sp. nov.; compare Fig. 18 G, H with 17 G, H). Females can be recognized by the long CD (same length as the vulva in C. castor sp. nov.) that are visible ventrally (not visible in in C. castor sp. nov.) (compare Fig. 18 I with 17 I).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	description	Description. Male (MPEG (ARA) - 41726). Total length 8.09. Carapace 3.36 long, 1.66 wide. Sternum 1.49 long, 0.91 wide. Abdomen 4.38 long, 1.43 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12, ALE 0.08, PME 0.12, PLE 0.10. Eye inter-distances: AME – AME 0.11, AME – ALE 0.03, ALE – PLE 0.17, PME – PME 0.12, PME – PLE 0.06, AME – PME 0.16. Carapace brown, carapace covered by feathery hairs, densely distributed in ocular area. Maxillae and labium dark brown, inner margin pale yellow (Fig. 18 A, C). Chelicerae brown, two promarginal teeth of unequal size (distal larger than proximal), two equal retromarginal teeth. Sternum dark brown, elongate, covered in sparse feathery hairs (Fig. 18 C). Abdomen constricted dorsally, with dorsal scute brown, ventral scute brown, rectangular, tracheal scute brown-black (Fig. 18 A, C). Coxae and trochanters I to III pale yellow, IV pale yellow. Femora I and II brown, pale yellow distally; patellae, tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi yellow. Legs III and IV with femora dark brown, patellae yellow, with distal area black, tibia III pale yellow with retro- and prolateral margins black, tibia IV dark brown with distal area yellow, metatarsi and tarsi III yellow, metatarsi IV dark brown, with distal area yellow, tarsi IV yellow. Leg measurements: I — 2.18 / 0.61 / 2.26 / 2.46 / 1.26; II — 2.01 / 0.51 / 1.88 / 1.85 / 1.14; III — 2.11 / 0.53 / 1.80 / 2.18 / 1.03; IV — 3.29 / 0.81 / 2.86 / 3.73 / 1.53. Spination: I — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / II — femur do 1 - 1 - 0, pl 0 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 0 - 0 - 1 r; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / III — femur do 1 - 1 - 1; pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1, ve 0 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 / IV — femur do 1 - 0 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 0 - 1, ve p 1 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2. RPP large, developed, with modified setae (Fig. 9 B, D). RTA rectangular (Fig. 18 G, H). Female (MPEG-ARA- 019939). Total length 8.38. Carapace 3.62 long, 2.11 wide. Sternum 1.60 long, 1.09 wide. Abdomen 4.43 long, 2.16 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.14, ALE 0.09, PME 0.11, PLE 0.11. Eye inter-distances: AME – AME 0.09, AME – ALE 0.03, ALE – PLE 0.07, PME – PME 0.13, PME – PLE 0.07, AME – PME 0.14. Carapace, maxillae, labium, and chelicerae as in male (Fig. 18 D, F). Sternum dark brown, shield-shaped, covered with sparse feathery hairs. Abdomen with dorsal scute reduced to anterior portion, feathery hairs covering dorsum, as in male (Fig. 18 F). Leg coloration as in male. Leg measurements: I — 2.57 / 0.72 / 2.21 / 1.90 / 1.40; II — 2.40 / 0.69 / 1.97 / 1.83 / 1.13; III — 2.28 / 0.58 / 1.83 / 2.05 / 1.06; IV — 3.22 / 0.78 / 2.97 / 2.65 / (broken). Spination I — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / II — femur do 1 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 0 - 1; tibia ve 2 - 2 - 2; metatarsus ve 2 - 2 / III — femur do 1 - 1 - 1; pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 0 - 1 - 1, rl 0 - 1 - 1, ve 0 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 / IV — femur do 1 - 0 - 1 - 1, pl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1, rl 0 - 0 - 0 - 1; tibia do 0 - 0 - 1, pl 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 0 - 1, ve p 1 - 0 - 1; metatarsus pl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, rl 1 - 1 - 0 - 1, ve 2 - 2. Epigynum with large ventral depression between spermathecae and CO, one smaller between CO. ST II balloon-shaped, larger than ST I, CD inserted posteriorly in ST II, ST I bean-shaped (Fig. 18 I, J).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	materials_examined	Other material examined. BRAZIL: Alagoas: Murici, Estação Ecológica Murici, 9 º 15 ' S, 35 º 51 " W, 1 ♂, 13 – 22. XI. 2003, leg. Equipe Biota (IBSP- 215800); same data, but 3 ♂ (IBSP- 215807); Bahia: Jaguaripe [13 ° 06 ' 48.3 " S, 38 ° 53 ' 04.0 " W], 1 ♀, 2013 – 2014, leg. C. M. Leite (IBSP- 318721 (2 )).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
A814E639FFA3FFAF1FBFAD306F13A128.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Peru and Brazil (Fig. 19).	en	Silva-Junior, Cláudio J., Bonaldo, Alexandre B. (2026): On the actual identity of the genus Castianeira Keyserling, 1879 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae): the type species and its relatives. Zootaxa 5763 (1): 39-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.1.2
